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1.
Important goals in science education include the elucidation of how students develop a world view, reason about new information,
and solve problems. This paper focuses on a research strategy using microcomputers that is directed towards elucidating conceptual
understanding and problem solving strategies used by subjects interacting with an open-ended genetics simulation. The field
method employed in this study is termed “structured observations”. The use of this method facilitated the generation of data
during problem solving sessions by subjects in a think aloud protocol. Three sets of synchronized information of subjects’
interactions with the software were obtained: a video image which provided the sequence and duration of computer screen displays,
a video image of subjects, and an audio track of verbal commentaries. The verbal protocol data, complemented by synchronized
visual data, were analyzed using software tools for qualitative analysis. The use of these kinds of software programs aided
researchers in the analysis of complex, qualitative data. The data were subjected to codings as text files, searches for patterns,
and retrievals of patterns among coded variables. Frequency tables of the codes and patterns were generated for further interpretation.
By these means, patterns of operations can be identified and inferences made about problem solvers’ conceptual understanding.
Specializations: computer-based problem solving secondary teacher education.
Specializations: computer-based problem solving, software design and development. 相似文献
2.
Chronoula Voutsina 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2012,79(2):193-214
This study analysed the different types of arithmetic knowledge that young children utilise when solving a multiple-step addition
task. The focus of the research was on the procedural and conceptual changes that occur as children develop their overall
problem solving approach. Combining qualitative case study with a micro-genetic approach, clinical interviews were conducted
with ten 5–6-year-old children. The aim was to document how children combine knowledge of addition facts, calculation procedures
and arithmetic concepts when solving a multiple-step task and how children’s application of different types of knowledge and
overall solving approach changes and develops when children engage with solving the task in a series of problem solving sessions.
The study documents children’s pathways towards developing a more effective and systematic approach to multiple-step tasks
through different phases of their problem solving behaviour. The analysis of changes in children’s overt behaviour reveals
a dynamic interplay between children’s developing representation of the task, their improved procedures and gradually their
more explicit grasp of the conceptual aspects of their strategy. The findings provide new evidence that supports aspects of
the “iterative model” hypothesis of the interaction between procedural and conceptual knowledge and highlight the need for
educational approaches and tasks that encourage and trigger the interplay of different types of knowledge in young children’s
arithmetic problem solving. 相似文献
3.
The literature has made us all aware of large gender differences in students' atttudes to science, in enrolment statistics
in upper high school and tertiary level science courses, and in different spheres of employment. What have not been looked
at in detail are the factors which are influential when students begin to make choices in early high school, choices which
may well set them on a particular pathway from which it is difficult to turn.
This preliminary study identifies factors which students in a Year 9 class believed were influential on the limited subject
choices they had been able to make in Years 8 and 9, and the factors they believed would be most influential on choices to
be made later in the school. In addition the students' views of science, of the separate sciences, and of their anticipated
career patterns were sought.
Several interesting findings were made which, if validated in further work, could lead to strategies which would support other
approaches designed to reduce gender imbalances related to science.
Specializations: non-scientific conceptions and conceptual change, problem solving, science teacher education.
Specializations: Gender issues. 相似文献
4.
This paper describes responses from 28 first-year university physics students to one question of a written test which was
followed up by an interview. The study has two main research aims. Firstly, it characterises the conceptual structures of
students regarding the phenomenon in question. As well as being interesting in their own right, these student understandings
cast light on some broader issues regarding understanding of field representations. While students' understandings of circuit
electricity are well described in the existing science education literature, their understandings of field phenomena are not.
Secondly, it throws light on theoretical questions about the SOLO Taxonomy, which is the framework used to study the students'
conceptual structures. Of particular interest is the nature of student thinking that marks transition from the Concrete Symbolic
to the Formal SOLO mode in this area.
Specializations: physics education, electricity and magnetism, conceptual structures, SOLO Taxonomy.
Specializations: SOLO Taxonomy, conceptual structures, mathematics education. 相似文献
5.
