共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
Lauren E. Margulieux Richard Catrambone Laura M. Schaeffer 《Instructional Science》2018,46(5):707-722
Originally intended as a replication study, this study discusses differences in problem solving performance among different domains caused by the same instructional intervention. The learning sciences acknowledges similarities in the learners’ cognitive architecture that allow interventions to apply across domains, but it also argues that each domain has characteristics that might affect how interventions impact learning. The present study uses an instructional design technique that had previously improved learners’ problem solving performance in programming: subgoal labeled expository text and subgoal labeled worked examples. It intended to replicate this effect for solving problems in statistics and chemistry. However, each of the experiments in the three domains had a different pattern of results for problem solving performance. While the subgoal labeled worked example consistently improved performance, the subgoal labeled expository text, which interacted with subgoal labeled worked examples in programming, had an additive effect with subgoal labeled worked examples in chemistry and no effect in statistics. Differences in patterns of results are believed to be due to complexity of the content to be learned, especially in terms of mapping problem solving procedures to solving problems, and the familiarity of tools used to solve problems in the domain. Subgoal labeled expository text was effective only when students learned more complex content and used unfamiliar problem solving tools. 相似文献
2.
Empirical studies within a cognitive load framework have determined that for novice learners, worked examples provide appropriate levels of instructional guidance. As learners advance in specific subject domains, worked examples should be gradually replaced by practice problems with limited guidance. This study compared performance, both immediately post‐instruction and delayed, following instruction under different conditions: using example–problem pairs, using gradual fading of worked examples, and using pure problem‐solving. The study was conducted with employees of a financial services company in a classroom environment. Results indicated that the fading condition consistently outperformed the example–problem and problem‐solving conditions, and the advantage of this condition was enhanced, with statistically significant differences in performance, in delayed and transfer posttest performance. 相似文献
3.
《学习科学杂志》2013,22(1):93-111
How can problem solving be improved in domains where similar principles are learned? A series of three experiments based on Ross (1987) examined how instructing learners about when to apply problem-solving principles may later improve performance. In Experiment 1, subjects studied a similar pair (combinations and permutations) or a distinct pair (combinations and conditional probability) of probability principles. Haft of the subjects received information on when to apply the principles (applicability-instructions condition), whereas other subjects received instructions that reviewed how to solve problems using the principles (procedural-review condition). Subjects who received applicability instructions made fewer confusion errors than subjects who received procedural-review instructions when learning the similar problem pair. However, this instructional manipulation had no effect when subjects were learning the distinct problem pair. Because applicability instructions affect confusion errors but not overall performance, they may improve the ability to identify when to apply a procedure but may not improve memory for the formula or the ability to instantiate it. Experiment 2 supported this notion by showing that subjects given applicability instructions did better at selecting when to use each formula. Experiment 3 tested whether giving learners the pairs of examples to review together afforded them the opportunity to learn the applicability conditions on their own. The results showed that the important differences between the principles (i.e., why the formulas apply in certain situations) must be identified in the instructional material because subjects were not likely to induce the differences on their own. The results showed that when differences between the related principles are identified in instructional material (i.e., why the formula applies in certain problems), these applicability instructions may serve to reduce confusion in noticing and selecting... 相似文献
4.
Under some conditions, learning is improved by using a dual mode presentation involving for example, visual diagrams and auditory,
rather than written text (modality effect). Under other conditions, learning is improved by asking learners to imagine rather
than study instructional material (imagination effect). Both effects have been explained using cognitive load theory. This
paper investigates interactions between the modality and imagination effects. It was hypothesized that the imagination effect
would be facilitated when accompanied by audio/visual instructions compared to visual only instructions. Experiment 1 provided
evidence to suggest that for the materials used, audio/visual instructions were required to obtain an imagination effect.
Experiment 2 through verbal protocols aimed to investigate the cognitive mechanisms required when studying and imagining and
found that learners who studied tended to engage in search while learners who imagined focused on entities and relations that
needed to be learned.
in final form: 8 December 2005 相似文献
5.
