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1.
《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):265-294
ABSTRACTThis article presents results of a systematic review of the literature (2000–2017) examining the prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among retired elite athletes. Forty articles were selected and included. Our review suggests the prevalence of psychological distress among retired athletes is similar to that found in the general population. However, subgroups reporting medical comorbidities, significant pain, a greater number of concussions, less social support, and adverse psychosocial factors were at greater risk for psychological distress. Additionally, athletes experiencing psychological distress in retirement often do not seek treatment for their distress. Based on the existing literature, there is a need for greater standardization and use of reliable measures, as well as use of diagnostic interviews in order to assess the most accurate prevalence of psychological distress among these athletes. Longitudinal designs, matched control groups, more heterogeneous samples, and use of multivariate analyses would also help to more accurately determine the prevalence and risk factors of psychological distress in this population. This review suggests a number of different clinical implications and highlights directions for future research to enhance our understanding of the long-term psychological health of former elite athletes. 相似文献
2.
Janelle CM 《Journal of sports sciences》2002,20(3):237-251
Despite extensive research devoted to determining the nature of the relationship between stress and performance, there has been little systematic examination of the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Recently, researchers have begun to empirically address the attentional mechanisms underlying theoretical accounts of how stress, anxiety and arousal influence performance. Given the critical role of visual attention to sport expertise, this paper focuses primarily on literature dealing with how visual cues are differentially identified and processed when performers are anxious. Emerging evidence indicates that gaze behaviour tendencies are reliably altered when performers are anxious, leading to inefficient and often ineffective search strategies. Alterations of these visual search indices are addressed in the context of both self-paced and externally paced sports events. Recommendations concerning the utility of perceptual training programmes and how these training programmes might be used as anxiety regulation interventions are discussed. The theoretical implications and directions for future research are also addressed. 相似文献
3.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(5):499-508
Abstract The prevalence of disordered eating and eating disorders vary from 0–19% in male athletes and 6–45% in female athletes. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of eating disorders in adolescent and adult athletes including: (1) prevalence data; (2) suggested sport- and gender-specific risk factors and (3) importance of early detection, management and prevention of eating disorders. Additionally, this paper presents suggestions for future research which includes: (1) the need for knowledge regarding possible gender-specific risk factors and sport- and gender-specific prevention programmes for eating disorders in sports; (2) suggestions for long-term follow-up for female and male athletes with eating disorders and (3) exploration of a possible male athlete triad. 相似文献
4.
Towards a unified understanding of relative age effects 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
When athletes are placed into annual age groups to organize and coordinate sport participation, certain (dis)advantages occur as a result of the subtle age differences within these groups. These differences, termed "relative age effects", have been consistently related to youth and adult sport attainment. However, there has been a lack of consistency in the terminology used in this area of research. In this paper, we consider the operational terms used in relative age research, discuss appropriate applications of terminology, and suggest directions for future research. Importantly, we argue for a unified understanding of what "relative age" means, stressing the need for clarity in directing future advances in the field. 相似文献
5.
Background: There is a high incidence of concussion sustained by athletes participating in rugby union, many of which go unreported. A lack of sufficient knowledge about concussion injuries may explain athletes’ failure to report. Several rugby union-playing countries have developed injury education and prevention programmes to address this issue. Objective: The aim of the current review was to systematically assess the content and level of evidence on concussion education/prevention programmes in rugby union and to make recommendations for the quality, strength, and consistency of this evidence. Methods: We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscuss, Webofscience, and conducted a manual search for articles. Results: Ten articles were included for review. Of these, six focused on the BokSmart injury prevention programme in South Africa, two focused on the RugbySmart injury prevention programme in New Zealand, one was an analysis of prevention programmes, and one was a systematic review of rugby injury prevention strategies. Conclusions: Despite the initiative to develop concussion education and prevention programmes, there is little evidence to support the effectiveness of such programmes. There is evidence to support education of coaches and referees. In addition, there is scant evidence to suggest that education and rule changes may have the benefit of changing athlete behaviours resulting in a reduction in catastrophic injury. 相似文献
6.
Abstract When athletes are placed into annual age groups to organize and coordinate sport participation, certain (dis)advantages occur as a result of the subtle age differences within these groups. These differences, termed “relative age effects”, have been consistently related to youth and adult sport attainment. However, there has been a lack of consistency in the terminology used in this area of research. In this paper, we consider the operational terms used in relative age research, discuss appropriate applications of terminology, and suggest directions for future research. Importantly, we argue for a unified understanding of what “relative age” means, stressing the need for clarity in directing future advances in the field. 相似文献
7.
8.
