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1.
OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics and repertoires of community practitioners serving families involved in child physical abuse that may inform training and treatment dissemination efforts. The aims are to: (a) describe the background characteristics of these clinicians; (b) document their most common intervention techniques; (c) examine clinicians' attitudes toward manualized treatment; and (d) understand the organizational climate of community agencies. METHOD: Practitioners from nine different agencies who have worked with cases in which there was child physical abuse (n=77) completed focus group discussions and three self-report questionnaires. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted in tandem. RESULTS: Practitioners reported that they most often focused on family issues and employed family therapy techniques. Although treatment manuals were important, it was difficult to determine how practitioners used or would use these materials with families. An almost equal number of concerns and benefits were raised regarding using manuals in treatment. There was moderate agreement in how practitioners perceived their work environments. Age and attainment of a graduate degree were positively related to greater caring and job satisfaction, respectively, while length of time at a given agency was positively related to greater reports of emotional exhaustion on a measure of organizational climate. CONCLUSIONS: Given the promising benefits of evidence-based treatments for child abuse, it is important that researchers begin to form partnerships with community agencies that will lead to the dissemination and evaluation of effective treatment strategies. 相似文献
2.
The increasing rate of child abuse and neglect is a special concern for educators who are legally mandated reporters of suspected maltreatment, are often the first to identify and refer children who have been harmed, are in contact with parents and are aware of the family conditions contributing to child maltreatment, and who must often work closely with other professionals in their efforts to support child victims and prevent further abuse. Moreover, children's emotional or behavioral problems, learning disabilities, or other difficulties often reflect broader problems that are associated with abuse or neglect. Consequently, understanding the causes and consequences of child maltreatment, and contemporary child protection efforts, is essential to educators in their efforts to assist victimized children. This article surveys current research on child maltreatment with particular attention to the challenges of child protection, the multidimensionality of child maltreatment (distinguishing physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and psychological maltreatment), and hopeful new avenues for prevention. The implications of this research for educational professionals are emphasized. 相似文献
3.
As indicated by research on the long-term effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), maltreatment has far-reaching consequences for affected children. Effective prevention measures have been elusive, partly due to difficulty in identifying vulnerable children before they are harmed. This study employs Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM), an analysis of the cumulative effect of environmental factors thought to be conducive for child maltreatment, to create a highly accurate prediction model for future substantiated child maltreatment cases in the City of Fort Worth, Texas. The model is superior to commonly used hotspot predictions and more beneficial in aiding prevention efforts in a number of ways: 1) it identifies the highest risk areas for future instances of child maltreatment with improved precision and accuracy; 2) it aids the prioritization of risk-mitigating efforts by informing about the relative importance of the most significant contributing risk factors; 3) since predictions are modeled as a function of easily obtainable data, practitioners do not have to undergo the difficult process of obtaining official child maltreatment data to apply it; 4) the inclusion of a multitude of environmental risk factors creates a more robust model with higher predictive validity; and, 5) the model does not rely on a retrospective examination of past instances of child maltreatment, but adapts predictions to changing environmental conditions. The present study introduces and examines the predictive power of this new tool to aid prevention efforts seeking to improve the safety, health, and wellbeing of vulnerable children. 相似文献
4.
《紫箫记》与《紫钗记》系汤显祖早年作品,两部剧作的创作经历标志其政治思想也发生了相应变化,即:从政治批判力度看,由借史隐喻转变到直书批判;从问题的解决方式看,由以暴易暴代替了宗教求索;从理想政治的角度考虑,由正面颂圣走向了对"时主"的讽谕。 相似文献
5.
《International Journal of Educational Research》1998,29(1):7-24
Early childhood education has made great progress internationally in the last thirty years, in large measure through the efforts of researchers and practitioners. In contrast, many governments have failed to establish the unified systems of management and administration recognized as essential since the 1970s. Maintaining dual systems, they have not been able to generate and implement a coherent curriculum or unitary training programs for practitioners. As these are achieved, it will be necessary to include in the academic components of practitioner education programs a knowledge base about child development and its facilitation. The theoretical underpinnings and empirical findings supporting this knowledge base were established in the 1960s and 1970s. However, they have been ignored or re-invented as subsequent fashions succeed each other. The central components of this knowledge base are recapitulated. 相似文献
6.
The use of contingent ignoring to help reduce problems in the classroom has been advocated by behavioral psychologists, but in practice, teachers have found this procedure often is not successful. In fact, sometimes well-intentioned misuse of the ignoring technique exacerbates inappropriate behavior. This paper documents the difficulties found in using an ignoring procedure in the classroom. The potential mistakes (including not specifying target behavior; not taking a baseline; inadvertently, intermittently reinforcing the inappropriate behavior; reinforcing response bursts; reinforcing spontaneous recovery; and not reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior) are described. For each potential problem, a remedy is prescribed. It is hoped that this paper will help bridge the gap between researchers and practitioners. 相似文献
7.