According to cognitive load theory, using worked examples is an effective and efficient instructional strategy for initial cognitive skill acquisition for novice learners, as it reduces cognitive load and frees up cognitive resources to build task competence. Contrary to this, productive failure (as well as invention learning, desirable difficulties and other problem-solving-first) frameworks suggest that scaffolded problem-solving activities (a generation phase) preceding explicit instruction enhance learners’ performance. The reported experimental study investigated the effectiveness of different levels of instructional guidance provided to students during the learning phase preceding explicit instruction in standard solution procedures in enhancing students’ engagement and transfer problem-solving skills. Specifically, the study compared partially-guided or unguided attempts at generating problem solutions as opposed to comprehensive guidance, in the form of a worked example. Levels of experienced cognitive load and learner motivation were evaluated in addition to delayed post-test performance scores. There were no differences between the three groups on the transfer post-test outcomes, even though the condition with fully-guided worked examples prior to the explicit instruction expectedly reduced cognitive load relative to the conditions without such guidance. There were also differences between the conditions on some sub-dimensions of the motivation scale. In general, the findings indicate that similar overall outcomes (delayed transfer performance) could be achieved by different sequences of instructional tasks aimed at achieving different sets of specific goals. 相似文献
6.
Within the cognitive load theory framework, we designed and compared three alternative instructional solution formats that
can be derived from a common static hierarchical network representation depicting problem structure. The interactive-solution
format permitted students to search in self-controlled manner for solution steps, static-solution format displayed all solutions
steps, and no-solution format did not have solution steps. When we matched instructional time across the formats, in relation
to the complex molarity problems rather than the dilution problems, differential transfer performance existed between the
static-solution or no-solution formats and the interactive-solution format, but not between the static-solution format and
no-solution format. The manner in which learners interact with the static-solution and no-solution formats depends on their
level of expertise in the chemistry domain. With considerable learner expertise, provision of solution steps may be redundant
incurring extraneous cognitive load. Absence of the solution steps may not have left sufficient cognitive capacity for germane
cognitive load as some beginning learners lacked the prior knowledge to deduce the solution steps. Searching for solution
steps presumably incurred extraneous cognitive load which interfered with learning and hence, in the interactive-solution
format, it outweighed the benefit of engaging in self-regulated interaction with the content. Hence, cognitive load theory
is a promising tool to predict the mental load associated with learning from the three alternative computer-based instructional
formats. 相似文献
7.
Learning from worked examples is an effective learning method in well-structured domains. Can its effectiveness be further enhanced when errors are included? This was tested by determining whether a combination of correct and incorrect solutions in worked examples enhances learning outcomes in comparison to correct solutions only, and whether a mixture of correct and incorrect solutions is more effective when the errors are highlighted. In addition, the effectiveness of fostering self-explanations was assessed. In Experiment 1, the participants learned to solve probability problems under six conditions that constituted a 2 × 3-factorial design (Factor 1: correct and incorrect solutions with highlighting the errors vs. correct and incorrect solutions without highlighting the errors vs. correct solutions only; Factor 2: prompting written self-explanations vs. no prompts). An aptitude-treatment interaction was found: providing correct and incorrect solutions fostered far transfer performance if learners had favourable prior knowledge; if learners had poor prior knowledge correct solutions only were more favourable. Experiment 2 replicated this interaction effect. Thus, a mixture of correct and incorrect solutions in worked examples enhanced learning outcomes only for “good” learners. In addition, Experiment 2 showed that confronting learners with incorrect solutions changed the quality of their self-explanations: on the one hand, new types of effective self-explanations could be observed, but on the other hand the amount of the very important principle-based self-explanations was substantially reduced. A possible measure to prevent this negative side effect of incorrect solutions is discussed. 相似文献
8.
Timothy J. Nokes-Malach Kurt VanLehn Daniel M. Belenky Max Lichtenstein Gregory Cox 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2013,28(4):1237-1263
Research on expertise suggests that a critical aspect of expert understanding is knowledge of the relations between domain principles and problem features. We investigated two instructional pathways hypothesized to facilitate students’ learning of these relations when studying worked examples. The first path is through self-explaining how worked examples instantiate domain principles and the second is through analogical comparison of worked examples. We compared both of these pathways to a third instructional path where students read worked examples and solved practice problems. Students in an introductory physics class were randomly assigned to one of three worked example conditions (reading, self-explanation, or analogy) when learning about rotational kinematics and then completed a set of problem solving and conceptual tests that measured near, intermediate, and far transfer. Students in the reading and self-explanation groups performed better than the analogy group on near transfer problems solved during the learning activities. However, this problem solving advantage was short lived as all three groups performed similarly on two intermediate transfer problems given at test. On the far transfer test, the self-explanation and analogy groups performed better than the reading group. These results are consistent with the idea that self-explanation and analogical comparison can facilitate conceptual learning without decrements to problem solving skills relative to a more traditional type of instruction in a classroom setting. 相似文献
9.