A practical test instrument was developed to assess students' attainment of skills associated with problem analysis and planning
experiments, collecting information, organising and interpreting information, and concluding. Students verbalised their thoughts
as they worked on the task and their performance was videotaped for analysis. Data collected from Year 7, 10 and 12 science
students illustrate the development of investigation skills and reveal important areas of student weakness.
Specialisations: Science teacher education, development of problem-solving expertise, concept development and conceptual change, assessment
of laboratory work.
Specialisations: Chemistry education, concept development and conceptual change, role of laboratory work. 相似文献
6.
Ellina Chernobilsky Maria Carolina DaCosta Cindy E. Hmelo-Silver 《Instructional Science》2004,32(4):319-356
A sociocultural view of learning proposes that learning involves becoming enculturated into a community of practice. A step
along the way is learning to use the specialized language of such a community, as language is a crucial tool that regulates
participation, mediates cognition and plays a central role in the development of thought. Problem-based learning (PBL), with
its emphasis on collaborative discourse, provides opportunities for students to develop the conceptual language of a discipline,
which in turn affects cognition. In a problem-based undergraduate Educational Psychology course, many psychological theories,
concepts and principles are introduced to pre-service teachers. During the course, as students learn through problem solving,
they engage with new knowledge. This evolving knowledge requires new discourse structures that will allow students to express
their new ideas and that will ultimately structure students' ways of knowing. The content of group and individual artifacts
is analyzed to examine how PBL influences students' language and knowledge development over the course of the semester in
an Educational Psychology class (n = 34). The goal of this paper is to present these analyses and to discuss how the change affects students' language and knowledge. 相似文献
7.
Asha K. Jitendra Amy E. Lein Jon R. Star Danielle N. Dupuis 《Educational Research and Evaluation》2013,19(8):700-716
This study explored the extent to which domain-specific knowledge predicted proportional word problem-solving performance. We tested 411 seventh-grade students on conceptual and procedural fraction knowledge, conceptual and procedural proportion knowledge, and proportional word problem solving. Multiple regression analyses indicated that all four domain-specific knowledge variables (i.e., conceptual and procedural fraction knowledge, conceptual and procedural proportion knowledge) significantly predicted proportional word problem-solving performance. Conceptual fraction and procedural proportion knowledge contributed the most unique variance (10.0 and 6.7%, respectively, of the total variance) to proportional word problem solving. Procedural fraction and conceptual proportion knowledge each also contributed significant unique variance to proportional word problem solving explaining 5.6 and 2.8%, respectively. The results support the notion that both conceptual fraction and proportion knowledge and procedural fraction and proportion knowledge play a major role in understanding individual differences in proportional word problem-solving performance to inform interventions. 相似文献
8.
The present study aims to explore the use of assessment in mathematics content courses for future elementary school teachers.
Analysis of self assessment data on mathematical understanding and peer assessment data on oral mathematical presentation
showed that pre-service teachers had a balanced understanding of procedural knowledge and problem solving. Conceptual understanding
was not in the structure of pre-service teachers’ mathematical knowledge. Understandings of conceptual knowledge, procedural
knowledge, and problem solving had no meaningful effects on gains in mathematics performance. Aspects of oral mathematical
presentation were associated with improved understanding of procedural knowledge and in particular conceptual knowledge. The
result of the study calls for a conceptual approach to mathematical knowledge and sufficient mathematical problem solving
in college-level mathematics content courses and in particular the infusion of assessment into college-level mathematics education
for pre-service teachers. 相似文献
9.
Luisa Rojas de Astudillo Mansoor Niaz 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》1996,5(2):131-140
Achievement in science depends on a series of factors that characterize the cognitive abilities of the students and the complex interactions between these factors and the environment that intervenes in the formation of students' background. The objective of this study is to: a) investigate reasoning strategies students use in solving stoichiometric problems; b) explore the relation between these strategies and alternative conceptions, prior knowledge and cognitive variables; and c) interpret the results within an epistemological framework. Results obtained show how stoichiometric relations produce conflicting situations for students, leading to conceptual misunderstanding of concepts, such as mass, atoms and moles. The wide variety of strategies used by students attest to the presence of competing and conflicting frameworks (progressive transitions, cf. Lakatos, 1970), leading to greater conceptual understanding. It is concluded that the methodology developed in this study (based on a series of closely related probing questions, generally requiring no calculations, that elicit student conceptual understanding to varying degrees within an intact classroom context) was influential in improving student performance. This improvement in performance, however, does not necessarily affect students' hard core of beliefs. 相似文献
10.
