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1.
The `co-productions' of science and society have undergone dramatic changes in recent decades. However, contrasts between `Mode 1' and `Mode 2' are not compelling inhistorical terms. This essay will argue that, in fact, they offer too naturalistic and a-political a picture. 相似文献
2.
Building on recent theories ofscience in society, such as that provided bythe `Mode 2' framework, this paper argues thatgovernments should reconsider existingrelations among decision-makers, experts, andcitizens in the management of technology.Policy-makers need a set of `technologies ofhumility' for systematically assessing theunknown and the uncertain. Appropriate focalpoints for such modest assessments are framing,vulnerability, distribution, and learning. 相似文献
3.
This essay considers gender in relation toBrazilian science and technology. It reviewsleading studies in the field, and offers briefbiographies of pioneering women in science.While there is still much room for improvement,the essay suggests that the situation of womenin science experienced significant progressduring the closing decades of the twentiethcentury. 相似文献
4.
This essay describes China’s participation in international science organizations during the past two decades. It argues that,
whilst progress has been made, serious problems remain. It concludes that increased attention to communication and exchange,
and the creation of a favourable international image in science and technology are important priorities for China.
相似文献
| Ang XuEmail: |
5.
This article discusses studies and politicalinitiatives concerned with enhancing publicinvolvement in major technological decisions.It argues that such decisions should include asignificant role for the mass media, andrespect for the diverse relations betweenscience and governance. The notion of`regulated worlds' is proposed as a startingpoint in a discourse that brings together themass media, science management, anddeliberative democracy. 相似文献
6.
Science Policy in Action: Policy and the Researcher 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Government policies for science, usually incorporatingeconomic and social aims, are increasingly influencing the contentand management of university research. This essay discusses theinfluence of selected science policies on individual researchersand group leaders. Within the limitations of a case study, itargues that policies that steer the content of research have agreater influence on research behaviour, than do policies relatedto overall research management. Increasing pressures for compliancewith mission-objectives point to the need for closer discussionbetween those who make policy decisions, and the wider researchcommunity. 相似文献
7.
Science indicators are increasingly used in policy-making. However, failure to relate interpretations of specific measures
to the historical development of science can lead to errors in assessing past investments and in prioritizing future investments.
This article outlines some of these sources of error, and argues for the more systematic use of historical evidence in the
formulation of science policy.
Irwin Feller, an economist, is a Senior Visiting Scientist at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. His
research includes studies of the economics of academic R&D, the assessment of interdisciplinary research, and the relationship
between performance measurement and science and technology policies.
George Gamota, a physicist, is President of STMA, LLC. He has written extensively on technology assessment and forecasting,
emerging technologies, and science policy. Recently, he led a review of New Zealand’s New Economy Research Fund (NERF), and
is a foreign reviewer of the Japanese Science & Technology (JST) Corporation’s research programmes. 相似文献
8.
Many countries today have policies to encourage outstanding scientists to remain, or return, ‘home’. To date, the cumulative
effect of these policies remains unclear. This essay argues that we need a new approach to studying elites in science. It
draws upon three studies to suggest that migration is field-specific; that migration occurs more among potential, rather than
among established elites; and that policies aimed simply at attracting eminent scientists may prove inadequate to the task
of sustaining national scientific communities. 相似文献
9.
Science and the institutions of science are far from democratic systems,and yet they are the most democratic of regimes. This essay examinesthe demand for transparency and public participation. One can distinguishseveral levels of public influence. Their function suggests thatdecision-makers, both scientists and technocrats, are being obligedto accept and work with rules which are no longer laid down by themselves. 相似文献
10.
The paper examines Pierre Bourdieu’s extensive writings on the production of scientific knowledge. The study shows that Bourdieu
offered not one but two - significantly different - approaches to scientific knowledge production, one formulated in his theoretical,
or programmatic, writings on the subject, the other developed in his empirical writings. Addressing the question as to the
relevance of Bourdieu’s work for science studies, the analysis argues that the former of these two approaches is at once very
visible in Bourdieu’s work but characterized by limitations from the standpoint of scholarship in STS, whereas the latter
approach is less conspicuous but of broader empirical value. 相似文献
11.
This article reinterprets a recentexploratory study of the academic freedom ofAustralian social scientists in an increasinglycommercialised university environment. Thestudy revealed that academics are experiencingseveral conditions that undermine academicfreedom: the intensification of work at theexpense of quality; pressure to choose `safe'research topics; the erosion of intellectualcapital and student standards; and increasingcorporate governance. We position thesefindings within the transition to `Mode 2'knowledge production, arguing that thisprovides a more appropriate basis forreconceptualising the traditional concept ofacademic freedom and renegotiating its socialpractice. 相似文献
12.
The increased support of science andtechnology were fundamental factors in theexpansion of university education in post-warBritain. American technical assistance toWestern Europe, exemplified by the MarshallPlan, also focused upon the role of appliedscience and technology as a means of boostingproductivity and competitiveness. This commonconcern for science and technology led Britainto consider the adoption of American models,specifically a British version of MIT, in thesearch for an effective higher education policyfor applied science and technology. However,this paper argues that, whilst America offeredimportant models for change, British policieswere ultimately shaped by British traditions. 相似文献
13.