The worked example effect within cognitive load theory is a very well-established finding. The concrete effectiveness of worked
examples in a learning situation, however, heavily depends on further moderating factors. For example, if learners improve
their processing of worked examples by actively explaining the worked examples to themselves, they are usually better able
to solve transfer problems. Another way to enhance example processing is to present learners with instructional explanations
instead of prompting them to produce these explanations on their own. In this article, we review 21 experimental studies to
address the issue whether instructional explanations support example-based learning. Meta-analytic results lead to three important
conclusions: First, the benefits of instructional explanations for example-based learning per se are minimal. Second, instructional
explanations are more helpful for acquiring conceptual knowledge than for acquiring procedural knowledge. Third, instructional
explanations are not necessarily more effective than other methods supporting example processing such as self-explaining. 相似文献
10.
Learning from equations or words 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A series of four experiments was designed to study the cognitive load consequences of learning from equations, as compared to words. Cognitive load theory suggests that some instructional procedures require learners to engage in cognitive activities solely because of the manner in which information is presented rather than because of intrinsic characteristics of the material. As a consequence, a heavy extraneous cognitive load that interferes with learning may be imposed. It is suggested that in studying equations with unfamiliar notations, a heavy extraneous cognitive load is generated because mental integration of notations and meanings is required. The results of Experiment 1 supported this suggestion. Experiment 2 found that when an equation format involves simple equations and familiar notations, it is more effective than an equivalent verbal format which requires substantial reading. Experiment 3 showed that when the use of notations becomes automated after extended practice and thus reduces the extraneous cognitive load required to mentally integrate notations and meanings, an equation format can be more effective than a verbal format. Experiment 4 indicated that supplementing a concise equation format with extensive verbal information does not assist learning, because processing the extensive verbal information induces a heavy cognitive load which creates redundancy effects. It was concluded that the efficacy of equations or words may depend, in part, on their cognitive load consequences. 相似文献
11.
《International Journal of Educational Research》1999,31(7):591-609
In a computer-based learning environment (the simulation of a company) multiple learning contexts were established. Additionally, the learners were provided with a problem-solving guidance. In a second learning environment based on worked-out examples, multiple examples as well as a guidance for example elaboration were employed. Multiple examples only proved to be effective in fostering transfer performance when they were combined with the respective supporting means. However, without additional support, learners were overtaxed by multiple learning conditions. As a result, transfer performance was comparatively low. In order to optimize the two learning methods, learning by problem solving should be combined with worked-out examples. Moreover, learners should be supported with additional supporting means, such as expert comments and “instructional elaborations.” 相似文献
12.
William McLoughlin 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1983,29(1):59-72
From time immemorial the efforts of educators to produce effective solutions to the problems plaguing instruction have been frustrated. This frustration emanates from the erroneous assumptions supporting their beliefs about schooling, learning and the essence of the questions seeking solutions. Early research efforts only compounded the problem by providing practitioners with the right answers to the wrong questions about effective schooling and learning. Gradually, the past errors of pedagogic empiricism are being corrected. We now realize that most learners, not merely the intellectual elite, can learn when instruction is properly sequenced and paced; that it is more important to examine what teachers do than to look at what they are; that schools have covert as well as overt curricula; and that many institutions besides schools teach important learnings. When scholastic and extra-scholastic instructional goals ar synchronous and harmonious, learning is optimal. When they are not, the resulting dissonance is destructive to the best efforts of schools to teach. The gap between what is known about effective instruction and current educational practices is cavernous. Proposed procedures for transforming theory into practice have largely been ignored. The transformation begins by enticing bright students into teacher preparation programmes which have been revitalized to make emerging knowledge about schooling and learning the focal point of instruction. To complete the instructional improvement cycle, schools must interface learners with carefully monitored delivery systems guaranteed to produce the desired learnings. 相似文献
13.
14.
Uncertainty is a key variable in fostering curiosity, which, in turn, is associated with learning. Yet, research in educational contexts rarely takes uncertainty into account, and rarely explores uncertainty and curiosity in the context of complex instructional activities. One concern with uncertainty is that it can provoke negative affect. Providing learners with expectations of future uncertainty may attenuate their feelings of negative affect. In a study with 138 middle school students learning physics concepts, we examined the relationship between uncertainty, curiosity, learning, transfer, and affect. Some students were given an inherently uncertain form of instruction, called Invention, in which information on how to solve the problem was initially withheld, while others were given direct instruction with all the necessary information to solve similar problems beforehand (No Uncertainty condition). Some of the students receiving uncertain instruction were given expectations about feeling uncertain (Expected Uncertainty condition), and some were not (Unexpected Uncertainty condition). Students in the unexpected uncertainty condition were the most curious, while students in the no uncertainty condition were the least curious. However, giving expectations of uncertainty reduced students’ negative affect. All groups learned the content equally well, but the expected and unexpected uncertainty groups exhibited greater transfer. Further, positive affect predicted learning, above and beyond condition, and curiosity predicted transfer, but not above and beyond condition. This study extends existing research on uncertainty and curiosity by studying these constructs in real classrooms, in the context of an exploratory learning paradigm, and by considering curiosity’s effect on transfer, rather than just learning. This work also demonstrates a practical approach for educators to foster students’ curiosity and transfer. 相似文献
15.
