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1.
Abstract

James Francis Thorpe became the first Native American to win a gold medal for the United States… and the first person in history to be disqualified for professionalism. Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won Olympic gold medals in the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon. He lost his Olympic titles after an investigation by the Amateur Athletic Union showed that he had played semiprofessional baseball in 1909 and 1910, before competing in the Olympics. In 1983, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) restored his Olympic medals. The seven decades that it took for the restoration of Thorpe’s medals were marked by a protean form of protest, drawing on the image of Thorpe as victor, victim, stereotype and symbol. Despite the rehabilitation of Thorpe, he remains in the eyes of Native Americans a powerful symbol of the humiliation of Native American peoples.  相似文献   

2.
第23～28届奥运会男子十项全能成绩分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
应用文献资料、数理统计方法，对23-28届奥运会十项全能运动员的成绩进行分析研究。结果显示：23-28届奥运会男子十项全能整体成绩呈上升趋势；在成绩结构中，速度、爆发力因子居首，力量因子次之，耐力因子和技巧因子分居第三和第四位，这一结构体现出现代十项全能运动的整体模式。  相似文献   

3.
雅典奥运会男子十项全能前3名运动员成绩进展的启示   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
通过In ternet搜索相关数据资料,运用灰色关联分析程序对雅典奥运会男子十项全能前3名运动员历次成绩进行分析,探索其实现增分的策略,并通过中国运动员齐海峰的成绩分析对其训练提出建议。研究认为,雅典奥运会前3名运动员初期具备很高的速度或力量基础,以速度训练为主促进其他项目的发展,并将投掷项目作为训练突破口,建议齐海峰今后强化速度力量性项目。  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of heavy resistance, explosive resistance, and muscle endurance training on neuromuscular, endurance, and high-intensity running performance in recreational endurance runners. Twenty-seven male runners were divided into one of three groups: heavy resistance, explosive resistance or muscle endurance training. After 6 weeks of preparatory training, the groups underwent an 8-week resistance training programme as a supplement to endurance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, maximal strength (one-repetition maximum), electromyographic activity of the leg extensors, countermovement jump height, maximal speed in the maximal anaerobic running test, maximal endurance performance, maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2max), and running economy were assessed. Maximal strength improved in the heavy (P = 0.034, effect size ES = 0.38) and explosive resistance training groups (P = 0.003, ES = 0.67) with increases in leg muscle activation (heavy: P = 0.032, ES = 0.38; explosive: P = 0.002, ES = 0.77). Only the heavy resistance training group improved maximal running speed in the maximal anaerobic running test (P = 0.012, ES = 0.52) and jump height (P = 0.006, ES = 0.59). Maximal endurance running performance was improved in all groups (heavy: P = 0.005, ES = 0.56; explosive: P = 0.034, ES = 0.39; muscle endurance: P = 0.001, ES = 0.94), with small though not statistically significant improvements in [Vdot]O2max (heavy: ES = 0.08; explosive: ES = 0.29; muscle endurance: ES = 0.65) and running economy (ES in all groups < 0.08). All three modes of strength training used concurrently with endurance training were effective in improving treadmill running endurance performance. However, both heavy and explosive strength training were beneficial in improving neuromuscular characteristics, and heavy resistance training in particular contributed to improvements in high-intensity running characteristics. Thus, endurance runners should include heavy resistance training in their training programmes to enhance endurance performance, such as improving sprinting ability at the end of a race.  相似文献   

5.
运用灰色系统的理论与方法,对第29届奥运会男子十项全能运动员的各单项成绩进行灰色关联分析,以揭示其单项之间、单项与总成绩以及各类群之间的关联关系,总结出本届奥运会男子十项全能的成绩特征。  相似文献   

