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1.
Asma Ahmed Banishree Saha Anand Patwardhan Shwetha Shivprasad Dipankar Nandi 《Resonance》2009,14(5):455-471
How do we remain healthy, for the most parts, in the midst of an environment teeming with opportunistic and infectious microbes, potential carcinogens and allergens? The fact is that our immune system, by and large, does a fine job in protecting us. It is therefore important to understand the organization of the immune network, which is broadly categorized into two groups: innate and adaptive. Cells involved in innate immunity are the first to come into contact with invading microbes, similar to the border security force, and respond rapidly but in a non-specific manner. On the other hand, the cells involved in adaptive immunity are slower to respond but act in a very specific manner. Though the primary response is slow, the secondary response is much faster and demonstrates memory. This article will focus on some important features and key players involved in the adaptive immune response. The first part deals with the humoral immune response mediated mainly by immunoglobulins produced by the B cells. The second part deals with T cells, the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-encoded molecules, and Recombination Activating Genes (RAG) responsible for generating diverse B-cell receptors (BCR) and T-cell receptors (TCR). With the advent of newer and smarter infectious agents, it is important to understand the working of the immune network as more research in this area may facilitate the development of better protective strategies. 相似文献
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3.
Zhi-feng Zhou Lei Jiang Qing Zhao Yu Wang Jing Zhou Qin-kai Chen Jin-lei Lv 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2020,21(3):192-203
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is currently the most common complication of diabetes. It is considered to be one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and affects many diabetic patients. The pathogenesis of DN is extremely complex and has not yet been clarified; however, in recent years, increasing evidence has shown the important role of innate immunity in DN pathogenesis. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important components of the innate immune system and have a significant impact on the occurrence and development of DN. In this review, we classify PRRs into secretory, endocytic, and signal transduction PRRs according to the relationship between the PRRs and subcellular compartments. PRRs can recognize related pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thus triggering a series of inflammatory responses, promoting renal fibrosis, and finally causing renal impairment. In this review, we describe the proposed role of each type of PRRs in the development and progression of DN. 相似文献
4.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic member of the alphaherpes virus family, is among the most prevalent and successful human pathogens. HSV-1 can cause serious diseases at every stage of life including fatal disseminated disease in newborns, cold sores, eye disease, and fatal encephalitis in adults. HSV-1 infection can trigger rapid immune responses, and efficient inhibition and clearance of HSV-1 infection rely on both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. Multiple strategies have been used to restrict host innate immune responses by HSV-1 to facilitate its infection in host cells. The adaptive immunity of the host plays an important role in inhibiting HSV-1 infections. The activation and regulation of T cells are the important aspects of the adaptive immunity. They play a crucial role in host-mediated immunity and are important for clearing HSV-1. In this review, we examine the findings on T cell immune responses during HSV-1 infection, which hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates for HSV-1. 相似文献
5.
肠道病毒71型（ EV71）是疱疹性咽峡炎和手足口病最重要的诱因之一,并能引发严重的中枢神经系统并发症,伴随着肺水肿的脑干脑炎可致死。细胞因子作为先天免疫的一部分,有利于抗病毒和Th1免疫反应的进行。细胞因子和炎症趋化因子在EV71脑干脑炎发病中起重要作用。在EV71肺水肿发病过程中,中枢神经系统和全身炎症应答对感染扮演重要但明显不同的角色。静脉滴注免疫球蛋白和磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,对EV71自主神经系统失调和肺水肿患者可以起到调节炎症、降低交感神经过度兴奋和提高存活率的作用。 相似文献
6.
Asma Ahmed Banishree Saha Anand Patwardhan Shwetha Shivaprasad Dipankar Nandi 《Resonance》2009,14(6):610-621
Our immune system, by and large, does a fine job in protecting us from opportunistic and infectious microbes, potential carcinogens and allergens. It is therefore crucial to understand the organization of the immune network. This article focuses on some important features and key players involved in adaptive immune response. The first part of the article dealt with the humoral immune response mediated mainly by immunoglobulins produced by the B cells. The second part deals with T cells, the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-encoded molecules, and Recombination Activating Genes (RAG) responsible for generating diverse B-cell receptors (BCR) and T-cell receptors (TCR). With the advent of newer and smarter infectious agents, it is important to understand the working of the immune network as more research in this area may facilitate the development of better protective strategies. 相似文献
7.
Toll样受体（toll-like receptors,TLRs）是一类模式识别受体,在药物研究领域受到广泛关注,TLRs能特异地识别病原相关的分子模式,在激活天然免疫和调节获得性免疫中发挥重要作用。近年来,TLRs信号转导在中枢神经系统疾病方面的研究进展迅速,该文对TLRs信号传递新进展及TLRs在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究现状进行综述。 相似文献
8.