Rachel Langford Susan Prentice Patrizia Albanese Bernadette Summers Brianne Messina-Goertzen Brooke Richardson 《Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development》2013,33(3):302-317
Do early childhood education and care (ECEC) professionals make good advocates? Canadian advocates have fought for better child care policies since the mid-1940s. What has happened to this advocacy with the recent increased professionalization of the ECEC sector? How does increased professionalization limit, innovate or expand advocacy strategies? This content analysis of seven Canadian child care social movement organizations’ discursive resources in 2008 examines how different types of child care social movement organizations communicated their positions to their members and the public to manage a changing economic and political climate. Preliminary findings indicate that both ECEC workforce sector associations and grassroots organizations shared common advocacy messages, played down problems associated with a market approach to child care, and framed child care as a business case in their messaging. The authors suggest this reflects a nascent discursive move towards the professionalization of Canadian child care movement advocacy messages. 相似文献
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Cause and causality in daycare research: An investigation of group differences in Swedish child care
Holger Wessels Michael E. Lamb Carl-Philip Hwang 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1996,11(2):231-245
One of the most important goals of child care research has been to determine whether or not nonparental care has adverse effects on child development. Answering this question involves making causal attributions about the origins of differences between groups of children who have experienced divergent nonparental care arrangements. Some of the problems researchers face when trying to demonstrate causal relationships are illustrated in this paper using data from the Göteborg Child Care Study, a comprehensive, prospective, longitudinal study comparing the developmental trajectories of children in exclusive home care, family daycare, and center daycare. It is argued that the discovery of significant differences between groups must initiate extensive efforts to validate and interpret the findings. Focusing on the specific characteristics of prospective longitudinal studies, the article shows what measures can be taken to avoid the misinterpretation of group differences that are actually attributable to pre-selection effects or confounding variables. By rigorously identifying such confounds, researchers can accumulate support for hypothesized causal relationships, but they cannot ‘prove’ them because unknown and unmeasured confounding variables may always have important effects. 相似文献
10.
闵廷均 《遵义师范学院学报》2005,7(2):7-11
在新民主主义革命时期,由于中国共产党组织建立的时间不长,对中国的历史和社会缺乏深入的调查研究,理论积累不够,统一的、坚强的中央领导核心尚未形成,党在政治路线、思想路线上常常犯右或"左"的错误.由于上述原因,在遵义会议召开时,广大的党员、干部在思想上、理论上的认识不可能达成一致.故遵义会议不可能从政治上彻底解决王明"左"倾教条主义错误. 相似文献
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刘安华 《沙洋师范高等专科学校学报》2008,9(1):21-25
政治文明是人类政治发展过程中的不变追求,它可以带来国家的兴旺、民族的繁荣和人类的和平。法治是政治文明的本质体现和根本保障。现代法治不仅展示了政治文明发展的价值追求,更是我国政治文明建设的优选途径。我们必须吸收和借鉴人类政治文明发展的有益经验,以政治民主为核心,以政治法治为外围框架,结合中国的政治现实,推进具有中国特色的社会主义政治文明进程。 相似文献
13.
Tim Cain Sue Brindley Chris Brown Gary Jones Fran Riga 《British Educational Research Journal》2019,45(5):1072-1087
Despite numerous efforts to align educational practice more closely with findings from educational research, there is little clarity about how educational practitioners can, in principle, use research. We propose a conceptualisation based on how research can contribute to practitioners’ thinking: specifically, our framework proposes that research can inform bounded decision-making, teachers’ reflection and organisational learning. Practitioners can also use research without being aware that they are doing so. We argue that this conceptualisation of research use has potential to inform researchers and practitioners. 相似文献
14.
《Early education and development》2013,24(3):185-204
While the prevailing wisdom in the literature supports the proposition that the early childhood center director is the "gatekeeper to quality," little is known about the type of formal and informal training center directors have had and their attitudes about the appropriateness of that training. The lack of reliable data about center directors has hampered efforts by child care advocates around the country to press for licensing standards that are reasonable and enforceable, yet also promote quality. This article provides a framework for understanding the many issues related to requisite qualifications. It synthesizes the research regarding directors' education, experience, and training and provides policy recommendations for the licensure of personnel assuming this position. 相似文献
15.
A M Steinberg R S Pynoos A K Goenjian H Sossanabadi L Sherr 《Child abuse & neglect》1999,23(8):771-777
OBJECTIVE: To discuss issues concerning mandatory reporting of child abuse in research settings. METHOD: An overview of existing Federal and State statutes regarding mandatory reporting of child abuse is presented. A critical review of the literature addresses the following issues: (1) whether researchers have a moral duty to place the health and safety of children above concerns about confidentiality and the benefits of obtaining new knowledge; (2) whether the Certificate of Confidentiality preempts reporting requirements; (3) whether researchers who are not health professionals (such as child developmentalists, psychobiologists, neuroscientists) should be required to report; and (4) whether researchers should be required to expand their protocols to include more in-depth investigation of potential abuse. RESULTS: Existing child abuse reporting laws do not specifically designate researchers as among the category of individuals mandated to report suspected child abuse. Currently, Human Subject Protection Committees and Federal funding agencies are tending to interpret reporting laws as applying to researchers, including requiring that research subjects are informed of this responsibility in consenting procedures. It is unclear whether the Certificate of Confidentiality preempts child abuse reporting laws. CONCLUSION: The authors recommend that legislatures specifically designate researchers as mandated reporters to ensure more uniform reporting practices in research settings. For both investigators and Human Subject Protection Committees, inclusion of researchers among the categories of those mandated to report would also help address issues of immunity from civil and criminal liability for "good faith" reports that turn out to be false and injurious. 相似文献
16.
