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1.
Mukta Deobagkar-Lele Chetana Bhaskarla Rajkumar Dhanaraju Manikandan Ponnusamy Dipankar Nandi 《Resonance》2012,17(10):974-995
The 2011 Nobel Prize inMedicine or Physiology was awarded to Jules Hoffmann, Bruce Beutler and Ralph Steinman for their contributions in the area of Innate Immunity. This review introduces the readers to innate immunity and links the studies of the awardees to this area of research. The cells and mechanisms involved in the innate immune response are reviewed with a special emphasis on the discovery of the Toll receptors in Drosophila and the Toll-like receptors in mammals. The importance of the innate response during inflammatory conditions is discussed and examples of genes related to innate immunity that cause disease are also highlighted. Finally, the roles of innate immunity in modulating adaptive immune response, especially with respect to dendritic cells, are discussed. Further studies in this area are likely to enhance our understanding of the immune response and may lead to drugs to ameliorate excessive inflammatory responses. 相似文献
2.
Asma Ahmed Banishree Saha Anand Patwardhan Shwetha Shivprasad Dipankar Nandi 《Resonance》2009,14(5):455-471
How do we remain healthy, for the most parts, in the midst of an environment teeming with opportunistic and infectious microbes, potential carcinogens and allergens? The fact is that our immune system, by and large, does a fine job in protecting us. It is therefore important to understand the organization of the immune network, which is broadly categorized into two groups: innate and adaptive. Cells involved in innate immunity are the first to come into contact with invading microbes, similar to the border security force, and respond rapidly but in a non-specific manner. On the other hand, the cells involved in adaptive immunity are slower to respond but act in a very specific manner. Though the primary response is slow, the secondary response is much faster and demonstrates memory. This article will focus on some important features and key players involved in the adaptive immune response. The first part deals with the humoral immune response mediated mainly by immunoglobulins produced by the B cells. The second part deals with T cells, the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-encoded molecules, and Recombination Activating Genes (RAG) responsible for generating diverse B-cell receptors (BCR) and T-cell receptors (TCR). With the advent of newer and smarter infectious agents, it is important to understand the working of the immune network as more research in this area may facilitate the development of better protective strategies. 相似文献
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Zhi-feng Zhou Lei Jiang Qing Zhao Yu Wang Jing Zhou Qin-kai Chen Jin-lei Lv 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2020,21(3):192-203
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is currently the most common complication of diabetes. It is considered to be one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and affects many diabetic patients. The pathogenesis of DN is extremely complex and has not yet been clarified; however, in recent years, increasing evidence has shown the important role of innate immunity in DN pathogenesis. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important components of the innate immune system and have a significant impact on the occurrence and development of DN. In this review, we classify PRRs into secretory, endocytic, and signal transduction PRRs according to the relationship between the PRRs and subcellular compartments. PRRs can recognize related pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thus triggering a series of inflammatory responses, promoting renal fibrosis, and finally causing renal impairment. In this review, we describe the proposed role of each type of PRRs in the development and progression of DN. 相似文献
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曹正明 《黄冈职业技术学院学报》2002,4(2):43-44
AIDS系由HIV感染人体所致。由于HIV的特殊性:易突变,双链RNA病毒,直接攻击人体的免疫系统(侵染T_H细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞),特定的传播途径等,人类在研制相关疫苗时面临极大挑战,迄今还无法治愈AIDS。 相似文献
6.
