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1.
Julia Anghileri Meindert Beishuizen Kees van Putten 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2002,49(2):149-170
This paper explores written calculation methods for division used by pupils in England (n = 276) and the Netherlands (n = 259) at two points in the same school year. Informal strategies are analysed and progression identified towards more structured procedures that result from different teaching approaches. Comparison of the methods used by year 5 (Group 6) pupils in the two countries shows greater success in the Dutch approach, which is based on careful progression from informal strategies to more structured and efficient procedures. This success is particularly not able for the girls in the sample. For the English pupils, whose written solutions largely involved the traditional algorithm, the discontinuity between the formal computation procedure and informal solution strategies presents difficulties.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
This article presents the method used to study examination papers written by young pupils. This sort of pupils’ work can give information on who are involved in examinations. ‐ The pupils: what they learn in history and how they produce answers; ‐ The teachers: what they teach in their class and how; ‐ The juries: how they assess by means of a grade the minimum knowledge of most of the pupils who are to leave school. The problem here is to follow the route from laws and decrees to real teachers and real pupils. Therefore, this research relies on source material such as annual primary inspector reports, annual local teachers’ meetings with model lessons, and, above all, examination papers. For this last source, a popular examination in France at that time was used: the Certificat d'Etudes, which was given at the end of the primary curriculum for 13‐year‐old pupils. By chance, the Departmental Archives of the Somme region still has 4058 history test examination papers from 1918 to 1926. 相似文献
3.
Shek Kam Tse Ference Marton Wing Wah Ki Elizabeth Ka Yee Loh 《Instructional Science》2007,35(5):375-406
This paper is concerned with an innovative approach to teaching Chinese characters. Traditionally, pupils learn Chinese characters
by repeatedly copying them until they can reproduce their form and pronunciation from memory. Most of the characters pupils
are required to learn are selected on the basis of their frequency in adult written communications rather in everyday child
usage. The process takes many years and is perceived by pupils as laborious and boring. The writers of the paper developed
an approach based on the phenomenographic approach to learning and on various pioneering ways of teaching Chinese characters.
Learning starts with the pupils’ own language and characters are introduced and used in contexts meaningful to the pupil,
attention being drawn systematically to structural features, written form and pronunciation. Characters are learnt in relational
clusters, similarities and variations among related characters in the clusters being used by teachers to highlight and emphasise
crucial aspects of Chinese characters and words. The learning mastered serves as a foundation for subsequent learning. After
an in-depth discussion of theory and pedagogy, the writers report an investigation in four primary schools in Hong Kong that
yields strong support for the efficacy of the approach. 相似文献
4.
高亚兵 《浙江教育学院学报》2003,(1):78-83
采用心理学的研究方法，对55名小学五年级学生进行了一学期的跟踪研究，获得如下成果：（1）采用作业分析法归纳出小学生计算粗心的三种主要类型：混淆型、错写漏写型、干扰型；（2）运用信息加工理论探讨计算粗心的心理机制，并对粗心型和无粗心型学生的认知能力进行测试比较，发现知觉、记忆、思维综合障碍是导致小学生计算粗心的直接原因，且不同类型在知觉、记忆、思维方面的障碍各有侧重；（3）在此基础上提出了相应的教育对策，以期达到消除小学生计算粗心现象，提高计算成绩，发展认知能力的目的。 相似文献
5.
Christoph Selter 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2001,47(2):145-173
The present paper describes the success, the methods (mental, informal written, standard algorithm) and the strategies of
informal written arithmetic to be observed when 300 elementary students worked on six addition and six subtraction problems
with three-digit numbers. These twelve problems were administered repeatedly by means of a class test: in February (grade
3; nine-year-olds) before the standard algorithms were introduced, in June after they had been dealt with and in October at
the beginning of grade 4.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Danièle Coquin-Viennot Stéphanie Moreau 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2003,18(3):267-279
The objective of this research was to compare two types of models used in problem solving: those which give priority to intermediate qualitative representations, such as the episodic situation model, and those which are centred on the activity of the participant and are of a procedural nature. Two-step distributive problems were chosen that could be solved using two different strategies: factorisation or development. These problems were given to French primary school pupils in year groups 3rd grade (8–9 years old) and 5th grade (10–11 years old). Each problem was formulated in four different ways by crossing two variables which modify the text: on the one hand, the presence of an element structuring the objects enumerated in the problem and on the other hand, the order of the numerical data. We have noted the percentage of ‘factorisation’ strategies used by the pupils. The results show that (1) factorisation was most often used by the older pupils; (2) the presence of a structuring element increased the number of factorisations whereas the order of the numerical data had no effect. This suggests that the problem-solving models which involve the episodic situation model are more suited to result interpretation than procedural models. 相似文献
7.