This paper analyses the experience of so-called “failing schools” in order to develop understandings that can inform improvement efforts. It reports on a study of the experiences of a small number of English primary schools placed in “special measures” as a result of being inspected. The study is unusual in that, in the past, researchers have found it difficult to gain access to such sensitive contexts. Existing literature argues that staff collaboration and social cohesion have to be necessary features of efforts to support change in schools that are seen to be failing. However, the detailed analysis of what happened in the schools within this particular study suggests that the experience of being characterised as “failing” can act as a barrier to the creation of more collaborative ways of working. This analysis led to an examination of the links between culture and leadership, and how such links can provide useful insights for school improvement in contexts that are defined as failing. 相似文献
17.
行动研究是一种社会科学研究方法,主张将“行动”与“研究”合二为一,鼓励研究者在实际工作情境中对实践活动所遭遇的实际问题进行研究,强调在行动中研究,在研究中行动,深受一线教育工作者的喜爱。但是,通过对最近6年有关行动研究文献的分析,发现研究者在应用行动研究方法时,主要存在6种误区：有行动无问题定义、有问题无原因分析、有计划无方案论证、有方案无动态变通、有观察无评价反思、有反思无阶段循环。这些误区主要是因为研究者没有厘清“行动”与“研究”的学术内涵。行动研究中的“研究”当指科学的学术逻辑,而非工作逻辑和生活逻辑;行动研究中的“行动”当指有意图、有准备的行动。行动研究重视系统化的方法探究,既是行动,更是研究。教育研究者在应用行动研究方法时应遵循研究的共同规范,提高学术研究的质量。 相似文献
18.
In lower-income countries students face an important challenge that has not been well documented: selective teacher attention.
In classes with many low-income students, teachers may concentrate on those few who can perform and neglect those who require
more help. The latter may fail to learn, attend school less often, and eventually drop out. However, social promotion policies
may keep them enrolled during periods of sporadic attendance. This phenomenon has been observed informally in various countries,
but only one study, conducted in Albania, has reported actual data. It found that many teachers overestimated the number of
students who could follow the topics presented; they did predict that one third would be unable to answer questions but made
no efforts to remedy knowledge gaps. Teachers of upper primary classes tended to give little guidance or attention to failing
students but gave them passing grades until they dropped out. The article reveals the urgent need to study in detail how this
phenomenon arises and to develop strategies to reduce it in the countries or areas where it is prevalent. 相似文献
19.
Children and young people often choose not to disclose sexual abuse, thus preventing access to help and allowing perpetrators to continue undetected. A nuanced understanding of the barriers (and facilitators) to disclosure is therefore of great relevance to practitioners and researchers. The literature was systematically searched for studies related to child and adolescent disclosures of sexual abuse. Thirteen studies were reviewed and assessed for methodological quality. Results of the review illustrate the heterogeneous nature of these empirical studies. Findings demonstrate that young people face a number of different barriers such as limited support, perceived negative consequences and feelings of self-blame, shame and guilt, when choosing to disclose. Being asked or prompted, through provision of developmentally appropriate information, about sexual abuse facilitates disclosure. The review highlights the need for robust, longitudinal studies with more sophisticated methodology to replicate findings. The review identifies the need for developmentally appropriate school-based intervention programmes that facilitate children’s disclosure by reducing feelings of responsibility, self-blame, guilt and shame. In addition, prevention programmes should encourage family members, friends and frontline professionals to identify clues of sexual abuse, to explicitly ask children about the possibility of sexual abuse and also to respond supportively should disclosures occur. Facilitating disclosure in this way is key to safeguarding victims and promoting better outcomes for child and adolescent survivors of sexual abuse. 相似文献
20.
College and university leaders have paid an enormous level of attention to one domain of alumni involvement: charitable giving.
In light of the decline of state support for higher education and the shrinking ability of families to pay for college, such
emphasis is understandable. However, this emphasis has blinded scholars and practitioners to understanding the important non-monetary
support roles played by college alumni. Drawing on data from a research extensive university, this study employs a sequential
mixed method design (focus groups and confirmatory factor analysis) to demonstrate that non-monetary support behaviors are
best understood through the distinct, but interrelated domains of political advocacy and volunteerism. Political advocacy
behaviors include contacting legislators, the governor’s office, local politicians and serving on a political action team,
while volunteer behaviors include mentoring new alumni, recruiting students, and participating in special events. The study
breaks ground for future research on alumni support for higher education, including strategies to recruit alumni volunteers
and advocates. 相似文献