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解决良构问题与非良构问题的研究综述 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
学校情境下的问题大部分是良构问题,而现实生活中面临的问题大多是非良构问题。解决良构问题的程序是激活图式表征问题,搜寻解决方案和执行解决方案。结构性知识与具体领域的知识是解决良构问题的主要成分。解决非良构问题的过程包括了解问题的陈述,确定问题是否存在,确定问题的本质,澄清问题产生的原因,识别与澄清不同的看法,生成与选择可能的解决方案,评估与实施解决方案。认知的调节、认知观和情感态度等非认知因素均是解决非良构问题的关键因素。总之,在问题本质、问题解决过程和问题解决成分三个方面,良构问题与非良构问题存在看较大的差异。 相似文献
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Self-assessment is essential to scientific literacy as stated by the National Research Council Committee on Conceptual Framework for the New K-12 Science Education Standards and has since been incorporated into the Next Generation Science Standards. However, little empirical evidence documents which instructional tools are beneficial in improving students’ self-assessment in science learning. As such, we conducted a classroom-based quasi-experiment to test whether contrasting case-based instructional supports improved 390 introductory high school physics students’ accuracy in self-assessment and academic performance when solving physics problems. We compared the effects of providing students with content knowledge and contrasting cases (contrasting good and poor solution) on students’ physics problem solving and their ability to self-assess, with the effects of either presenting them with content knowledge and good solutions or teaching only content knowledge. We found contrasting examples improved the accuracy of students’ self-assessments, promoted content learning, and enhanced the development of self-assessment strategies. 相似文献
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Deniz Eseryel Dirk Ifenthaler Xun Ge 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2013,61(3):443-463
The important but little understood problem that motivated this study was the lack of research on valid assessment methods to determine progress in higher-order learning in situations involving complex and ill-structured problems. Without a valid assessment method, little progress can occur in instructional design research with regard to designing effective learning environments to facilitate acquisition of expertise in complex, ill-structured knowledge domains. In this paper, we first present a method based on causal representations for assessing progress of learning in complex, ill-structured problem solving and discuss its theoretical framework. Then, we present an experimental study investigating its validity against adapted protocol analysis. This study explored the impact of a massively multiplayer online educational game, which was designed to support an interdisciplinary STEM education on ninth-grade students’ complex, ill-structured problem solving skill acquisition. We identify conceptual similarities and differences between the two methods, present our comparative study and its results, and then discuss implications for diagnostics and applications. We conclude by determining how the two approaches could be used in conjunction for further research on complex and ill-structured problem solving. 相似文献
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Communication patterns in computer mediated versus face-to-face group problem solving 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
David H. Jonassen Hyug Kwon II 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2001,49(1):35-51
Research has shown that when group problem solving is computer mediated, communications become more task oriented with clearer
role expectations, while face-to-face communications are more cohesive and personal. None of this research has examined those
patterns of interactions in terms of the problem solving activities engaged. In this study, we compared the perceptions of
participants, the nature of the comments made, and the patterns of communication in face-to-face and computer-mediated groups
in terms of problem-solving activities while solving well-structured and ill-structured problems. The quantity of messages
in the computer conference was smaller but more task related than in the face-to-face conversations because participants reflected
more on ideas and perspectives in reaching their decisions. A cluster analysis of communication patterns showed that computer-mediated
group decisions more closely resembled the general problem-solving process of problem definition, orientation, and solution
development as group interaction progressed, while the face-to-face group interactions tended to follow a linear sequence
of interactions. Participants who solved problems through computer conferencing were more satisfied with the process and believed
that there was a greater quality in the problem-solving process. 相似文献
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Abstract The Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Project for Teachers included three days of professional development using PBL to deepen teachers’ content knowledge. Teachers identified the content area in which they wished to work from a list of choices. They worked in facilitated groups of from five to nine participants to solve rich, ill-structured problems. Content knowledge was assessed based on teachers’ written responses to at least one general question and one application question in which they explained some everyday phenomena. Teachers responded to these questions two months before and at the end of the professional development; 80.5 percent of the 41 middle and high school teachers who participated showed improved content knowledge. We also examined the patterns in teachers’ incoming content knowledge and changes in content knowledge. The data indicate that the PBL approach used here was effective in improving the content knowledge of teachers independent of demographic factors and type and degree of incoming content knowledge. 相似文献