刘惠鹏 《河北能源职业技术学院学报》2005,5(3):91-92
习题课是工程力学教学中不可缺少的一种授课形式,通过练习和问答,巩固和拓宽知识面,增强解题能力,本文总结了一套上好工程力学习题课的方法。 相似文献
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13.
Dr. Richard Lowe 《Research in Science Education》1992,22(1):283-290
The current relative lack of detailed knowledge about how learners interact with the types of diagrams used in instructional
materials is partly due to the research difficulties in characterising the cognitive structures and processes involved in
these interactions. One of these difficulties arises from the lack of research tools specifically designed for the collection
and meaningful analysis of relevant data. This paper describes computer-based approaches developed to analyse and characterise
graphic output produced during diagram processing tasks.
Specializations: Mental representation and processing of scientific diagrams, characteristics of explanatory diagrams, visual aspects of
problem solving, instructional design. 相似文献
14.
Mohan Chinnappan 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1998,36(3):201-217
Recent investigations of mathematical problem solving have focused on an issue that concerns students' ability at accessing and making flexible use of previously learnt knowledge. I report here a study that takes up this issue by examining potential links between mental models constructed by students, the organisational quality of students' prior geometric knowledge, and the use of that knowledge during problem solving. Structural analysis of the results suggest that the quality of geometric knowledge that students develop could have a powerful effect on their mental models and subsequent use of that knowledge. 相似文献
15.
The preservice training of primary teachers is an opportunity to provide positive experiences which may ameliorate students'
anxiety about science and science teaching, and enhance their beliefs that they may become effective science teachers. The
previous and current science related experiences, and beliefs, of an intake of primary teachers participating in an introductory
science content subject, were explored. Matter and energy concepts were major content components of the subject. Data were
collected from pre- and post-test administrations of psychometric tests designed to measure students' science teaching self-efficacy,
science related attitudes, interest in science teaching, and preferred learning environment. A randomly selected sample of
students was interviewed at the commencement and finish of the subject. One third of the sample was assigned to a study group
in which a constructivist approach to laboratorys sessions was adopted. The remainder of the sample experienced a more traditional
transmissive format in laboratory sessions. Analysis of the quantitative data revealed no group differences in self-efficacy.
Interesting contrasts between students evident in the data from the interviews facilitated the articulation of tentative assertions
about the causative factors that may influence the development of students' sense of self-efficacy and possible science related
anxiety.
Specialisations: science teacher education, conceptual change, scientific reasoning.
Specialisations: science teacher education, conceptual change, scientific reasoning. 相似文献
16.
Randy K. Yerrick Elizabeth Doster Jeffrey S. Nugent Helen M. Parke Frank E. Crawley 《科学教学研究杂志》2003,40(5):443-463
Analogies have been argued to be central in the process of establishing conceptual growth, making overt connections and carryover into an intended cognitive domain, and providing a generative venue for developing conceptual understanding inherent in constructivist learning. However, students' specific uses of analogies for constructing arguments are not well understood. Specifically, the results of preservice teachers' knowledge gains are not widely studied. Although we would hope that engaging preservice science teachers in exemplary lessons would assist them in using and generating analogies more expertly, it is not clear whether or how such curricula would affect their learning or teaching. This study presents an existence proof of how preservice science teachers used analogies embedded in their course materials Physics by Inquiry. This fine‐grained analysis of small group discourse revealed three distinct roles of analogies including the development of: (a) cognitive process skills, (b) scientific conceptual understanding, and (c) social contexts for problem solving. Results suggest that preservice teachers tend to overgeneralize the analogies inserted by curriculum materials, map irrelevant features of analogies into collaborative problem solving, and generate personal analogies, which counter scientific concept development. Although the authors agree with the importance of collaborative problem solving and the insertion of analogies for preservice teachers' conceptual development, we believe much more needs to be understood before teachers can be expected to construct and sustain effective learning environments that rely on using analogies expertly. Implications for teacher preparation are also discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 443–463, 2003 相似文献
17.