Of `Small Men', Big Science and Bigger Business: The Second World War and Biomedical Research in the United States 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nicolas Rasmussen 《Minerva》2002,40(2):115-146
The Second World War is commonly said to have ushered in theera of `big science' in the United States. However, at least inpractically-oriented biomedical research, the American governmentadopted modes of sponsorship that were commonplace between scientistsand industry before the war. Furthermore, many life scientistsleading wartime projects were already familiar with industrialcollaboration. This essay argues that the new federal regimes introduced in the late 1940s and 1950s were more important than wartime experience in shaping the character of biomedical `big science' in the United States during the second half of thetwentieth century. 相似文献
14.
Helmut Krauch 《Minerva》2006,44(2):131-142
Translator’s note*: I am pleased to offer this translation of a lecture by Helmut Krauch, both because he is an old friend, whom I have known
for more than forty years, and because it fills a gap in the history of science policy research. As this lecture makes clear,
the Studiengruppe, led by Krauch, was the first in Europe to measure the share of nuclear and military research in total R&D expenditure and
to make systematic technology assessments to guide government policy. Moreover, its Project ORAKEL opened the way to wider
public debate on major policy issues in science and technology. Krauch’s book on Computer Democracy remains an outstanding contribution to the reform of Western democracy. I commend this essay warmly to all concerned with
the history of science and technology policy.
This is an edited translation of a lecture delivered at the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis at the
Research Centre for Technical Change and the Environment in Karlsruhe, 10 April 2000. We are grateful to the Institute for
permission to publish the essay, to Professor Christopher Freeman, for generously preparing a translation, and to Dr. Reinhard
Coenen for helping to prepare the final version. 相似文献
15.
This article examines the communication networks within and between science and technology studies (STS) and the history of science. In particular, journal relatedness data are used to analyze some of the structural features of their disciplinary identities and relationships. The results first show that, although the history of science is more than half a century older than STS, the size of the STS network is more than twice that of the history of science network. Further, while a majority of the journals in the STS network are connected by weak ties, about half of the history of science network consists of strong ties. The history of science network is thus more cohesive than the STS network. The relatively strong cohesion within the history of science network is associated with comparatively high degrees of intra-disciplinary communication, but comparatively weak ties to only a few related disciplines. The analysis also shows that very few members of the history of science cliques are situated on the shortest path between both specialties. Moreover, given the relatively impermeable nature of the history of science network, the latter partially depends on STS to reach some of the neighboring disciplines. 相似文献
16.
Andrea Bonaccorsi 《Minerva》2010,48(4):355-387
New sciences born or developed in the 20th century (information, materials, life science) are based on forms of complementarity
that differ from the past. The paper discusses cognitive, or disciplinary, institutional, and technical complementarity. It
argues that new sciences apply a reductionist explanatory strategy to complex multi-layered systems. In doing so the reductionist
promise is falsified, generating the need for multi-level kinds of explanation (e.g. in post-genomic molecular biology), new
forms of complementarity between scientific and non-scientific organizations, and new forms of experimental and informational
facilities. The paper develops the argument in theoretical terms, comparing it with the STS literature, and offers preliminary
evidence based on the experience of Networks of Excellence. 相似文献
17.
In late 2012, Santino J. Rivera published a collection of Chicana/o literature as a cultural and political response to the closure of Mexican American Studies in the Tucson Unified School District. This essay argues that Rivera's text invites critical interrogation of the whiteness ideologies underlying critiques of MAS in an attempt to make spaces for Chicana/o sensibilities. Such sensibilities, this essay argues, include In Lak'ech and mestiza rhetorics, which emphasize cultural empowerment, identification, spiritual love, and humanization. 相似文献
18.
Isabelle Laboulais 《Minerva》2008,46(1):17-36
The revolutionary period in France marked a turning point in the history of the profession of mining engineering and its relation
to the State. This essay outlines the changing requirements of the revolutionary government, and describes the ways in which
the State and its engineering professionals responded to the challenge of combining science and practice.
相似文献
| Isabelle LaboulaisEmail: |
19.
Matthew Stanley 《Minerva》2008,46(2):181-194
This paper argues that that political context of British science popularization in the inter-war period was intimately tied
to contemporary debates about religion and science. A leading science popularizer, the Quaker astronomer A.S. Eddington, and
one of his opponents, the materialist Chapman Cohen, are examined in detail to show the intertwined nature of science, philosophy,
religion, and politics.
Matthew Stanley is associate professor in the Gallatin School at New York University. He conducts research on the history of the physical sciences as well as the history of science and religion. 相似文献
| Matthew StanleyEmail: |
Matthew Stanley is associate professor in the Gallatin School at New York University. He conducts research on the history of the physical sciences as well as the history of science and religion. 相似文献
20.
This article considers the situation of women in science in Germany. We argue that scientific organizations play a crucial role in shaping science careers, often with different consequences for men and women. To sustain the argument, we offer a study of the careers of male and female scientists in the Max Planck Society. Our findings show that external support increases career options and opportunities for men, but not for women scientists. 相似文献