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Saniye Tugba Bulu Susan Pedersen 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2010,58(5):507-529
This study investigated the effects of domain-general and domain-specific scaffolds with different levels of support, continuous
and faded, on learning of scientific content and problem-solving. Students’ scores on a multiple-choice pretest, posttest,
and four recommendation forms were analyzed. Students’ content knowledge in all conditions significantly increased from pretest
to posttest. However, the continuous domain-specific condition outperformed the other conditions on the posttest. Although
domain-general scaffolds were not as effective as domain-specific scaffolds on learning content and problem representation,
they helped students develop solutions, make justifications, and monitor learning. Unlike domain-specific scaffolds, domain-general
scaffolds helped students transfer problem-solving skills when they were faded. Several suggestions are discussed for making
improvements in the design of scaffolds to facilitate ill-structured problem solving. 相似文献
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人们在日常生活中需要不断地解决各种问题,正如波普尔所说"全部的生活就是问题解决"。问题解决,尤其是复杂问题的解决,已成为认知科学和学习研究中关注的焦点。复杂问题的解决是一个动态的复杂过程,需要综合运用多种认知和非认知成分。先前的研究已经提出了解决复杂问题的多种模型,给人们解决复杂问题提供了可依靠的支架。而案例知识作为一种典型性、叙事性、情境性、实践性、个人性、整体性的经验知识在问题解决中得到了广泛应用,已成为支持复杂问题解决的有效形式,具体表现为:支持问题境脉的阐释、支持问题的多视角认识、支持解决方案的生成、支持解决方案的确定以及支持对问题解决结果的评价。它正作为一种支持人们解决问题的资源,在现实中发挥越来越大的作用。 相似文献
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Stephanie J. Hathcock Daniel L. Dickerson Angela Eckhoff Petros Katsioloudis 《Research in Science Education》2015,45(5):727-748
Creativity can and should play a role in students’ science experiences. Beghetto (Roeper Review 29(4):265–270, 2007) suggested a framework for teachers to assist students in transforming their creative ideas into creative products. This framework involves taking time to listen to students’ ideas, helping them recognize the constraints of a task, and giving them multiple opportunities to think through and try their ideas. Ill-structured problems, such as those found in inquiry and engineering design activities, provide excellent opportunities for students to experience creative processing and express their creativity through product creation. These types of problems are typically challenging, but the use of appropriate questioning has been shown to assist students in solving problems. This multiple case study investigated the use of inquiry-based questioning as a means of supporting creativity within a design-based science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) activity. Findings suggest that groups facilitated by inquiry-based questioning strategies were better able to solve an ill-structured problem and achieved a more linear progression toward creative products than groups who were not facilitated by inquiry-based questions. 相似文献
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Mike U. Smith 《科学教学研究杂志》1992,29(2):179-205
Chi, Feltovich, and Glaser (1981) observed that experts (physics faculty) organized problems into groups according to the underlying physics law or principle applicable, whereas the groupings of novice physics students focused on objects, literal physics terms, and physical configurations in the problems. Replication of these findings in a number of similar studies has led to the general acceptance of the proposition that the mental schemes used by experts to organize information within a content domain are organized according to the “deep structure” of the domain, whereas the schemes of novices are bound by “surface” dimensions. Categorizations of genetics problems produced by genetics counselor and faculty experts in comparison to student novices obtained in the present study, however, are inconsistent with a deep structure/surface structure dichotomy. As expected, faculty experts focused almost exclusively on conceptual principles, but student sorts focused primarily on problem knowns and unknowns. The expert counselor sortings unexpectedly resembled those of the students in this regard. Counselors also emphasized solution techniques to be used, whereas students emphasized the verbatim wording of the problem statement. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that as expertise is attained, a person restructures his/her knowledge of the domain into a framework that is based on critical dimensions that facilitate the daily use of that knowledge. Implications for theoreticians, researchers, and teachers are drawn. Whenever possible, future studies of expertise should include noneducator experts; teachers should help students develop the ability to construct and reconstruct the organizational frameworks of their knowledge so as to facilitate the effective use of that knowledge in the face of change. 相似文献
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This study investigated what types of learning patterns and strategies elementary school students use to carry out ill- and- well-structured tasks. Specifically, it was investigated which and when learning patterns actually emerge with respect to students’ task solutions. The present study uses computer log file traces to investigate how conditions of task types that might affect strategic learning. Elementary school students (N = 12) participated in two science study lessons. During these lessons the students were asked to solve well- and ill-structured tasks. For both of these tasks, the students used the gStudy learning environment designed to support strategic learning. In addition, gStudy records traces of each student’s strategic actions as they proceed with tasks. First, the students’ task solutions was rated