肠道病毒71型（ EV71）是疱疹性咽峡炎和手足口病最重要的诱因之一,并能引发严重的中枢神经系统并发症,伴随着肺水肿的脑干脑炎可致死。细胞因子作为先天免疫的一部分,有利于抗病毒和Th1免疫反应的进行。细胞因子和炎症趋化因子在EV71脑干脑炎发病中起重要作用。在EV71肺水肿发病过程中,中枢神经系统和全身炎症应答对感染扮演重要但明显不同的角色。静脉滴注免疫球蛋白和磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,对EV71自主神经系统失调和肺水肿患者可以起到调节炎症、降低交感神经过度兴奋和提高存活率的作用。 相似文献
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Asthma is a chronic disease of airway inflammation due to excessive T helper cell type 2 (Th2) response. Present treatment based on inhalation of synthetic glucocorticoids can only control Th2-driven chronic eosinophilic inflammation, but cannot change the immune tolerance of the body to external allergens. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the main negative regulatory cells of the immune response. Tregs play a great role in regulating allergic, autoimmune, graft-versus-host responses, and other immune responses. In this review, we will discuss the classification and biological characteristics, the established immunomodulatory mechanisms, and the characteristics of induced differentiation of Tregs. We will also discuss the progress of Tregs in the field of asthma. We believe that further studies on the regulatory mechanisms of Tregs will provide better treatments and control strategies for asthma. 相似文献
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On dendritic cell-based therapy for cancers 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Dendritic cells (DCs), the most prevalent antigen-presenting cell in vivo, had been widely characterized in the last three decades. DCs are present in almost all tissues of the body and play cardinal roles in recognition of microbial agents,autoantigens, allergens and alloantigen. DCs process the microbial agents or their antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissues to present the antigenic peptide to lymphocytes. This leads to activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Initially, it was assumed that DCs are principally involved in the induction and maintenance of adaptive immune responses, but now it is evident that DCs also have important roles in innate immunity. These features make DCs very good candidates for therapy against various pathological conditions including malignancies. Initially, DC-based therapy was used in animal models of cancers. Data from these studies inspired considerable optimism and DC-based therapies was started in human cancers 8 years ago. In general,DC-based therapy has been found to be safe in patients with cancers, although few controlled trials have been conducted in this regard. Because the fundamentals principles of human cancers and animal models of cancers are different, the therapeutic efficacy of the ongoing regime of DC-based therapy in cancer patients is not satisfactory. In this review, we covered the various aspects that should be considered for developing better regime of DC-based therapy for human cancers. 相似文献
9.
Dendritic cells(DCs),the most prevalent antigen-presenting cell in vivo,had been widely characterized in the lastthree decades.DCs are present in almost all tissues of the body and play cardinal roles in recognition of microbial agents,autoantigens,allergens and alloantigen.DCs process the microbial agents or their antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissues topresent the antigenic peptide to lymphocytes.This leads to activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes.Initially,it was assumedthat DCs are principally involved in the induction and maintenance of adaptive immune responses,but now it is evident that DCsalso have important roles in innate immunity.These features make DCs very good candidates for therapy against variouspathological conditions including malignancies.Initially,DC-based therapy was used in animal models of cancers.Data fromthese studies inspired considerable optimism and DC-based therapies was started in human cancers 8 years ago.In general,DC-based therapy has been found to be safe in pati 相似文献
10.
Epstein-Barr virus(EBV),a human gammaherpesvirus carried by more than 90% of the world’s population,is associated with malignant tumors such as Burkitt’s lymphoma(BL),Hodgkin lymphoma,post-transplant lymphoma,extra-nodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma,and nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas in immune-compromised patients.In the process of infection,EBV faces challenges:the host cell environment is harsh,and the survival and apoptosis of host cells are precisely regulated.Only when host cells receive sufficient survival signals may they immortalize.To establish efficiently a lytic or long-term latent infection,EBV must escape the host cell immunologic mechanism and resist host cell apoptosis by interfering with multiple signaling pathways.This review details the apoptotic pathway disrupted by EBV in EBV-infected cells and describes the interactions of EBV gene products with host cellular factors as well as the function of these factors,which decide the fate of the host cell.The relationships between other EBV-encoded genes and proteins of the B-cell leukemia/lymphoma(Bcl) family are unknown.Still,EBV seems to contribute to establishing its own latency and the formation of tumors by modifying events that impact cell survival and proliferation as well as the immune response of the infected host.We discuss potential therapeutic drugs to provide a foundation for further studies of tumor pathogenesis aimed at exploiting novel therapeutic strategies for EBV-associated diseases. 相似文献
11.
Interactions between mycoplasma lipid-associated membrane proteins and the host cells 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Mycoplamas are a group of wall-less prokaryotes widely distributed in nature, some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals. There are many lipoproteins anchored on the outer face of the plasma membrane, called lipid-associated membrane proteins （LAMPs）. LAMPs are highly antigenic and could undergo phase and size variation, and are recognized by the innate immune system through Toll-like receptors （TLR） 2 and 6, LAMPs can modulate the immune system, and could induce immune cells apoptosis or death. In addition, they may associate with malignant transformation of host cells and are also considered to be cofactors in the progression of AIDS. 相似文献
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应用溶血素测定方法检测润神口服液对小鼠抗体产生的影响,发现2号口服液比1号口服液有更好稳定体液免疫功能的作用,并且能使雌鼠有效拮抗环磷酰胺的免疫抑制作用(P<0.05)。伴随该实验的饮食测定,以及自然感染死亡率的观察、体力增强测定、常压耐缺氧试验等佐证资料说明,2号口服液确有“扶正固本”的功效,从而提高、稳定机体免疫功能。同时提示2号口服液如在抗肿瘤化疗中应用,可能会明显提高疗效,提高抗感染能力,减轻副作用。 相似文献
14.