Interactions between mycoplasma lipid-associated membrane proteins and the host cells 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Mycoplamas are a group of wall-less prokaryotes widely distributed in nature, some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals. There are many lipoproteins anchored on the outer face of the plasma membrane, called lipid-associated membrane proteins （LAMPs）. LAMPs are highly antigenic and could undergo phase and size variation, and are recognized by the innate immune system through Toll-like receptors （TLR） 2 and 6, LAMPs can modulate the immune system, and could induce immune cells apoptosis or death. In addition, they may associate with malignant transformation of host cells and are also considered to be cofactors in the progression of AIDS. 相似文献
9.
Guang-yong Ye Ke-yi Wang Qiao-di Gui Min Wang 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2018,19(8):654-661
Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum-derived lipidassociated membrane proteins (LAMPs) in the host innate immune system, specifically their effect on Toll-like receptors (TLRs).Methods
LAMPs were derived from U. urealyticum strains, and human amniotic epithelial cells (HAECs) were isolated from healthy full-term placentas. Cytokine concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and TLR2 mRNA by real-time PCR. Expression of TLR2 was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.Results
LAMPs induced HAECs to produce inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Cytokine production was reduced after blocking TLR2 using TLR2 inhibitor (anti-hTLR2-IgA).Conclusions
LAMPs isolated from U. urealyticum induced TLR2-dependent up-regulation of inflammatory genes and cytokines in HAECs.10.
心理免疫力是个体在后天社会实践活动中不断与内外环境刺激进行交互作用基础上获得的、并受先天生物性因素影响的、维持自身心理健康的应对能力.由免疫心理活动、免疫心理品质和免疫心理调控三个子系统有机组成的一个完整的结构系统,各子系统又包含自己的组成成分.理免疫力形成和发展既受到先天生物性因素的影响,又受制于后天社会性因素和个体因素的制约. 相似文献
11.
通过讨论一类含CTL免疫应答的具分布时滞的HIV感染模型,分析了在分布时滞情况下未感染平衡点及感染无免疫平衡点的全局渐近稳定性,并给出了感染免疫平衡点局部渐近稳定的充分条件。 相似文献
12.
On dendritic cell-based therapy for cancers 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Dendritic cells (DCs), the most prevalent antigen-presenting cell in vivo, had been widely characterized in the last three decades. DCs are present in almost all tissues of the body and play cardinal roles in recognition of microbial agents,autoantigens, allergens and alloantigen. DCs process the microbial agents or their antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissues to present the antigenic peptide to lymphocytes. This leads to activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Initially, it was assumed that DCs are principally involved in the induction and maintenance of adaptive immune responses, but now it is evident that DCs also have important roles in innate immunity. These features make DCs very good candidates for therapy against various pathological conditions including malignancies. Initially, DC-based therapy was used in animal models of cancers. Data from these studies inspired considerable optimism and DC-based therapies was started in human cancers 8 years ago. In general,DC-based therapy has been found to be safe in patients with cancers, although few controlled trials have been conducted in this regard. Because the fundamentals principles of human cancers and animal models of cancers are different, the therapeutic efficacy of the ongoing regime of DC-based therapy in cancer patients is not satisfactory. In this review, we covered the various aspects that should be considered for developing better regime of DC-based therapy for human cancers. 相似文献
13.
Dendritic cells(DCs),the most prevalent antigen-presenting cell in vivo,had been widely characterized in the lastthree decades.DCs are present in almost all tissues of the body and play cardinal roles in recognition of microbial agents,autoantigens,allergens and alloantigen.DCs process the microbial agents or their antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissues topresent the antigenic peptide to lymphocytes.This leads to activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes.Initially,it was assumedthat DCs are principally involved in the induction and maintenance of adaptive immune responses,but now it is evident that DCsalso have important roles in innate immunity.These features make DCs very good candidates for therapy against variouspathological conditions including malignancies.Initially,DC-based therapy was used in animal models of cancers.Data fromthese studies inspired considerable optimism and DC-based therapies was started in human cancers 8 years ago.In general,DC-based therapy has been found to be safe in pati 相似文献
14.
抗生素的免疫调节作用研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黎勇 《内江师范学院学报》2005,20(4):77-80
抗生素本身在机体内也是一种化学的异物，其本身或代谢物也会与免疫系统发生应答反应，产生有利或不利的作用。近年相关方面的系统研究工作，使抗生素与机体免疫系统之间的相互作用机理有了初步的结论，抗生素对免疫的调节作用已成为药品开发及科学指导联合用药的基本要求。 相似文献
15.