according to three categories, namely “on track”, “off track” and “partial solution”. Second, learning patterns in terms of learning strategies that emerged throughout these tasks were investigated. Third, detailed cross case analysis was used to explore in depth how and when these learning patterns were used with respect to the students’ task solutions. The results show that young students’ can provide in-depth task solutions, but also adapt to the task complexity. However, despite the task types being different, the students had same types of learning patterns. The detailed cross-case comparison of the students’ task solutions with respect to learning patterns indicates that there are intra individual differences concerning how students allocate their learning strategy use. Especially if the task is ill-structured, it can also mislead the students to focus on irrelevant aspects and hinder strategic learning. 相似文献
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Competence in intercultural communication has become a necessity for functioning effectively in our increasingly globalised and multicultural society. This study reports the use of a group project to enhance students’ learning of intercultural communication. Participants were from a large undergraduate class in an Australian university. The aim of the course is to encourage students to develop knowledge of intercultural communication by orienting themselves to the world beyond the classroom, and by learning from each other’s experiences and perspectives. In a group project assignment, students used the knowledge and skills gained in class to resolve practical problems that they encountered in intercultural interactions outside the classroom. This paper focused on students’ experience of working in groups, and links between this experience and performance on the group project. Our study confirms previous research that demonstrates active engagement in group work can enhance learning outcomes. It also goes further in showing that groups that more highly rated their learning of intercultural communication through the group work experience obtained higher grades on the project. 相似文献
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Spreadsheets as cognitive tools: A study of the impact of spreadsheets on problem solving of math story problems 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Kostas Lavidas Vasilis Komis Vasilis Gialamas 《Education and Information Technologies》2013,18(1):113-129
In this study, we investigated the impact of computer spreadsheets on the problem solving practices of students for math story problems, and more specifically on the transition from arithmetic to algebraic reasoning, through the construction of algebraic expressions. We investigated the relationships among the students’ prior knowledge and skills, the verification processes, and the effectiveness of the problem solving tasks. For identifying the factors involved in the problem solving process and their role, in our analysis we employed the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach. We mainly focused on math story problems and on students of tertiary education with little prior experience on the use of computers and spreadsheets. Analysis of the data indicates that spreadsheets can support the transition from arithmetic to algebraic reasoning and this transition is influenced by prior skills of the students relevant to the interaction with the interface (enter formula skills), and the students’ frequency of verification of the solution. 相似文献
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Kumar Laxman 《Instructional Science》2011,39(6):881-900
Solving real-world problems is an effective learning activity that promotes meaningful learning in formal educational settings.
Problems can be classified as being either well structured or ill structured. Internet information search approaches have
an influential role to play in the successful performance of problem solving. A better understanding of how students differentially
model information search strategies and movements in tackling well- and ill-structured problems is essential for creating
engaging problem-solving environments for students. Static measures, such as the number of accessed nodes or links, or the
number of times particular web browser function buttons are clicked, are limited in their ability to analyze attributes of
information search patterns. A more dynamic and spatial representation of web movements and navigational patterns can be realized
through the use of navigational paths as data. The two path-specific structural metrics that can be used to assess network-based
navigational paths in relation to the structuredness of the problem-solving task are compactness and stratum. These metrics are, respectively, the indicators of the connectedness and linearity of network-based structures defining students’ online navigational visitations during the problem-solving sessions. This
study explored the relevance and utility of these two metrics in analyzing the navigational movements of learners in seeking
out electronic information to accomplish successful problem solving. The outcome findings of this study show that well- and
ill-structured problems demand different cognitive and information seeking navigational approaches. The differing values of
the two path metrics in analyzing the search movements organized by students in attending to well- and ill-structured problems
were a direct result of the contrasting patterns of navigational path movements. The search patterns associated with well-structured
problem solving tended to be more linear and less connected, whereas those related to ill-structured problem solving were
more distributed and inter-connected. 相似文献
