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1.
The way we define learning and what we believe about the way learning occurs has important implications for situations in which we want to facilitate changes in what people know and/ or do. Learning theories provide instructional designers with verified instructional strategies and techniques for facilitating learning as well as a foundation for intelligent strategy selection. Yet many designers are operating under the constraints of a limited theoretical background. This paper is an attempt to familiarize designers with three relevant positions on learning (behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist) which provide structured foundations for planning and conducting instructional design activities. Each learning perspective is discussed in terms of its specific interpretation of the learning process and the resulting implications for instructional designers and educational practitioners. The information presented here provides the reader with a comparison of these three different viewpoints and illustrates how these differences might be translated into practical applications in instructional situations.  相似文献   

2.
Instructional design (ID) professionals typically employ models that guide their practice. However, it is unclear how a specific model is selected for an instructional situation. Andrews and Goodson (1980) provided a valuable procedure for comparing instructional design models, but because of the proliferation of variations in instructional design applications during the past decade, the introduction of instructional design into new learning contexts and the emergence of alternative approaches to instructional design, there has emerged a need for a new framework which assesses the potential success of any instructional design model. A framework is presented here which is intended to provide a conceptual tool for determining appropriate instructional design applications.  相似文献   

3.
促进学习者高阶认知和问题解决能力的发展,是当代教学设计的核心诉求之一。问题化学习(PBL)虽致力于此,但实践效果却不够理想。面向高阶认知发展的成长式问题化学习(GPBL),是在分析PBL的价值与困境的基础上所提出的一种扬长避短的教学设计方法。它将学习置于复杂而真实的问题空间中,使其难度可随学习者能力发展而循序渐进动态变化,进而促进其高阶认知发展。以此方法开展的“教育游戏设计”教学案例表明,学习者在复杂问题解决、远迁移、合作及编程等能力上,都有较为明显的发展,这在一定程度上验证了设计目的。  相似文献   

4.
This study employed a qualitative research design to investigate informal learning among practicing instructional designers. Prior research has examined how instructional designers spend their time, make decisions, use theory, solve problems, and so on, but no published research has explored the nature and role of informal learning in instructional design work. Based on intensive interviews of practitioners in the field, this study produced eight themes organized according to two metathemes: (a) the nature of informal learning in instructional design practice and (b) instructional design as informal learning. Specific themes concerned what instructional designers learn through informal practical experience, how they learn it, and the meaning of this kind of learning for various aspects of their work. Overall, these results suggest that informal learning is a vital part of instructional design practice and that design itself can be thought of as a specialized type of informal learning. Other conclusions regarding informal learning in design are discussed and future directions for research are offered.  相似文献   

5.
文章结合MOOC环境下在线微课程建设的实际需要,借鉴Kemp模式构建了一种以教学资源设计为重点的在线微课程教学设计模式,并针对模式中的重要环节设计了相应的教学设计模板。该模式以教学视频、学习活动和内嵌式学习支持三个方面的内容为核心进行教学资源设计,为学员自主实施探究性学习和构建性学习提供了支持。实践结果表明,该模式作为一种在线微课程设计、开发及实施的指导框架和执行基础,能够显著提高在线微课程的教学设计质量和开发效率。  相似文献   

6.
Hypertext is a relatively new term for today's teachers, who work hard to stay abreast of the quickly changing field of computer technology in education. Hypertext as an educational tool is very different from traditional computer-assisted instructional software, offering the reader immediate access through its computer format to supplemental information. Two related studies were conducted to design and field-test hypertext computer study guides. In Study 1, 40 students (10 with learning disabilities, 15 remedial, and 15 regular education) worked in three different treatment groups (lecture, lecture/computer study guide, and computer study guide). Study 2 involved the five lowest achieving students (two with learning disabilities and three remedial) from Study 1 in an A-B-A design. Results indicated that (a) the computer study guide treatment was as effective as lecture, (b) the lecture/computer study guide treatment was as effective as lecture, (c) posttest scores were higher for the computer study guide group, and (d) retention test scores were higher for the computer study guide group.  相似文献   

7.
在＂一村一名大学生计划＂农林管理类专业中,一些课程的专业性、综合性和实践性比较强,而集中面授时间短,决定了此类课程的教学设计应在教学理念、教学思路和教学手段上要有新突破。我们探索的课程导学＂四步教学法＂,包括实施课程学习方法、课程结构与学习目标、课程实践活动、课程考核指南四个步骤,以新的导学法保证课堂学习的效果,提高课程辅导的质量,真正实现开放教育应用型人才培养的目标。  相似文献   

