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The need for collaborative ventures in Europe has long been stressed in the editorial pages of this journal, and more than ten years ago (Endeavour, 28, 54, 1969) we gave strong support for a proposal to establish a European Laboratory of Molecular Biology. For this we then incurred some criticism, on the ground that such a laboratory would weaken national academic institutes striving to establish themselves in this rapidly developing field. Nevertheless, we continued to maintain (30, 2, '71) ‘the great political and scientific importance of this [concept]—and of other such collaborative enterprises—if Europe is to maintain the initiative in fields where the great institutions of the United States have established a dominant position.’ In the event, the Laboratory was established at Heidelberg in 1974, though not formally opened until 1978. The Director-General, Sir John Kendrew, here surveys the policy and achievements of this important new institute. 相似文献
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进入21世纪以来,感染性疾病仍然是危害人类健康的重大隐患,WHO宣布,近年来新发现29种新病原体,而且出现了一些耐药性菌株,给临床诊断和治疗带来了很大的困难.因此,研究和发展各种病原微生物的分子生物学检测技术,从分子水平准确确认与检测病原体,对感染性疾病的治疗和预后有重要意义,本文就分子生物学技术在病原微生物诊断中应用作一简要概述. 相似文献
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An assessment is offered of the recent debate on informationin the philosophy of biology, and an analysis is provided ofthe notion of information as applied in scientific practicein molecular genetics. In particular, this paper deals withthe dependence of basic generalizations of molecular biology,above all the ‘central dogma’, on the so-called‘informational talk’ (Maynard Smith [2000a]). Itis argued that talk of information in the ‘central dogma’can be reduced to causal claims. In that respect, the primaryaim of the paper is to consider a solution to the major difficultyof the causal interpretation of genetic information: how todistinguish the privileged causal role assigned to nucleic acids,DNA in particular, in the processes of replication and proteinproduction. A close reading is proposed of Francis H. C. Crick'sOn Protein Synthesis (1958) and related works, to which we owethe first explicit definition of information within the scientificpractice of molecular biology.
- Introduction
- 1.1 The basicquestions of the information debate
- 1.2 Thecausal interpretation(CI) of biological informationand Crick's‘central dogma’
- 1.1 The basicquestions of the information debate
- Crick's definitions of genetic information
- The main requirementfor (CI)
- Types of causation in molecular biology
- 4.1 Structuralcausation in molecular biology
- 4.2 Nucleicacids as correlativecausal factors
- 4.1 Structuralcausation in molecular biology
- The ‘central dogma’ withoutthe notion of information
- Concluding remarks
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Gerald L Hazelbauer 《Endeavour》1980,4(2):67-73
All cells respond to chemical stimuli and the nature of the mechanisms involved is thus very important. This article reviews the response of one of the simplest organisms, Escherichia coli, to chemical stimulation, as evidenced by the effect on flagellar movements. Even this elementary sensory-response system involves almost 50 gene products. 相似文献
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高被引科学家h指数成长性探讨——以分子生物学与遗传学领域为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以“ISI Highly Cited.com”数据库中分子生物学与遗传学领域中部分科学家为样本,从纵向和横断的角度对该领域高被引科学家h指数进行统计,对h指数的历时性和共时性进行探讨和分析。结果表明:高被引科学家在研究生涯内h指数有线性成长规律;当高被引科学家不再发表论文后,h指数仍在5-8年期呈现对数型成长;以10年期划分的中年组、中老年组和老年组高被引科学家的h指数平均值以等差10依次递增。 相似文献
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《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1987,324(3):387-395
It is pointed out in this paper that, in the area of dielectric investigation, all habitually used formulae are the results of the unifying admittance calculation. In the event that a new definition is given to the loss angle in IEC-TC-15, Publication 250 (1st edition, 1969) according to the unifying admittance calculation concept, it will no longer be necessary to make any alterations to the other formulae and conclusions. 相似文献
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Mauro Piccioni 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1982,313(1):1-15
The aim of this work is to give a rigorous definition of likelihood without any reference to the peculiarities of Euclidean spaces, and is thus applicable to a larger class of problems with a more complex result space.Here we intend to offer the simplest possible discussion of the ideas on which likelihood methods are based, with some remarks about their links to some classical measure-theoretical concepts, such as Radon—Nikodym derivatives. Since the definition of likelihood relies on the topological structure of the result space, it is necessary to point out the connections that it has with the measure-theoretical one, mostly caused by the fact that singletons, i.e. the actual observable results, are usually measure-zero sets. 相似文献
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We try to assess, in a systematic and objective manner, the research performance of 13 research institutes active in the field of molecular biology. For this purpose we have counted the number of scientific publications and the number of citations received during a five-year period (1980–1984). We use citations per publication as an indicator of quality and costs per citation as an indicator of efficiency of research. Peer review seems to discourage uninteresting, i.e. not cited, research. Grant systems seem to work more efficiently than funding on a permanent institutional basis. 相似文献
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产业集群的概念综述及辨析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
由于种种原因,至今人们也未能对产业集群的内涵做出回答,而这必将给未来的研究者,政策的实践者们带来种种困惑甚至实施障碍.文章试图通过对集群起源的追溯,在全面研究分析以往研究成果的基础上.给出产业集群的一般定义,并对其他定义进行辨析. 相似文献
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Making dollars out of DNA. The first major patent in biotechnology and the commercialization of molecular biology, 1974-1980. 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
S S Hughes 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2001,92(3):541-575
In 1973-1974 Stanley N. Cohen of Stanford and Herbert W. Boyer of the University of California, San Francisco, developed a laboratory process for joining and replicating DNA from different species. In 1974 Stanford and UC applied for a patent on the recombinant DNA process; the U.S. Patent Office granted it in 1980. This essay describes how the patenting procedure was shaped by the concurrent recombinant DNA controversy, tension over the commercialization of academic biology, governmental deliberations over the regulation of genetic engineering research, and national expectations for high technology as a boost to the American economy. The essay concludes with a discussion of the patent as a turning point in the commercialization of molecular biology and a harbinger of the social and ethical issues associated with biotechnology today. 相似文献
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Innovation increasingly relies on collaboration in teams instead of individual efforts. Although the advantages of teams for innovating are virtually undisputed, we have only a very rudimentary understanding of their success drivers. To shed more light on innovation teams, we conceptualize multiplicity in expertise as nonredundant expertise and distinguish it from factors that facilitate or hinder the integration of this expertise. These factors are overlap in expertise, disparity in team members’ status, and whether or not teams use automation technology. We use the empirical context of molecular biology, especially the part of this field in which teams produce and exchange genetic material in the form of so-called plasmids. Combining data about plasmids from a central plasmid repository (AddGene) with bibliometric data endows us with a rich dataset capturing information about team diversity in addition to two innovation performance measures (the number of plasmid orders and the number of citations attracted by publications). Our analysis shows that multiplicity in expertise increases innovation performance; this relationship is strengthened by the overlap in expertise and weakened by disparity in status and the use of the automation technology. Our paper provides a more detailed theory of expertise diversity and contributes to the diversity literature. Our findings also lead to implications for practitioners. 相似文献