样例学习是学习者从例示了一般概念、原理、程序的例子中习得解决问题方法的一种学习方式.和单纯的问题解决学习方式相比,样例学习不仅费时少、迁移效果好,还可减轻学生学习时的认知负荷.早期的样例学习研究集中于数学、物理等学科的单内容样例的学习,最近的研究开始涉及没有明确解题步骤的双内容样例的学习.样例学习的重要机制是学习者对样... 相似文献
16.
The reported study compared the instructional effectiveness of Modern English explanatory interpretations of Shakespearean
play extracts integrated line by line into original Elizabethan English text, with a conventional unguided original text condition.
Experiment 1 demonstrated that the explanatory notes group reported a lower cognitive load and performed better in a comprehension
test than the control group when students had no prior knowledge of the text. In Experiment 2, a reverse effect occurred when
the same material was presented to a group of Shakespearean experts. Experiment 3 replicated the results of Experiment 1 using
a different Shakespearean play. The study demonstrated that the relative effectiveness of instructional conditions depended
on learner levels of expertise. In accordance with the expertise reversal effect, the benefits of guided instruction reversed
and became detrimental for learners with high prior knowledge levels. Retrospective verbal protocols indicated that the explanations
were redundant for expert readers. 相似文献
17.
The expertise reversal effect occurs when instruction that is effective for novice learners is ineffective or even counterproductive for more expert learners. Four experiments designed to explore the expertise reversal effect in the field of teaching and learning foreign language listening skills were conducted. Three instructional formats (read-only, listen-only, and read-and-listen) were designed to teach native Chinese students English (experiments 1–3) or French (experiment 4) listening skills. Experiment 1 found a significant interaction with no effect for learners with lower levels of listening expertise but a significant effect for learners with higher levels of listening expertise favoring the read-only approach. The results of experiment 2 replicated the counterintuitive findings of experiment 1. Experiment 3 testing less knowledgeable students than experiments 1 and 2 indicated that the read-and-listen condition was more effective for novice learners. Experiment 4 testing beginner-level learners of French as a foreign language obtained results consistent with those of experiment 3 in that lower expertise learners gained greater benefits from the read-and-listen than the read-only or listen-only teaching approaches. It is concluded that the read-and-listen approach benefitted novice learners but more expert learners could benefit more from the read-only approach. 相似文献
18.
The effectiveness and efficiency of individual versus collaborative learning was investigated as a function of instructional format among 140 high school students in the domain of biology. The instructional format either emphasized worked examples, which needed to be studied or the equivalent problems, which needed to be solved. Because problem solving imposes a higher cognitive load for novices than does studying worked examples it was hypothesized that learning by solving problems would lead to better learning outcomes (effectiveness) and be more efficient for collaborative learners, whereas learning by studying worked examples would lead to better learning outcomes and be more efficient for individual learners. The results supported these crossover interaction hypothesis. Consequences of the findings for the design of individual and collaborative learning environments are discussed. 相似文献
19.
20.
Online learning from video modeling examples, in which a human model demonstrates and explains how to perform a learning task, is an effective instructional method that is increasingly used nowadays. However, model characteristics such as gender tend to differ across videos, and the model-observer similarity hypothesis suggests that such characteristics may affect learning. Therefore, this study investigated whether the effectiveness of learning how to solve a probability calculation problem from video modeling examples would vary as a function of the model’s and observer’s gender. In a 2 (Model: Female/Male) × 2 (Observer: Female/Male) between-subject design, 167 secondary education students learned how to solve probability calculation problems by observing video modeling examples. Results showed no effects of Model or Observer gender on learning and near transfer. Male students reported higher self-efficacy than female students. Compared to a female model, observing a male model enhanced perceived competence more from pretest to posttest, irrespective of observers’ gender. Furthermore, learning from a male model was less effortful and more enjoyable for male students than for female students. These results suggest that gender of both model and observer can matter in terms of affective variables experienced during learning, and that instructional designers may want to consider this when creating (online) learning environments with video modeling examples. 相似文献