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The impossibility of ‘real-life’ word problems (according to Bakhtin,Lacan, Zizek and Baudrillard) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In recent years a great deal of work on mathematical word problems has focused on efforts to bring more of ‘real life’ into the problems themselves and students’ uptake of these problems. Following on from earlier studies of the word problem as a pedagogical and literary genre, the author argues that we cannot unproblematically assume an ability to know and to represent or match ‘real life’ in word problems. The author uses the work of contemporary theorists Bakhtin, Lacan, Zizek and Baudrillard, including concepts like the chronotope, the Lacanian Real, Imaginary and Symbolic, simulacra, and impossible exchange, to argue that conditions of our postmodern world render transparent matchings of word problems with ‘real life’ unsustainable. 相似文献
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Hélia Jacinto Susana Carreira 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2017,15(6):1115-1136
This study offers a view on students’ technology-based problem solving activity through the lens of a theoretical model which accounts for the relationship between mathematical and technological knowledge in successful problem solving. This study takes a qualitative approach building on the work of a 13-year-old girl as an exemplary case of the nature of young students’ spontaneous mathematical problem solving with technology. The empirical data comprise digital records of her approaches to two problems from a web-based mathematical competition where she resorted to GeoGebra and an interview where she explains and describes her usual problem solving activity with this tool. Based on a proposed model for describing the processes of mathematical problem solving with technologies (MPST), the main results show that this student’s solving and expressing the solution are held from the early and continuing interplay between mathematical skills and the perception of the affordances of the tool. The analytical model offers a clear picture of the type of actions that lead to the solution of each problem, revealing the student’s ability to deal with mathematics and technology in problem solving. By acknowledging this as a case of a human-with-media in solving mathematical problems, the students’ efficient way of merging technological and mathematical knowledge is portrayed in terms of her techno-mathematical fluency. 相似文献
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Jens Ove Riis Poul Israelsen Poul Kyvsgaard Hansen John Johansen Jochen Deuse 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2017,42(4):396-412
Challenged by increased globalisation and fast technological development, we carried out an experiment in the third semester of a global business engineering programme aimed at identifying conditions for training student in dealing with complex and ill-structured problems of forming a new business. As this includes a fuzzy front end, learning cannot be measured in traditional, quantitative terms; therefore, we have explored the use of reflection to convert tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. The experiment adopted a Plan-Do-Check-Act approach and concluded with developing a plan for new learning initiatives in the subsequent year’s semester. The findings conclude that (1) problem-based learning develops more competencies than ordinarily measured at the examination, especially, the social/communication and personal competencies are developed; (2) students are capable of dealing with a complex and ambiguous problem, if properly guided. Four conditions were identified; (3) most students are not conscious of their learning, but are able to reflect if properly encouraged; and (4) improving engineering education should be considered as an organisational learning process. 相似文献
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传统的系统化教学设计模型其实并不能真实反映有效的教学设计实践之本质,作为一种非良构性问题解决的教学设计,其原则化特征正日益被人们所认识。研究试图表明,潜在于各种教学设计实践背后的共通基础其实是两类教学设计原则——教学设计的设计原则和教学设计的教学原则。教学设计的设计原则是从设计的视角对专家设计者的有效设计实践的一种原则性的概括与提炼,它可以从设计问题、解决方法和设计过程三个方面来高度凝炼出有效设计的基本准则。教学设计的教学原则则是从教学的视角对教学设计专家的潜在的教学原则进行总结。梅里尔的教学首要原则是目前在这个方面的最成熟、最具影响力的研究成果。在国内外普遍重视教学有效性、关注教育质量的整体背景下,一方面我们应认识到教学设计原则的研究是颇具价值与深度的主题,另一方面我们也应看到,尽管教学设计原则是有效教学设计实践的必要条件,但从前者到后者的非充分性关系则显示,从教学设计新手成长为教学设计专家,仍是任重道远、颇为不易的过程,需要各种手段、方法的介入才能加快新手成长的进程。 相似文献
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Suhkyung Shin 《Interactive Learning Environments》2016,24(8):2032-2047
This study investigates how scaffolding type and learners’ epistemological beliefs influence ill-structured problem solving. The independent variables in this study include the type of scaffolding (task-supported, self-monitoring) and the student's epistemological belief level (more advanced, less advanced). The dependent variables include three components of problem-solving skill (problem representation, solution development, monitoring and evaluation). The two-way multivariate analysis of variance results reveal that students in the self-monitoring scaffolding group earned higher scores on problem representation and solution development than those in the task-supported scaffolding group. Students with more advanced epistemological beliefs also earned higher scores on solution development and monitoring and evaluation than did those with less advanced epistemological beliefs. In addition, a significant interaction was found between scaffolding type and epistemological belief level. These findings suggest that students can benefit from self-monitoring scaffolding in web-based problem solving and that different types of scaffolding should be provided according to the student's epistemological belief level. 相似文献