心理免疫力是个体在后天社会实践活动中不断与内外环境刺激进行交互作用基础上获得的、并受先天生物性因素影响的、维持自身心理健康的应对能力.由免疫心理活动、免疫心理品质和免疫心理调控三个子系统有机组成的一个完整的结构系统,各子系统又包含自己的组成成分.理免疫力形成和发展既受到先天生物性因素的影响,又受制于后天社会性因素和个体因素的制约. 相似文献
15.
纤维胶凝蛋白（ficolin）是一组存在于人的不同组织中含有胶原样结构域和纤维蛋白原样结构域曹磐蛋白。人血多中的Ficolin通过胶原样结构域与病原微生物表面的寡聚糖结合后，激活补体凝集素途径，并起调理作用，在非特异性免疫中起着重要作用。 相似文献
16.
淋球菌孔蛋白对淋球菌的存活和致病起着重要作用。它能促进淋球菌入侵宿主细胞,调控细胞凋亡,影响补体激活途径,充当免疫佐剂。深入研究孔蛋白的免疫功能,对阐明淋球菌的致病机制及宿主抗感染免疫机制具有重要意义。 相似文献
17.
We extracted six Hong Kong brown seaweed species with hot water for their antiviral properties. The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of these extracts were tested by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenlytetrezolium bromide] method, cytopathic effect reduction assay, and plaque reduction assay. The antiviral effect was further determined by flow cytometric analysis. The results showed that most of these extracts inhibited the propagation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) standard strains with very low cytotoxicity to the host cells. The extracts ofHydroclathrus clathratus and Lobophora variegata showed more potential anti-HSV activities than the extracts of the other four seaweeds. They also had moderate anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activities but could not inhibit influenza A virus. Hydroclathrus clathratus was further extracted by diluted acid and alkali and the antiviral effects of the extracts were also detected. The result showed that the hot water extract contained the main carbohydrate components that exhibited the antiviral activities against various strains of HSV, including the acyclovir-resistant strain. HI-3, a compound fractionated from this hot water extract, showed a dose-dependent anti-HSV activity in flow cytometric analysis and plaque reduction assay. 相似文献
18.
李心坦 《安徽科技学院学报》1995,(1)
传染性法氏囊病主要危害幼鸡，本病已成为世界性疾病是养鸡业的成败关键．本文从病原特征、疾病机理、正确的诊断出发，分析防制中的问题，提出防制的措施，仅供养鸡者参考 相似文献
19.
Ying Shan Zi-qi Liu Guo-wei Li Cong Chen Hao Luo Ya-jie Liu Xun-hui Zhuo Xing-fen Shi Wei-huan Fang Xiao-liang Li 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2018,19(7):570-580
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly infectious pathogen that can cause severe diseases in pigs and result in enormous economic losses in the worldwide swine industry. Previous studies revealed that PEDV exhibits an obvious capacity for modulating interferon (IFN) signaling or expression. The newly discovered type III IFN, which plays a crucial role in antiviral immunity, has strong antiviral activity against PEDV proliferation in IPEC-J2 cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of PEDV nucleocapsid (N) protein on type III IFN-λ. We found that the N proteins of ten PEDV strains isolated between 2013 and 2017 from different local farms shared high nucleotide identities, while the N protein of the CV777 vaccine strain formed a monophyletic branch in the phylogenetic tree. The N protein of the epidemic strain could antagonize type III IFN, but not type I or type II IFN expression induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) in IPEC-J2 cells. Subsequently, we demonstrated that the inhibition of poly(I:C)- induced IFN-λ3 production by PEDV N protein was dependent on the blocking of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. These findings might help increase understanding of the pathogenesis of PEDV and its mechanisms for evading the host immune response. 相似文献
20.
Toll样受体（toll-like receptors,TLRs）是一类模式识别受体,在药物研究领域受到广泛关注,TLRs能特异地识别病原相关的分子模式,在激活天然免疫和调节获得性免疫中发挥重要作用。近年来,TLRs信号转导在中枢神经系统疾病方面的研究进展迅速,该文对TLRs信号传递新进展及TLRs在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究现状进行综述。 相似文献