Dr. Diane Grayson 《Research in Science Education》1994,24(1):102-111
Numerous studies have shown that students often hold conceptions that conflict with accepted scientific ideas, both prior
to and after instruction. The failure of instruction to affect students' conceptions can be interpreted as a failure to facilitate
conceptual change. In this paper, an instructional strategy will be described that facilitates conceptual change in the special
case where conceptual difficulties appear to arise because students confuse related physics concepts. The strategy involves
two parts. Firstly, students observe an experiment or demonstration that conflicts with what they expect to see. Secondly,
the instructor identifies students' intuitions that are correct but that they have associated with an incorrect physics term,
and substitutes the correct physics term. Students can thus develop more scientifically acceptable understandings of physics
concepts without having to give up their intuitive ideas. The use of this strategy will be illustrated in two domains of physics.
Specializations: physics education, conceptual development, instructional design, improvement of tertiary science education. 相似文献
18.
University Students' Strategies for Constructing Hypothesis when Tackling Paper-and-Pencil Tasks in Physics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jenaro Guisasola Mikel Ceberio José Luis Zubimendi 《Research in Science Education》2006,36(3):163-186
The study we present tries to explore how first year engineering students formulate hypotheses in order to construct their own problem solving structure when confronted with problems in physics. Under the constructivistic perspective of the teaching–learning process, the formulation of hypotheses plays a key role in contrasting the coherence of the students' ideas with the theoretical frame. The main research instrument used to identify students' reasoning is the written report by the student on how they have attempted four problem solving tasks in which they have been asked explicitly to formulate hypotheses. The protocols used in the assessment of the solutions consisted of a semi-quantitative study based on grids designed for the analysis of written answers. In this paper we have included two of the tasks used and the corresponding scheme for the categorisation of the answers. Details of the other two tasks are also outlined. According to our findings we would say that the majority of students judge a hypothesis to be plausible if it is congruent with their previous knowledge without rigorously checking it against the theoretical framework explained in class. 相似文献
19.
Ingeborg Krange 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2007,2(1):171-203
Recent research has to a limited extent explored the characteristics of students’ conceptual practices as sociocultural phenomena
in general and in science education in particular. I approach this issue by studying a group of students while solving a particular
scientific problem from A to Z, and as part of this analyse how different cultural means (the knowledge domain and the tools
in use) structure the students’ interactions and how their interpersonal relations change over this period of time. The aim
is to illustrate how these cultural means intersect in productive and less productive ways during the students’ conceptual
practices. The study has its point of departure in a design experiment where a group of four students, together with their
teacher, solve different problems related to the biological phenomenon of sequencing a DNA molecule (the insulin gene). Video-recordings
of the students’ interactions constitute the basis for this analysis. The cultural means strongly structure the students’
conceptual practices during their problem solving processes. Whereas the knowledge domain structured the whole process, the
significant roles of the website and the computer-based 3D model of the insulin gene were especially apparent during the second
part of the trajectory. The intersection of these cultural means appear productive in terms of disciplinary knowledge when
the students’ became aware of how to handle this relationship. The interpersonal relations between the students and their
teacher altered slightly in the beginning and became increasingly more fixed during the students’ progression. 相似文献
20.
Brian R. Belland 《Educational Psychology Review》2011,23(4):577-600
Problem solving is an important skill in the knowledge economy. Research indicates that the development of problem solving
skills works better in the context of instructional approaches centered on real-world problems. But students need scaffolding
to be successful in such instruction. In this paper I present a conceptual framework for understanding the effects of scaffolding.
First, I discuss the ultimate goal of scaffolding—the transfer of responsibility—and one way that scholars have conceptualized
promoting this outcome (fading). Next, I describe an alternative way to conceptualize transfer of responsibility through the
lens of distributed cognition and discuss how this lens informs how to promote transfer of responsibility. Then I propose
guidelines for the creation of problem solving scaffolds to support transfer of responsibility and discuss them in light of
the literature. 相似文献