Teachers of children of all ages are enjoined by the National Curriculum for English to develop their pupils’ ability to write in standard English. This study explores the implications of these injunctions by examining the use of non-standard dialect grammar in the writing of 362 texts written by pupils of 11 an 15 years of age. It is established that most of the forms used are found in all four of the geographical regions sampled. The grammatical features of these non-standard dialects and the frequency with which they occur are itemised and compared with a study of spoken English based on the same corpus. There is found to be considerable overlap between these and other recent studies of non-standard dialects in schools, although non-standard dialects are used more widely in speech than in writing. 相似文献
8.
Nils Søvik Marit Samuelstuen Annlaug Flem 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2000,15(2):135-155
The problem was concerned with the extent to which cognitive/linguistic functions and domain-specific strategies could predict readers’ text comprehension when working with science texts. Six hypotheses were stated and tested in two prediction studies (N=101 eighth-graders), and one experiment (N=8 pupils of same age). Handal’s reading test was used for classifying pupils into good and poor readers. Two texts, one with a known subject and another with an unknown theme were imposed pupils as science reading tasks. Questionnaires and tests concerning cognitive and linguistic functions were used as independent variables in the prediction studies. Two different tests were used as independent variables (for text comprehension) in all of the three studies, and one additional criterion test (writing essays on main ideas in the texts) was applied in the experient. The experiment was organized as a 2x2 factorial design where text type and reading skill were the factors. According to the results, 5 of the 6 hypotheses could not be rejected, i.e., general concept information was the most significant predictor of science text comprehension. Furthermore, text based on a subject known to the reader always surpassed text with an unknown subject as to text comprehension. Similarily, across-domain strategies were more closely related to reading comprehension than domain-specific strategies. 相似文献
9.
Carolyn Anderson 《British Journal of Special Education》2006,33(3):114-120
Carolyn Anderson is a speech and language therapist who is currently working as a senior lecturer at the University of Strathclyde. In this article she provides an early account of her ongoing research into communication between teachers and pupils with severe and complex learning disabilities. Video recordings were made of teacher-pupil interactions. The recordings were then analysed in terms of the numbers of turns taken by pupils and teachers; the strategies teachers and pupils used to initiate and respond in interactions; and the numbers of information carrying words teachers used with pupils with different levels of language comprehension. Carolyn Anderson's findings will help teachers who want to develop their own awareness of the role they play in communicating with pupils. This research will also support staff who are trying to encourage pupils with learning difficulties to become more actively involved in interactions and teaching and learning opportunities. 相似文献
10.
The paper focuses on the need to evaluate responses to educational television despite the difficulties involved. Case‐study and survey methods were used in one Local Education Authority and responses to a documentary schools' broadcast by 129 pupils in four schools examined in detail. Pupils who engaged in spoken or written follow‐up activities to the programme were more prone to change attitudes as a result when compared with a control group who experienced no follow‐up. Greater tentativeness was shown by the group engaging in extensive follow‐up (talking and writing) and this group also achieved higher essay marks than pupils who had not engaged in discussion follow‐up. Implications for classroom practice in relation to ETV are considered. 相似文献
11.
Susan Hallam Judith Ireson Veronica Lister Indrani Andon Chaudhury Jane Davies 《Educational studies》2003,29(1):69-83
In 1997, the DfEE suggested that schools should consider 'setting' pupils by ability as it was believed that this would contribute to raising standards. This survey of primary schools aimed to establish the extent to which primary schools, with same and mixed age classes, implement different grouping practices including setting, streaming, within class ability and mixed ability groupings for different curriculum subjects. Schools were asked to complete a questionnaire indicating their grouping practices for each subject in each year group. The findings showed that schools predominantly adopted within class ability groupings, either mixed or ability grouped, for most subjects. Ability grouping (within class and setting) was most common in mathematics, followed by English and science. Its implementation increased as pupils progressed through school. The type of setting adopted, same or cross-age, tended to reflect the nature of the class structures within the school. 相似文献
12.