6.
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7.
通过运用文献资料法、数理统计法等方法,旨在通过对国内外优秀男子十项全能比较分析,使相关人士认识到中国男子十项全能运动的现状,采取措施,尽快缩短与世界先进水平的差距。研究表明：中国男子十项全能运动员总分、各单项成绩及技术等级与世界优秀运动员相比差距明显,在某些项目上差距更大;中国男子十项全能运动员各单项的得分率与世界优秀运动员相比基本一致等。  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Masculinity and femininity ratings were studied in relation to motor performance scores of college women. Arm strength, muscular explosive power, pure speed, and the Humiston Test of motor ability showed a significant positive relationship to andric ratings and a significant negative relationship to gynic ratings. Subjects were classified as being “above”, “at”, or “below” the established mean of the andric and gynic factors. Comparison of mean scores revealed those above the andric mean to be superior on tests of speed, arm strength, and motor ability. Those below the mean of the gynic factor were found to be superior on these same tests and on explosive power. The extent to which the physical expression of masculinity exceeded that of femininity was more highly related to performance scores than were either masculinity or femininity ratings alone.  相似文献   

9.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of heavy resistance, explosive resistance, and muscle endurance training on neuromuscular, endurance, and high-intensity running performance in recreational endurance runners. Twenty-seven male runners were divided into one of three groups: heavy resistance, explosive resistance or muscle endurance training. After 6 weeks of preparatory training, the groups underwent an 8-week resistance training programme as a supplement to endurance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, maximal strength (one-repetition maximum), electromyographic activity of the leg extensors, countermovement jump height, maximal speed in the maximal anaerobic running test, maximal endurance performance, maximal oxygen uptake ([V·]O(?max)), and running economy were assessed. Maximal strength improved in the heavy (P = 0.034, effect size ES = 0.38) and explosive resistance training groups (P = 0.003, ES = 0.67) with increases in leg muscle activation (heavy: P = 0.032, ES = 0.38; explosive: P = 0.002, ES = 0.77). Only the heavy resistance training group improved maximal running speed in the maximal anaerobic running test (P = 0.012, ES = 0.52) and jump height (P = 0.006, ES = 0.59). Maximal endurance running performance was improved in all groups (heavy: P = 0.005, ES = 0.56; explosive: P = 0.034, ES = 0.39; muscle endurance: P = 0.001, ES = 0.94), with small though not statistically significant improvements in [V·]O(?max) (heavy: ES = 0.08; explosive: ES = 0.29; muscle endurance: ES = 0.65) and running economy (ES in all groups < 0.08). All three modes of strength training used concurrently with endurance training were effective in improving treadmill running endurance performance. However, both heavy and explosive strength training were beneficial in improving neuromuscular characteristics, and heavy resistance training in particular contributed to improvements in high-intensity running characteristics. Thus, endurance runners should include heavy resistance training in their training programmes to enhance endurance performance, such as improving sprinting ability at the end of a race.  相似文献   

10.
通过对2004年全国田径锦标赛暨奥运会选拔赛女子七项全能（前8名）的总分与2004年奥运会女子七项全能（前8名）的总分进行差异性检验,2004年全国田径锦标赛暨奥运会选拔赛男子十项全能（前8名）的总分与2004年奥运会男子十项全能（前8名）共32名优秀运动员的总分进行差异性检验,揭示我国运动员与国际高水平运动员的差异,并提出相应的建议.  相似文献   

11.
男子十项全能是一项复杂的综合性竞技项目，也是一个典型的灰色系统。运用GM（1，N）动态协调模型对国内外全能选手在总成绩不断提高的各个阶段中各因素间相互联系，相互影响的辩证发展关系进行多方位、多层次的分析，揭示了身体素质中速度与力量这对主要矛盾因素的互相促进和制约是十项全能水平不断提高与发展的关键，同时也揭示了速度与力量的发展失衡是我国男子十项全能选手成绩徘徊不前的主要原因。  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Physical fitness and muscular strength are important performance parameters in Olympic sailing although their relative importance changes between classes. The Olympic format consists of eight yacht types combined into 10 so-called events with total 15 sailors (male and female) in a complete national Olympic delegation. The yachts have different requirements with respect to handling, and moreover, each sailor plays a specific role when sailing. Therefore physical demands remain heterogeneous for Olympic sailors. Previous studies have mainly examined sailors where ‘hiking’ (the task of leaning over the side of the yacht to increase righting moment) is the primary requirement. Other than the ability to sustain prolonged quasi-isometric contractions, hiking seems to require significant maximal muscle strength especially in knee extensors, hip flexors and abdominal and lower back muscles. Another group of studies has investigated boardsailing and provided evidence to show that windsurfing requires very high aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Although data exist on other types of sailors, the information is limited, and moreover the profile of the Olympic events has changed markedly over the last few years to involve more agile, fast and spectacular yachts. The change of events in Olympic sailing has likely added to physical requirements; however, data on sailors in the modern-type yachts are scarce. The present paper describes the recent developments in Olympic sailing with respect to yacht types, and reviews the existing knowledge on physical requirements in modern Olympic sailing. Finally, recommendations for future research in sailing are given.  相似文献   

