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1.
Pickstone JV 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(3):489-516
Historians of science, inasmuch as they are concerned with knowledges and practices rather than institutions, have tended of late to focus on case studies of common processes such as experiment and publication. In so doing, they tend to treat science as a single category, with various local instantiations. Or, alternatively, they relate cases to their specific local contexts. In neither approach do the cases or their contexts build easily into broader histories, reconstructing changing knowledge practices across time and space. This essay argues that by systematically deconstructing the practices of science and technology and medicine (STM) into common, recurrent elements, we can gain usefully "configurational" views, not just of particular cases and contexts but of synchronic variety and diachronic changes, both short term and long. To this end, we can begin with the customary actors' disciplines of early modern knowledge (natural philosophy, natural history, mixed mathematics, and experimental philosophy), which can be understood as elemental "ways of knowing and working," variously combined and disputed. I argue that these same working knowledges, together with a later mode-synthetic experimentation and systematic invention-may also serve for the analysis of STM from the late eighteenth century to the present. The old divisions continued explicitly and importantly after circa 1800, but they were also "built into" an array of new sciences. This historiographic analysis can help clarify a number of common problems: about the multiplicity of the sciences, the importance of various styles in science, and the relations between science and technology and medicine. It suggests new readings of major changes in STM, including the first and second scientific revolutions and the transformations of biomedicine from the later twentieth century. It offers ways of recasting both microhistories and macrohistories, so reducing the apparent distance between them. And it may thus facilitate both more constructive uses of case studies and more innovative and acceptable longer histories. 相似文献
2.
Green CD 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(4):697-721
Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison's recent book on the history of scientific objectivity showed that, over the course of the nineteenth century, natural scientists of many stripes became intensely concerned with the issue of the distorting influence that their own subjectivities might be having on their observations and representations of nature. At very nearly the same time, experimental psychology arose specifically to investigate scientifically the nature and structure of subjective consciousness. Although Daston and Galison briefly discussed some basic psychological issues-especially the discovery of differences in human color perception-they did not strongly connect the widespread European concern with scientific objectivity to the rise of experimental psychology. This essay critically examines the theoretical and empirical activities of the experimental psychologist who most energetically strove to discover the structure of subjective conscious experience, Edward Bradford Titchener. Titchener's efforts to produce an objective study of subjectivity reveal important tensions in early experimental psychology and also serve to situate experimental psychology at the center of an important intellectual struggle that was being waged across the natural sciences in the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century. 相似文献
3.
对生命科学在 2 0世纪的成就和 2 1世纪的发展前景进行了回顾与展望。 2 0世纪的分子水平研究已经使生物学从描述性逐渐发展成为严格的科学。 2 1世纪生命科学的特点将首先是分析与综合的统一 ,分析将密切地与功能研究相结合 ,而综合将越来越多地建立在深入分析的基础上 ;其次是对生命现象更为深入的理解将导致对生命本质的统一认识以致形成在真正意义上的普通生物学 ;最后 ,生命科学的基础研究将对人类生活产生前所未有的巨大影响。 相似文献
4.
自然科学各学科的研究对象在时空尺度上的差别与相连,既决定了学科间的差别,也决定了学科间的交叉。生物学在发展到以机理研究为主的"生命科学"阶段后,得益于学科交叉和技术创新,在20世纪"分子生物学"和"基因组学"革命基础上,通过引入工程学理念,形成了"合成生物学",并迅速形成"会聚研究"的第三次革命。文章在阐述合成生物学的内涵并回顾其学科发展历程与取得成果的基础上,特别提出了合成生物学的科技支撑与社会治理问题,期望引起科学界、社会公众与政府管理层面的关注。 相似文献
5.
P H Smith 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》1999,90(3):420-461
This article argues that the art collection owned by Franciscus dele Bo?, Sylvius, a professor of practical medicine at the University of Leiden from 1658 to 1672, gives insight into some aspects of the character and significance of the new philosophy in the midseventeenth century. Through his teaching, his advocacy, and his practice of the new experimental philosophy, Sylvius played a role in shaping and institutionalizing the practices of the new philosophy that spread throughout Europe in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Sylvius's house design and large painting collection also exemplified the consumption and taste of the northern Netherlands in the seventeenth century. An examination of both Sylvius's science and his taste can help us understand what was at stake for Sylvius and his contemporaries in their practice of the new philosophy. This article finds that Sylvius's taste and his science both involved practices of social distinction, demarcation, and control. Moreover, both were enmeshed in controversy about the epistemological status of knowledge gained through the senses and about the practices by which that knowledge was gathered. 相似文献
6.