Gregor A. Ramsey 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(2):235-237
Thirty 14‐15‐year‐old pupils were taught about the effect of temperature and pressure on a gaseous reaction at equilibrium. Two problems were then given to the pupils and a word association test on a small number of carefully chosen stimulus words was administered in the context of the problems. The pupils were finally interviewed about what they had done in the tests. The results of all of the tests were analysed and compared for evidence of perception and strategy. Various strategies were found to have been used by the pupils: one based on the formally correct perception of Le Chatelier's rule, one based on a perception in which the speed of a reaction is the factor that governs position of equilibrium (this was the major incorrect strategy), one that uses spurious analogies with more familiar factors (such as ‘catalyst') and one that reflects only superficial learning with no evidence of Le Chatelier's principle. Comparisons with the classroom tests and the interview data revealed that about 60% of the word association test results produced responses that were criterial for the problem‐solving strategies adopted by the pupils, both correct and incorrect. The results show that this type of word association offers a means of unobtrusive, formative testing which, with experience, could be used to anticipate learning problems in science lessons. 相似文献
13.
In the UK, one consequence of neoliberalism has been the development of test cultures in schools and standardised assessment strategies used to judge all pupils against within and across curriculum subjects. Few studies to date have explored the influence of this on assessing the learning of pupils with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND), and none have centred physical education (PE). This study used the concept of ableism and semi-structured interviews to explore mainstream secondary school PE teachers’ views and experiences of assessing the learning of pupils with SEND. Based on the findings, we discuss the importance of schools disrupting hegemonic, ableist modes of thinking that cast pupils with SEND as being of inferior ability when compared with their peers and thus being disadvantaged by standardised, normative assessment practices. Specifically, we identify a need for senior leaders and teachers in schools to recognise the needs and capabilities of pupils with SEND, through more holistic assessment approaches that focus on social, affective, cognitive and physical learning and development. We end by discussing the significance of initial teacher education and teacher networks to support this endeavour and advocating for the amplification of the voices of pupils with SEND, given that they have expert knowledge about the perceived inclusivity of assessment in PE because they can draw upon their lived and embodied experiences. 相似文献
14.
This article examines the conceptual problems that children experience when attempting to solve verbal problems which contain decimal numbers. After discussing the existing research, we then describe an experiment that was designed in three phases:
- Exploratory interviews to discover existing conceptions and difficulties and to discover how pupils made use of diagrams, simpler numbers, and strategies. These interviews exposed difficulties with the understanding of place value, the effect of multiplying and dividing by a positive number less than one, the symbolisms of division and its noncommutative nature, the units associated with the numbers and also with familiar names for the operations. The three strategies were all found to be unfamiliar to pupils and their difficulties are discussed.
- The design and administration of a diagnostic test, based on the results of these interviews, to a class of less able 14 year olds.
- The preparation and use of calculator enriched teaching materials designed to remedy the identified misconceptions. From the pre- and post-test results we note the dramatic success of the teaching in improving pupils' understanding of place value, although there is a more modest improvement in enabling pupils to choose the correct operation by drawing diagrams, using easier numbers and estimating.
15.
Structured thinking activities (STAs) are pedagogical tools used to support metacognition in classrooms. Despite their popularity, little is known about how pupils use STAs as platforms to think about and manage their own thinking (i.e. as metacognitive tools). This case study investigated pupils’ use of STAs in relation to metacognition throughout a school year. We focus on two 8-year-old pupils, Amy and Laura, as they completed two specific STAs through weekly class meets and termly achievement logs. Data were triangulated through participant observation, qualitative interviews and analysis of written texts. We found clear differences between Laura's and Amy's written STAs, however observation and interviews revealed that engagement with STAs was similar beyond that suggested by the written evidence alone. Whereas Amy used easily spelt ‘stock’ responses, Laura used ‘bare minimum’ responses to meet teacher expectations. As such, neither Amy nor Laura used STAs as metacognitive tools, however in negotiating STAs, both exhibited strategic regulatory skills indicative of metacognition. Whilst our findings highlight that pupils may still be developing explicit metacognitive knowledge necessary to take full advantage of STAs, we highlight the clear value of persistent approaches to using STAs as tools to support developing metacognition, particularly in association with teacher–pupil interactions. 相似文献
16.