8.
基于资源的混合式学习的教学设计研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
混合式学习是将传统面对面教学优势和在线学习优势相结合的一种学习模式,它不仅扩大了学习者参与学习的机会,延伸了课堂教学时间,而且支持了学习者的自主学习和个性化学习。但混合式学习的优势并非自然而然产生的,它离不开精心地设计与实施。源于此,文章提出了一种基于资源的混合式学习教学设计过程模式,然后运用此模式对华中师范大学《现代教育技术》实验课的一个专题"多媒体教学设备使用和维护"进行了教学设计,并对其应用效果开展了行动研究,实证表明该模型具有一定的合理性和可行性,能够较好地指导混合式学习实践的开展。  相似文献   

9.
Reflection is a critical factor in solving design problems. Using good methods to observe designers' reflection is essential to inform the design of the learning environments that support the development of design problem‐solving skills. In this study, we have developed and validated a novel self‐reporting questionnaire as an efficient instrument to explore reflection, called Assessing Reflective Thinking in Solving Design Problems (ARTiD). This questionnaire has been developed based on the three‐dimensional model for reflective thinking: the timing, the objects and the levels of reflection. A total of 294 undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of engineering, computer science and instructional design were recruited to participate in one of four iterative, formative tests through which reliability and validity analyses were performed to revise and confirm the questionnaire. Examples of participants' reflection patterns were demonstrated to show the practical value of this questionnaire. In conclusion, the final version of ARTiD was presented as a valid instrument to explore students' reflection for research and educational practice. In addition, we found that ARTiD can be used as an effective learning tool to guide student designers' reflections toward better learning and performance.  相似文献   

10.
This article describes practical issues related to the design and the development of a Web-Based Learning Environment (Web-LE) for high school students. The purpose of the Fossilization Web-LE was to help students understand the process of fossilization, which is a complex phenomenon and is affected by many factors. The instructional design team faced the challenge of designing an environment that could enable its users to construct knowledge actively by manipulating the various variables of organisms, ecological systems, and physical burials. An effective user interface is essential to the enabling of students who try to explore knowledge presented in the learning environment and who, in monitoring their own learning progress, hope to avoid overwhelmingly complicated content. The analyses of both the interaction of learning activities and the design of system functions are discussed. In addition, a usability test was conducted so that the effectiveness of the interface design could be examined. The findings reveal that target users are satisfied with the usability of the Fossilization Web-LE and consider use of the user interface to be easy. At the end, several practical applications in the design of instructional software’s user interface are suggested.  相似文献   

11.
具身认知理论从全新的角度阐释人类认知和表征世界的方式,它强调身体在具体学习中起到的重要作用,学生通过身体在情境中的具体实践和大脑内化的反思来强化对知识乃至社会的认知.相对于儿童的学习而言,成人的学习更强调具体情境的实践以及对实践结果的反思,因此,具身学习理论无疑是符合成人自身学习特征的.具身学习理论对于指导成人教育的教学以及制定适合成人学习的教学设计有积极的指导意义.  相似文献   

12.
教学设计理论中亟待研究的几个问题   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
目前的教学设计理论存在脱离教学实际,对教学问题的诊断、解决力度不够的缺陷,究其原因,我们认为教学设计理论本身存在着一些没有解决的问题。这些理论问题主要包括实用化的教学问题诊断方法、学习行为的分析方法、学习任务的设计方法、学习环境的设计方法和针对综合性教学目标的教学决策的依据。  相似文献   

13.
Process-oriented instruction is defined as instruction aimed at teaching thinking strategies and domain-specific knowledge in coherence. This new conception of instruction is derived from psychological research on the way students learn and on the interplay between self-regulation and external regulation of learning. In the research reported here the learning effects of a process-oriented instructional program for university students were empirically studied. The instructional program consisted of a diagnostic learning style instrument, a learning guide and tutorials. The results showed that the majority of students reported significant general, knowledge, insight and application learning effects. The program effects were typified more by integrating and making usable metacognitive knowledge already present, than by increasing knowledge about new subjects. Evidence for transfer effects was obtained because participants in the program scored better than non-participants on two exams of another course. The learning effects were higher than the effects of an preliminary version of the program implemented with students from an open university. These results support the importance of the process-oriented instructional model. The linking of a thorough diagnosis of personal learning styles to individually tailored instructional measures, turned out to be a powerful way to activate students to reflect on their learning and to develop their mental models of learning.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
The purpose of this study is to discuss major issues in designing inquiries on the web. Instructional designers face a lot of difficulties and challenges to deal with in the course of designing inquiry experiences for learners in the online environment, a complex and ill‐structured learning environment. Facilitating inquiry or using an inquiry‐based learning approach on the web has both advantages and disadvantages. Instructional designers need to acknowledge the design issues arising in each and every phase of the design process. Utilising appropriate design strategies, instructional designers can provide positive learning experiences for their online learners. For this purpose, three representative cases in the context of teacher professional development were examined and six major issues were identified as follows: (1) seeking a balance between a system‐generated guide and human facilitator, (2) visual representation of the inquiry process, (3) motivating learners with the right question, (4) engaging learners in various learning activities, (5) guiding the inquiry process with various scaffolds, and (6) maximising learning by coordinating resources, tools and the community of inquiry. This study explains each issue in great detail and provides possible guides for instructional designers to handle the issue.  相似文献   