Coen DR 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2006,97(3):395-419
This essay argues for the relevance of the history of family life to the history of science, taking the example of the Exners of Vienna. The Exners were an influential case of the nineteenth-century European phenomenon of the "scientific dynasty". The focus here is on their collaborative research on color theory at the turn of the twentieth century. At first glance, this project looks like a reactionary strike against aesthetic innovation, a symptom of what historians assume was an unbridgeable gulf between scientific reason and artistic modernism. We can better understand the Exners' motivations by situating this research at the intersection of the family's public and private lives. The domestic context sheds light on their use of such scientific terms as "subjective", "normal", and "universal", providing a more nuanced sense of what rationality really meant in fin-de-siècle Vienna. 相似文献
7.
Lightman B 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2000,91(4):651-680
This essay examines the use of visual images during the latter half of the nineteenth century in the work of three important popularizers of science. J. G. Wood, Richard Proctor, and Agnes Clerke skillfully used illustrations and photographs to establish their credibility as trustworthy guides to scientific, moral, and religious truths. All three worked within the natural theology tradition, despite the powerful critique of William Paley's argument from design set forth in Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859). Wood, Proctor, and Clerke recognized that in order to reach a popular audience with their message of divine wonder in nature, they would have to take advantage of the developing mass visual culture embodied in the new pictorial magazines, spectacles, and entertaining toys based on scientific gadgets emblematic of the reorganization of vision. But in drawing on different facets of the emerging visual culture and in looking to the images produced by the new visual technologies to find the hand of God in nature, these popularizers subtly transformed the natural theology tradition. 相似文献
8.
Hamilton A Wheeler QD 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):331-340
The history of science often has difficulty connecting with science at the lab-bench level, raising questions about the value of history of science for science. This essay offers a case study from taxonomy in which lessons learned about particular failings of numerical taxonomy (phenetics) in the second half of the twentieth century bear on the new movement toward DNA barcoding. In particular, it argues that an unwillingness to deal with messy theoretical questions in both cases leads to important problems in the theory and practice of identifying taxa. This argument makes use of scientific and historical considerations in a way that the authors hope leads to convincing conclusions about the history of taxonomy as well as about its present practice. 相似文献
9.
回顾了 2 0世纪化学学科的发展 ,明确提出化学在推动人类进步和科技发展中起了核心科学的作用 ;论述了未来化学学科发展趋势和研究模式 ;探讨了相关学科中的基本化学问题。 相似文献
10.
19世纪到20世纪初是德国语义学诞生、发展和趋向转变的历史阶段,这一时期德国语义学的历史演进秉承了德国古典哲学传统尤其是康德哲学的思想精髓,从继承和批判的两个维度开启了向现代语义学迈进的崭新路径。在此过程中,语义学家们在新兴的精确性科学如数学和几何学发展的影响下,主张通过采用清晰而完善的逻辑语形构造,以保证语义理解的系统性和严密性;同时,心理学方法也开始和语义学的分析结合起来,形成了心理和意向语义分析的早期传统。在以逻辑实证主义为标志的德国现代语义理论兴起之前,它从哲学、心理学和语言科学等各个学科当中吸取营养、开辟阵地,为现代语义学的兴起和繁荣奠定了基础,其中所蕴含的心理意向分析和语境阐释等合理性思维成为了当代科学语义学建设的理论先驱和历史渊源。 相似文献
11.
20世纪以来,物理科学不断在宇宙观、宏观、微观世界探索中取得成就,这极大地推动了科学技术发展和社会进步,改变了人们思想观念和生活方式,引领了信息化时代的来临。科学探究既是学生学习物理的目标,又是重要的教学方式。实践＂科学探究＂的要素和目标,自然能够提高教学质量。 相似文献
12.
Kuklick H 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(1):1-33
In the latter part of the nineteenth century, diverse sciences grounded in natural history made a virtue of field research that somehow tested scientists' endurance; disciplinary change derived from the premise that witnesses were made reliable by character-molding trials. The turn to the field was a function of structural transformations in various quarters, including (but hardly limited to) global politics, communications systems, and scientific institutions, and it conduced to biogeographical explanations, taxonomic schemes that admitted of heterogeneity, and affective research styles. Sociocultural anthropology, which took specialized shape at the beginning of the twentieth century, shared many properties with other field sciences, but its method--participant observation-was distinctive. Critical to the method's definition were the efforts of the British experimental psychologist-anthropologist W. H. R. Rivers, who relied on notions then widespread in Europe and the United States. The discipline's future mythic hero, Bronislaw Malinowski, embraced Rivers's model. For both men, proper fieldwork meant using the researcher's body as an instrument and entailed understanding both the anthropologist's body and the research subject's body as energy systems; this symmetry facilitated a relativist perspective. Participant observation remains central to sociocultural anthropology, but the discipline's pedagogic habits contributed to loss of memory of its energetic conceptualization. 相似文献
13.