Mothers’ voices are often silent in the sports literature, especially as elite athletes. This research used a symbolic interactionist approach and semi-structured interviews to explore the experiences of nine elite female athletes in New Zealand who were also mothers at the time of competing. The specific objectives were to explore how motherhood impacted on the identity of elite athletes, how they negotiated their multiple identities and roles, and how support systems were utilized to encourage and retain elite athletes as mothers. The women managed their multiple identities and negotiated constraints such as guilt, lack of time and limited organizational support by emphasizing how integral sport was to their sense of self. They highlighted the mutual benefits of motherhood to their sport aspirations and vice versa, by utilizing time/space management strategies, and by creating and accessing strong support networks which sometimes included organizational support. There was a move towards the integration of multiple identities and a focus on how women's choices in leisure and sport were realized for future research and theory development. Sport management practices and policies that create opportunities for mothers to achieve and maintain elite athlete status are also mentioned. 相似文献
9.
Portus MR Farrow D 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2011,10(4):294-305
This review synthesises the biomechanical and skill acquisition/sport expertise literature focused on the skill of cricket batting. The literature is briefly reviewed and the major limitations, challenges, and suggested future research directions are outlined. This is designed to stimulate researchers to enhance the understanding of cricket batting biomechanics and skill acquisition and in turn assist cricket coaches develop efficacious batting skill development programmes. An interdisciplinary approach between biomechanists and skill acquisition specialists is advocated to further knowledge of the underlying processes and mechanisms of cricket batting expertise. Issues such as skill measurement, practice design, ball machines, skill transfer, the impact of Twenty/20 cricket, video simulation, and skill decomposition are discussed. The ProBatter ball machine systems are introduced along with suggestions for best practice approaches for coaches when designing batting skill development programmes. 相似文献
10.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(2):57-65
Abstract Designing the most suitable diet for an athlete requires an intimate knowledge of the relevant scientific literature, the training and competition demands of the sport, the individual athlete's preferences and social situation. The scientific literature contains an abundance of information on nutritional demands of athletes undertaking endurance or strength training programmes, but much less information is available on sprint/power sports, team, racquet, weight-making, aesthetic (diving, gymnastics), and skill-based events. Furthermore, most research has been undertaken on adult males, with the assumption that females and adolescent athletes follow the same patterns of fuel usage and requirements. Consequently, assessing the optimal composition of an athlete's diet relies at best on an informed interpretation of the scientific data, plus individually collected observations. The aims of this article are to provide an overview of the current evidence on macronutrient requirements for day-to-day training for a range of different athletes, provide some recommendations regarding formulating an athlete's diet, and highlight areas where more research is required. 相似文献
11.
Exercise dependence is a condition that involves a preoccupation and involvement with training and exercise, and has serious health and performance consequences for athletes. We examined the validity of a biopsychosocial model to explain the development and maintenance of exercise dependence among elite Australian athletes. Participants were 234 elite Australian athletes recruited from institutes and academies of sport. Thirty-four percent of elite athletes were classified as having exercise dependence based on high scores on the measure of exercise dependence. These athletes had a higher body mass index, and more extreme and maladaptive exercise beliefs compared to non-dependent athletes. They also reported higher pressure from coaches and teammates, and lower social support, compared to athletes who were not exercise dependent. These results support the utility of a biopsychosocial model of exercise dependence in understanding the aetiology of exercise dependence among elite athletes. Limitations of the study and future research directions are highlighted. 相似文献
12.
运用表面肌电和摄影技术,结合功能解剖学,对我国不同运动等级的单板U型场地滑雪运动员平衡训练及肌肉的肌电特征进行了分析。结果表明：运动员在平衡训练中对身体姿态的有效调整与控制,有赖于竖脊肌、腹外斜肌和腹直肌的贡献率和协调有序的工作。虽然不同等级运动员在平衡动作控制模式和肌肉工作顺序上有所差异,但主要工作肌群趋于相同。健将级运动员之所以能对身体姿态实现高效调整与控制,不仅在于工作肌群的贡献度较高、能调动更多的肌肉参与到肌肉控制中,还在于双侧肌肉群的协调发力。而一级运动员和二级运动员由于还缺乏更好地控制肌肉的能力,致使在运动中出现了肌肉有效电活动过高或不足的状况,不仅平衡感和稳定性差、对身体平衡姿态控制不足,而且也缺乏对失衡动作的调控。 相似文献
13.
C. C. Gonzalez J. Causer R. C. Miall M. J. Grey G. Humphreys A. M. Williams 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(1):74-84
AbstractScientists who have examined the gaze strategies employed by athletes have determined that longer quiet eye (QE) durations (QED) are characteristic of skilled compared to less-skilled performers. However, the cognitive mechanisms of the QE and, specifically, how the QED affects performance are not yet fully understood. We review research that has examined the functional mechanism underlying QE and discuss the neural networks that may be involved. We also highlight the limitations surrounding QE measurement and its definition and propose future research directions to address these shortcomings. Investigations into the behavioural and neural mechanisms of QE will aid the understanding of the perceptual and cognitive processes underlying expert performance and the factors that change as expertise develops. 相似文献
14.