Jan N. Streumer B. Gerard Doornekamp 《Research in Science & Technological Education》2013,31(2):191-205
The Technology Assessment Study was aimed at describing the achievement of 14/15‐year‐old pupils who either did or did not take technology, with reference to the objectives for the subject technology, as stated in the (revised) Curriculum Guideline for Technology of the Foundation for Curriculum Development (SLO). The pupils’ achievement has been, among other things, assessed by means of a written test (the Technology Achievement Test) developed by the project team. This test was administered to 1805 pupils in 86 schools covering various types of secondary education. For the condition ‘technology’ the highest mean total score belongs to pupils of schools for junior technical training, immediately followed by pupils of schools for junior agricultural training and middle schools. This study shows that the boys’ mean total score is significantly higher than that of the girls. Furthermore, it becomes evident that no relationship exists between either father's level of education or profession and the children's test scores. 相似文献
17.
This article is based on a discussion document written for all schools in Suffolk, England by the English advisory team. It resulted from a small-scale survey of nine schools where results for National Curriculum test AT4 (Spelling) in 1994 and 1995 were particularly high. This in turn stemmed from concerns raised by monitoring local education authority results in this aspect of English and aimed to uncover common factors in these schools' approaches to teaching spelling and supporting pupils' development in this skill. The key factors indicated by the survey included the systematic teaching of both spelling patterns and phonics; the fostering of early independence in writing and reading; regular learning of spellings at home and effective partnership with parents in this; regular testing; effective short teaching sessions on spelling, and differentiation based on high expectations of all pupils. 相似文献
18.
This paper presents findings from research investigating the skills and knowledge in Mathematics of Cypriot pupils entering primary school (Average age=5.92 (decimal years)). A performance test, which was designed to assess skills and knowledge in Mathematics identified in the Curriculum of Primary Education in Cyprus, was administered to a representative sample of pupils in Year 1 (n=835). Teachers were also asked to complete a report for each pupil. The most important findings were as follows. Firstly, the skills included in the curriculum were differentiated into those which more than 75% of pupils entering primary schools had achieved and those which more than 30% of pupils entering primary school had not achieved. Secondly, significant differences among the skills and knowledge of the whole group of pupils entering primary school have been identified. Thirdly, cluster analysis revealed five relatively homogeneous groups of pupils according to their different knowledge and skills in Mathematics. Fourthly, a correlation was identified between findings gathered from the performance test and from teachers' assessment of pupils' skills in Mathematics. Implications for the development of a national policy on baseline assessment are drawn. 相似文献
19.
Recent legislation by the Department for Education and Employment requires schools to produce written home-school agreements, which should be signed by teachers and parents. Among the benefits expected from this initiative is the creation of a greater sense of partnership between home and school, especially with regard to difficult pupil behaviour. However, research has shown that teachers view parents as being the major cause of pupil misbehaviour, thus creating a potential barrier to a genuine partnership around agreed strategies involving home and school. There is also a belief among teachers that strategies devised for one pupil will lead to negative reactions on the part of classmates. This study examines various aspects of the classroom culture (the belief systems of teachers and pupils) concerning interventions with individual pupils, their teachers and parents. A vignette incorporating elements from two real and successful home-school interventions set up with, and mediated by, educational psychologists, was presented to 206 10 and 11-year-old pupils, and 30 teachers. Analysis of accompanying questionnaire responses allows for the mapping of a range of significant classroom beliefs and expectations, and indicates grounds for some optimism, although careful attention to these 'ecological' features will be necessary before joint home-school strategies can achieve their potential. 相似文献
20.
Marjolijn Peltenburg Marja Van Den Heuvel‐Panhuizen Brian Doig 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2009,40(2):273-284
This paper reports a study aimed at revealing special‐educational‐needs pupils' learning potential by means of an ICT‐based assessment including a dynamic visual tool that might help pupils when solving mathematics problems. The study focused on subtraction problems up to 100, which require ‘borrowing’. These problems, in which the value of the ones‐digit of the subtrahend is larger than the ones‐digit of the minuend, are known as a serious difficulty for weak pupils in mathematics. Seven of such problems from a standardised test were placed in the ICT environment. Data were collected from two test conditions: the standardised written test format and the ICT version of the test items including the tool that provided pupils with a set of virtual manipulatives. The 37 pupils involved in the study were 8–12 years old and from two special‐education schools in the Netherlands. Comparison of the performance scores in the two formats showed that an ICT‐based assessment format, including a dynamic visual tool, can reveal weak pupils' learning potential and strategy use. The study also pointed out that ‘partial‐tool use’, ie, not carrying out the complete subtraction operation with the tool, can provide sufficient support to find the correct answer. 相似文献