16.
This paper presents a design for a cutting-edge English program in which elementary school learners of English as a foreign language in Taiwan had lively interactions with a teaching assistant robot. Three dimensions involved in the design included (1) a pleasant and interactive classroom environment as the learning context, (2) a teaching assistant robot designed and built by the researchers as instructional technology (instructional tool/medium), and (3) the need for improved motivation and learning outcomes and positive learning experiences of the students as the core research problem. This Human–Robot Interaction (HRI) led to better pedagogical effects on learning and teaching by (1) employing a vivid, enjoyable teaching approach; (2) adopting practical, interesting learning materials; and (3) creating a natural, enjoyable learning context. Both quantitative and qualitative findings of this study indicate that the students' English learning experiences were enhanced, as were their motivation and learning outcomes as a result of this HRI. This paper, instead of merely suggesting design criteria for robots, provides a set of instructional design guidelines that other researchers can follow to create an innovative and enjoyable English classroom that employs an interactive robot as an assistant for enhancing English acquisition while simultaneously reducing the pressure and teaching load of the English instructors.  相似文献   

17.
本文简要阐述了加涅的教学设计理论。加涅将信忠加工的学习和记忆的理论与教学实践结合起来，从人类后天习得的性能的角度出发，将学习结果分为五大类型，并以学习结果分类的观点作为其教学设计的框架，建立了一套新颖的教学理论，并提供了一整套教学设计的原则、方法、技术和依据。加涅的教学理论实践性强，对实际教学有很好的借鉴和指导意义。  相似文献   

18.
《学习科学杂志》2013,22(3):227-264
This article describes a principled approach to the design of computer-based tools for use in collaborative instruction. We argue that a project should progress through four steps: (a) making explicit the instructional requirements that serve as design goals for the project; (b) performing a detailed study of current educational practice with regard to these goals; (c) developing a specification based on the identified requirements/limitations of the instructional setting and the known capabilities of the technology; and (d) producing an implementation that allows for local adaptation to instructional practice. We propose six principles of effective learning and instruction, which we view to be the critical features of learning in complex and ill-structured fields. Next, a detailed case study is presented based on the preclinical training given to medical students in the first 2 years of medical school. The problems of providing adequate instruction in the preclinical years are described, as is an instructional method known as problem-based learning (PBL) that has been introduced to redress some of these problems. The product of this design process is a set of specifications for technical augmentations that we believe will serve not only the needs of PBL but also those of other methods of instruction that depend on collaborative, case-based, or student-centered learning.  相似文献   

19.
This study aimed at experimentally investigating the moderating role of instructional conceptions on the effectiveness of powerful learning environments (PLE) designed in line with the four-component instructional design model (4C/ID-model). The study also investigated the influence of learning in a 4C/ID PLE on students’ instructional conceptions. To achieve its goal, a study with a one by one by two pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design was done. Three functionally equivalent classes of students from three similar (secondary technical) schools were randomly exposed to three different treatments. The participants consisted of 129 (47, 41, 41) students. The treatments were one control group with a regular method of teaching, and two experimental groups: a 4C/ID PLE with ICT, and a 4C/ID PLE without ICT. The instructional conceptions questionnaire was administered both in the pre-and the post-test to assess students’ instructional conceptions. Pre- and post-tests contain retention and transfer items. Technical teachers were trained to implement the interventions. In contrast to expectation, findings show no moderating effects of students’ instructional conceptions on the learning environments. Finally, the results indicate that students’ instructional conceptions positively change after implementation of the three interventions. The theoretical, research, and practical implications of the results for the instructional design and technology community as well as educational practice are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
随着信息时代的到来,国际教学设计领域开始摆脱传统教学系统设计模型“专注于某种心理学取向的教学程序”的困囿,走向整合心理学、技术、文化、测量、评价、管理等多学科的开放的专业领域。《教学设计的国际观（第1册）：理论·研究·模型》汇编了欧美教育、心理、文化,特别是教学设计领域学者的理论与实践著作,从多维视角梳理了教学设计发展的历史沿革,阐述了教学设计的理论基础、研究基础和实践基础。新范式教学设计强调以一种开放的态度来认识关于教学设计的各种理论、基于教学价值和方法论取向批判性地接纳不同研究成果,注重信息技术与教育理念的整合,注重新的评估理念和方法,注重复杂系统视域中的学习环境的建构,注重跨学科研究和跨领域的应用。  相似文献   

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