共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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《Research Policy》2013,42(10):1716-1723
This article considers the historiographical and theoretical significance of Nicholas von Tunzelmann's first book, Steam Power and British Industrialization to 1860. Von Tunzelmann assessed the quantitative impact of the Watt steam engine and its pirate copies on the British economy using the social savings method pioneered by R.W. Fogel, showing that the impact was smaller and later than many historians had supposed. These results are of more than quantitative significance because they call into question a dominant line in the history of industrialization that focuses on the steam engine as a key determinant of the dynamics of industrial growth in Britain from the late eighteenth century. This article discusses the origin of this line in the work of Arnold Toynbee and outlines its long-term influence on economic history, including contemporary debates on the question of why Europe outpaced China and India from the seventeenth century. These issues are important also for innovation studies, which often describes the relation between innovation and growth in terms of such ‘critical technologies’ as steam power; these accounts are subject to the same weaknesses as technicist histories of industrialization. Von Tunzelmann's early work is therefore of continuing theoretical and empirical significance as we seek an adequate theory of the links between innovation and growth. 相似文献
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何继江 《科学学与科学技术管理》2012,(4):13-18
从两个方面对瓦特蒸汽机的发明历史进行梳理,一方面是技术传统对瓦特蒸汽机发明的贡献,另一方面是科学理论对瓦特蒸汽机发明的贡献。从而得到如下结论:蒸汽机的发明是人类技术活动长期持续进行改进的结果,而不是来自于科学理论的一个突变性的技术创新;科学理论对蒸汽机的发明所做的贡献很小,但科学方法特别是实验方法和量化方法对瓦特改良蒸汽机起到了重要作用。 相似文献
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目的：总结脉动真空压力蒸汽灭菌器的各监测环节,保证灭菌物品的质量.方法：利用现代化的监测设备和科学规范的监测方法,对脉动真空压力蒸汽灭菌器的灭菌效果实施全方位的有效监测.结果：效果良好的灭菌监测是保证灭菌物品质量唯一途径,生物监测是灭菌效果评价的“金标准”. 相似文献
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以蒸汽机为标志的工业革命，在为人类带来巨大财富与物质文明的同时，也导致了人与自然的对立．全球性生态危机也因此产生。工业生态化概念是对资源环境保护和经济社会发展关系的重新定位，工业生态化要求我们对传统工业的发展加以反思，采取有效的措施促进工业的生态可持续发展。 相似文献
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黄勇 《科学技术与辩证法》2011,(3):72-75
以齿轮为核心部件的自动机器对近代科学的建立起了非常重要的作用。首先,齿轮式钟表提供了精确计时的手段,促进了科学实验的发展;其次,齿轮机构承受了来自蒸汽机的巨大动力压力,使得印刷机等自动机器得以面世,推动了近代科学的形成与发展;最后,自动机器直接演化为自动计算机器,其影响力一直持续到今天。 相似文献
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I. Malkin 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1942,234(4):355-369
Introduction: a. The vibration problem in its actual aspects in the steam turbine design; b. The fundamental conception of the solution used in the steam turbine practice as derived from the Rayleigh Ritz method substituted for the original Kirchhoff theory; c. Illustration of the actual problem by an example taken from the one-dimensional theory of vibrations; d. The “Wheel Vibrations” of the disk; e. The blade vibrations with the disk proper entirely at rest; f. Asymptotical representation of the actual (“Disk Blade”) vibrations of the disk; g. Simplifications used in the procedure of frequency computation; h. The disk with heavy rim. 相似文献
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针对锅炉的水位调节过程难以建立精确数学模型,具有非线性、不稳定性、时滞等特点,传统的单冲量、双冲量水位控制无法满足大负载变动和存在给水中断风险.本文提出一种由汽包水位H、蒸汽流量D、给水流量W组成的三冲量汽包水位控制系统.其中汽包水位H是被调节量,蒸汽流量D和积水流量W为辅助冲量信号,共同构成的汽包水位三冲量前馈-串级控制系统.经测试不仅能够对“虚假水位”做出正确动作,同时能够对给水流量变化做出及时反应,结合PID控制器,能有效的消除余差. 相似文献
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对于造纸术发明人的界定争论已久,这在本质上是技术成果的归属问题,在当今科技工作领域也有很强的现实意义。以瓦特改良蒸汽机为对照,对比分析造纸术的成果归属并回应了这一争论的两种倾向,进一步提出技术成果归属权判断的四项原则:普遍性、主体性、标志性和效用性,以及相应的制度设计。 相似文献
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针对汽车发动机冷却液循环系统中的节温器,应用形状记忆合金节温器取代原来使用的石蜡节温器,形状记忆合金节温器的温控驱动元件采用TiNi形状记忆合金制作,并将其记忆动作温度通过相应的热处理调节至发动机冷却液温度的变化范围,用以驱动节温器主副阀门完成对发动机冷却液大小循环的控制。 相似文献
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J.L. Finck 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1940,229(2):201-221
This paper is a continuation of a previous paper published in this JOURNAL. The basic idea in the two papers is to enlarge the assemblage of thermodynamic states by including the so-called “metastable” states. Considering a system, in one or two phases, which has a single type of transformation, the writer develops an equation of state of the form η = a + by + cp + dpv + (e + fv + gp + hpv) In T, where p, v, T are three independent variables, and a, b, c, etc. are constants.The latent heat at p, T = constant is λP,T = I (v2 -v1) [b+db+(f+hp) InT), which is derived from the equation of state.The available thermodynamic data on ammonia and steam are used to check these equations. It is found that within the saturated region the agreement is quite satis factory, whereas for the superheated region the agreement is not so good. 相似文献
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