Yan-yi Che Xiao-jing Xia Bo-ping He Yuan-yuan Gao Wen-bo Ren Hong-tao Liu Jian-fang Liu Ting-hao Huang Wen-yu Han Lian-cheng Lei 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2018,19(10):796-806
Recent studies have shown that diet can affect the body’s immunity. Roughage of dairy cows consists of a variety of plant materials which make different contributions to health. This study investigated the effect of different roughages on the immunity of dairy cows. Serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and milk samples were collected from 20 multiparous mid-lactation cows fed mixed forage (MF)- or corn straw (CS)-based diets. Expression profile analysis was used to detect the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from PBMCs. The results showed that milk protein in the MF group increased to 3.22 g/100 ml, while that of the CS group milk was 2.96 g/100 ml; by RNA sequencing, it was found that 1615 genes were differentially expressed between the CS group and the MF group among the 24 027 analyzed probes. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis of DEGs suggested that these genes (especially genes coding cytokines, chemokine and its receptors) are involved in the immune response. Results were confirmed at the protein level via detecting the levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, leptin (LEP), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in peripheral blood by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay analysis. Our data supported the conclusions that the protein content in milk of the MF group was higher than that of the CS group, the CS-based diets induced more release of cytokines than the MF-based diets in dairy cows’ PBMCs, and milk protein content may be affected by cytokines. 相似文献
16.
皮质抑素是1996年发现的一种小分子的生物活性神经肽,是生长抑素家族的新成员,CST及其受体在人体多种组织中均有表达.CST与3种受体结合后能表现出多样的生物学效应：具有抑制运动、诱导睡眠、影响学习记忆等神经调节作用及一定的神经保护作用;并参与免疫系统和内分泌系统的调节,强效抑制炎症因子的表达,对缺血性损伤的心血管具有代偿性的保护作用. 相似文献
17.
Xi-ping Zhang Han-qing Chen Fang Liu Jie Zhang 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2009,10(7):493-498
During the development and progression of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), conspicuous immune dysregulation develops, which is mainly manifested as excessive immune response in the early stage and immunosuppression in the late stage.This process involves complex changes in a variety of immune molecules and cells, such as cytokines, complements, lymphocytes,and leukocytes. With the gradual deepening of studies on the development and progression of SAP, the role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of SAP has attracted more and more attention. In this article, we review the advances in research on the immune dysregulation in SAP and the immunotherapy of this disease through exploring the formation of excessive immune response and immune suppression as well as their mutual transformation. 相似文献
18.
Asthma is a chronic disease of airway inflammation due to excessive T helper cell type 2 (Th2) response. Present treatment based on inhalation of synthetic glucocorticoids can only control Th2-driven chronic eosinophilic inflammation, but cannot change the immune tolerance of the body to external allergens. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the main negative regulatory cells of the immune response. Tregs play a great role in regulating allergic, autoimmune, graft-versus-host responses, and other immune responses. In this review, we will discuss the classification and biological characteristics, the established immunomodulatory mechanisms, and the characteristics of induced differentiation of Tregs. We will also discuss the progress of Tregs in the field of asthma. We believe that further studies on the regulatory mechanisms of Tregs will provide better treatments and control strategies for asthma. 相似文献
19.
Epstein-Barr virus(EBV),a human gammaherpesvirus carried by more than 90% of the world’s population,is associated with malignant tumors such as Burkitt’s lymphoma(BL),Hodgkin lymphoma,post-transplant lymphoma,extra-nodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma,and nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas in immune-compromised patients.In the process of infection,EBV faces challenges:the host cell environment is harsh,and the survival and apoptosis of host cells are precisely regulated.Only when host cells receive sufficient survival signals may they immortalize.To establish efficiently a lytic or long-term latent infection,EBV must escape the host cell immunologic mechanism and resist host cell apoptosis by interfering with multiple signaling pathways.This review details the apoptotic pathway disrupted by EBV in EBV-infected cells and describes the interactions of EBV gene products with host cellular factors as well as the function of these factors,which decide the fate of the host cell.The relationships between other EBV-encoded genes and proteins of the B-cell leukemia/lymphoma(Bcl) family are unknown.Still,EBV seems to contribute to establishing its own latency and the formation of tumors by modifying events that impact cell survival and proliferation as well as the immune response of the infected host.We discuss potential therapeutic drugs to provide a foundation for further studies of tumor pathogenesis aimed at exploiting novel therapeutic strategies for EBV-associated diseases. 相似文献
20.
对虾是现代生活中重要的水产品,随着养殖规模和密度的增加,对虾疾病也愈发严重,造成了不可估量的经济损失.因此,对虾的免疫系统及其调控机制一直是人们关注和研究的重点.与脊椎动物不同,对虾拥有完善的非特异性免疫系统,主要包括细胞免疫和体液免疫两个体系.当感受到外来物入侵以后,对虾会立刻启动相关的免疫级联反应,一方面触发细胞免疫系统,包括血细胞的吞噬、包掩和凝集等免疫反应;另一方面也会诱发体液免疫系统,包括血淋巴或体液中酶(如溶菌酶、酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶等)、免疫因子(如凝集素、溶血素等)以及调节因子(如酚氧化酶原激活系统等)的防御功能.针对对虾的免疫系统及其调控机制进行了概述,以期为对虾养殖业的病害防治研究提供参考. 相似文献