13.
本文利用灰色理论GM（1,1）模型方法分析第26-30届奥运会我国田径项目的运动水平现状,研究结果表明：男、女径赛项目都呈现长距离发展快于短距离发展,且男子发展优于女子.男、女田赛项目投掷类明显快于跳跃类发展,且女子田赛项目优于男子项目发展.女子全能的发展速度快于男子.从总体来看,女子田径项目略比男子发展好.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

This study investigated the participation and performance trends as well as the age and gender interaction at the Olympic distance ‘Zürich Triathlon’ (1.5?km swim, 40?km cycle and 10?km run) from 2000 to 2010 in 7,939 total finishers (1,666 females and 6,273 males). Female triathletes aged from 40 to 54 years significantly (P?<?0.05) increased their participation while the participation of younger females and males remained stable. Males of 50–54 years of age and females of 45–49 years of age improved their total race time. For elite top five overall triathletes, mean gender differences in swimming, cycling, running and overall race time were 15.2?±?4.6%, 13.4?±?2.3%, 17.1?±?2.5%, and 14.8?±?1.8%, respectively. For both elite and age group athletes, the gender difference in cycling time was significantly (P?<0.001) lower than for swimming and running. The gender difference in overall Olympic distance triathlon performance increased after the age of 35 years, which appeared earlier compared to long distance triathlon as suggested by previous studies. Future investigations should compare gender difference in performance for different endurance events across age to confirm a possible effect of exercise duration on gender difference with advancing age.  相似文献   

15.
‘A tribute to Dr J. Rogge’ aims to systematically review muscle activity and muscle fatigue during sustained submaximal quasi-isometric knee extension exercise (hiking) related to Olympic dinghy sailing as a tribute to Dr Rogge’s merits in the world of sports. Dr Jacques Rogge is not only the former President of the International Olympic Committee, he was also an orthopaedic surgeon and a keen sailor, competing at three Olympic Games. In 1972, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Sports Medicine, he was the first who studied a sailors’ muscle activity by means of invasive needle electromyography (EMG) during a specific sailing technique (hiking) on a self-constructed sailing ergometer. Hiking is a bilateral and multi-joint submaximal quasi-isometric movement which dinghy sailors use to optimize boat speed and to prevent the boat from capsizing. Large stresses are generated in the anterior muscles that cross the knee and hip joint, mainly employing the quadriceps at an intensity of 30–40% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), sometimes exceeding 100% MVC. Better sailing level is partially determined by a lower rate of neuromuscular fatigue during hiking and for ≈60% predicted by a higher maximal isometric quadriceps strength. Although useful in exercise testing, prediction of hiking endurance capacity based on the changes in surface EMG in thigh and trunk muscles during a hiking maintenance task is not reliable. This could probably be explained by the varying exercise intensity and joint angles, and the great number of muscles and joints involved in hiking.

Highlights

  • Dr Jacques Rogge, former president of the International Olympic Committee and Olympic Finn sailor, was the first to study muscle activity during sailing using invasive needle EMG to obtain his Master degree in Sports Medicine at the Ghent University.

  • Hiking is a critical bilateral and multi-joint movement during dinghy racing, accounting for >60% of the total upwind leg time. Hiking generates large stresses in the anterior muscles that cross the knee and hip joint.

  • Hiking is considered as a quasi-isometric bilateral knee extension exercise. Muscle activity measurements during sailing, recorded by means of EMG, show a mean contraction intensity of 30-40% maximal voluntary contraction with peaks exceeding 100%.