本文采用文献资料、访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计等对参加福建省14届大学生运会跨栏运动员参赛风险进行评估与防范分析,结果表明：大学生跨栏跑运动员的参赛风险评估与防范能力不强,主要表现在身体伤病;技术失误;心理压力大;裁判员错判、漏判、偏袒;比赛经验不足等这5个方面,因此提出,风险回避、风险降低、风险自留、风险转移等方法,以提高大学生跨栏跑运动员参赛风险评估与防范能力。 相似文献
15.
黄志欣 《体育科技文献通报》2020,(5):49-50
腕关节是竞技健美操运动员在长期的训练和比赛中出现损伤的部位,这种损伤的治疗方法多种多样,它的治疗与预防也需要建立在对其损伤机制了解的基础上。本文通过文献资料法,梳理近年来竞技健美操项目中关于腕关节损伤的机制、治疗及预防的研究,并进行总结,给出自己的建议。 相似文献
16.
There is a considerable lack of literature on international student athletes despite the extent to which colleges and universities are increasingly relying on them to heighten the winning reputation of their sports programs. This research focuses on international student athletes from Africa. Based on interviews of 16 student athletes from seven different African countries, the range of their experiences upon entering universities in the United States, particularly their challenges, were identified. Many of the serious issues affecting the student athletes were matters related to the host environment's underestimations about the African student athletes’ desires to learn, misunderstandings about their culture and religions and other negative assumptions that undermined their academic success. We also found that the vast majority of these student athletes experienced negative stereotypes and discrimination based on their race and their region of origin. 相似文献
17.
孙鹏 《体育科技文献通报》2009,17(12):34-35
进食障碍（eating disorders,EDS）主要是指以反常的摄食行为和心理紊乱为特征、伴有显著的体重改变和/或生理功能紊乱的一组综合征。其主要的临床类型包括：神经性厌食症、神经性贪食症和非典型性进食障碍。运动员存在的进食障碍多为非典型性进食障碍,且以女性居多,其发病的危险性是非运动员女性的3倍以上。本文就女性运动员与进食障碍的关系,以及其发病原因、治疗、预防加以综述,为教学、科研、运动训练等提供一些参考和意见。 相似文献
18.
While numerous studies have investigated the biomechanics of able-bodied rowing, few studies have been completed with para-rowing set-ups. The purpose of this research was to provide benchmark data for handle kinetics and joint kinematics for able-bodied athletes rowing in para- rowing set-ups on an indoor ergometer. Able-bodied varsity rowers performed maximal trials in three para-rowing set-ups; Legs, Trunk and Arms (LTA), Trunk and Arms (TA) and Arms and Shoulders (AS) rowing. The handle force kinetics of the LTA stroke were comparable to the values for able-bodied literature. Lumbar flexion at the catch, extension at the finish and total range of motion were, however, greater than values in the literature for able-bodied athletes in the LTA set-up. Additionally, rowers in TA and AS set-ups utilised more extreme ranges of motion for lumbar flexion, elbow flexion and shoulder abduction than the LTA set-up. This study provides the first biomechanical values of the para-rowing strokes for researchers, coaches and athletes to use while promoting the safest training programmes possible for para-rowing. 相似文献
19.
本文采用文献资料、数理统计、调查等研究方法,以黑龙江省雪上项目注册运动员为研究对象,对雪上项目不同年度注册运动员发展状况进行研究.研究结果发现,越野滑雪、高山滑雪继续保持运动员数量上的优势;单板滑雪成为黑龙江省雪上项目的新亮点.年龄结构分析得知,雪上项目运动员的最佳训练阶段为15～18岁之间;黑龙江省雪上项目队伍梯队建设还不合理,高山滑雪运动员梯队比例形成“U”字形现象;单板滑雪和自由式滑雪项目二线运动员不足,形成了人才梯队培养体系的断裂. 相似文献
20.
本文采用文献资料法、问卷调查法等研究方法,对江苏省女子曲棍球后备人才队伍现状进行研究,研究结果:江苏省女子曲棍球后备人才来源较为狭窄,年龄结构偏大,选材方式科学化较高,运动员从事曲棍球前均参与其他运动项目,绝大多数运动员训练年限在3-4年,运动员训练态度和动机较为成熟,但运动员文化学习成绩普遍不够理想,退役后的就业情况不佳。建议:推动曲棍球项目普及开展;促进运动员全面发展;拓宽运动员的出路。 相似文献