  • Hiking performance is strongly related to the development of neuromuscular fatigue in the quadriceps muscle. Since maximal strength is an important determinant of neuromuscular fatigue during hiking, combined strength and endurance training should be incorporated in the training program of dinghy sailors.

  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

This paper discusses the processes underpinning the evolutionary development of sport climbing in recent decades, with a particular focus on the impact of its inclusion in the Olympic Games. New institutionalism and resource-dependence theory provide an analytical and explanatory framework for this study. The research adopted a qualitative method strategy comprising a series of interviews and the analysis of documents, reports, press and social media. The recent inclusion of the sport in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic programme has created challenges, primarily because of strong values inherent within the sport. The research, however, shows that the values of a sport can expand and develop in order to fit the regulatory legitimacy required by inclusion in the Olympic Games. Nonetheless, the research also shows that involvement with the IOC raises questions about who ‘owns’ the sport.  相似文献   

17.
Purpose: Resistance training is often performed in a traditional training style using deliberate relatively longer repetition durations or in an explosive training style using maximal intended velocities and relatively shorter repetition durations. Both improve strength, “power” (impulsivity), and speed. This study compared explosive and traditional training over a 6-week intervention in 30 healthy young adult male recreational soccer players. Method: Full body supervised resistance training was performed 2 times a week using 3 sets of each exercise at 80% of one repetition maximum to momentary failure. Outcomes were Smith machine squat 1 repetition maximum, 10 meter sprint time, and countermovement jump. Results: Both groups significantly improved all outcomes based on 95% confidence intervals not crossing zero. There were no between-group differences for squat 1 RM (TRAD = 6.3[5.1 to 7.6] kg, EXP = 5.2[3.9 to 6.4] kg) or 10 meter sprint (TRAD = ?0.05[?0.07 to ?0.04] s, EXP = ?0.05[?0.06 to ?0.03] s). Explosive group had a significantly greater increase in countermovement jump compared to the traditional group (TRAD = 0.7[0.3 to 1.1] cm, EXP = 1.3[0.9 to 1.7] cm). Conclusion: Both the traditional training and explosive training performed to momentary failure produced significant improvements in strength, speed, and jump performance. Strength gains are similar independent of intended movement speed. However, speed and jump performance changes are marginal with resistance training.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of swimming on selected components of athletic performance as measured by the following tests: back strength, leg strength, bicycle ergometer (combination of strength and endurance, but predominantly endurance), and vertical jump (explosive power). Subjects were pretested for three days on each test, after which they participated in 45 minutes of swimming, and performance was tested oh one test one hour after the swim on any given day. A single day's swimming was found to significantly affect the vertical jump, but other performance tests were not affected.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A uniform measure of the gender-related differential performance of female and male Olympic and World champions is proposed: relative power output applied to the environment. Laws of physics are employed to derive equations for estimating relative power output. In previous controlled laboratory studies, equally trained male and female athletes were shown to have a relative power output not significantly different from relative lean body mass. As to the estimated power output for 32 Olympic and World championship events contested between 1976 and 2004, eight in running, four in speed skating, three in jumping, twelve in swimming and five in rowing: 100% of the 32 event mean percentage differences in power output and 96% of the 411 event percentage differences in power output are within one standard deviation of the appropriate lean body mass percentage difference, consistent with equality of training. For 1952 – 1972, significantly higher percentage differences in power output are estimated in running and swimming compared with 1976 – 2004, consistent with women being less well trained than men during that earlier period. It is noted that efforts in recent years to provide equality of opportunity for female athletes coincide with equalization of estimated relative power output in competition with the relative lean body mass.  相似文献   

20.
不同水平十项全能运动员特征差异的因子分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
以第9届全国大学生田径锦标赛34名十项全能运动员为研究对象,通过因子分析方法,寻求当今高校十项全能运动员的主要构成特征,然后与1993年至2001年间的全国十项全能前60名运动员特征因子进行对比分析,从中找出他们之间的主要差异.  相似文献   

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