MacLeod C 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(2):328-339
At a time when neoliberalism and financial austerity are together encouraging academic scientists to seek market alternatives to state funding, this essay investigates why, a century ago, their predecessors explicitly rejected private enterprise and the private ownership of ideas and inventions available to them through the patent system. The early twentieth century witnessed the success of a long campaign by British scientists to persuade the state to assume responsibility for the funding of basic research ("pure science"): their findings would enter the intellectual commons; their rewards would be primarily reputational (financial only secondarily, through consequent career advancement). The essay summarizes recent research in three separate fields of British techno-science--electricity, aviation, and agricultural botany--all of which were laying claim, at this time, to a heightened commercial or military importance that raised new questions about the ownership of scientific ideas. It suggests that each of the three established an idiosyncratic relationship with the patent system or with other forms of "intellectual property," which would both influence their emergent disciplines and affect the extent to which commercial enterprise could remain a viable funding strategy. 相似文献
14.
生命科学近150多年的发展历程可概括为环环相扣的3个阶段：经典遗传学时代、分子遗传学与分子生物学时代和生命组学与系统生物学时代。当代生命科学空前繁荣,呈现若干新特征：原始发现层出不穷,致使底层创新井喷;系统论与还原论并重,层层揭秘复杂生命过程;学科汇聚融合,生命科学从定性描述开始实现动态、精准和定量解读;科学数据共享,成为生命科学界普遍遵循的规则;合成生物学与人工智能兴起,为生命科学研究提供了新的范式。这些特征使生命科学知识获得极大丰富、生物技术得以快速迭代升级。与此同时,中国生命科学厚积薄发,近10年进步显著,逐渐改写世界生命科学版图,并在科技抗击新冠肺炎疫情中贡献突出。随着世界政治经济格局发生深刻变化,中国生命科学面临更多挑战。理顺各科研模块的功能定位和资源配置,创建先进科研文化、营造良好科研氛围、坚持开放与国际合作,将进一步夯实中国生命科学的基础,使其更加卓越,贡献科技强国建设,丰厚回馈人类健康和社会经济。 相似文献
15.
Solovey M 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(1):54-82
During the 1960s, a growing contingent of left-leaning voices claimed that the social sciences suffered mistreatment and undue constraints within the natural science-dominated federal science establishment. According to these critics, the entrenched scientific pecking order in Washington had an unreasonable commitment to the unity of the sciences, which reinforced unacceptable inequalities between the social and the natural sciences. The most important political figure who advanced this critique, together with a substantial legislative proposal for reform, was the Oklahoma Democratic Senator Fred Harris. Yet histories of science and social science have told us surprisingly little about Harris. Moreover, existing accounts of his effort to create a National Social Science Foundation have misunderstood crucial features of this story. This essay argues that Harris's NSSF proposal developed into a robust, historically unique, and increasingly critical liberal challenge to the post-World War II federal science establishment's treatment of the social sciences as "second-class citizens." 相似文献
16.
人们一直秉承这样一个传统：科学知识由专家创造,并且经由专家的把关之后传递给大众。维基百科的出现,使得公众得以规模化地进入科学知识的生产领域,由此开始刷新以往专家驱动的知识生产史。本文从社会建构主义的视角对传统科学知识传播的认知进行反思,指出在颠覆专家授予知识的传统上,媒介变革所推动的知识民主意识和世俗化的科学形象均起到了重要作用,且维基百科的社交媒体属性对知识社会建构提供了保障,使异质共同体参与科学知识生产得以可能。同时,也有助于科学反思自身,调和科学与公众在知识传播中的矛盾。 相似文献
17.
Rudolph JL 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2005,96(3):353-389
In the second decade of the twentieth century a new subject appeared in American high schools, aimed at providing citizens with an understanding of the essential nature of scientific thinking. "General science," as it was called, was developed and promoted by an emerging class of professional educators who sought to offer a version of science that they believed would both excite public interest and prove useful in the everyday lives of the masses of students streaming into the rapidly expanding institution of secondary education. It was to be a course with real utility that would transcend the boundaries of the specialized, abstract disciplinary subjects like chemistry and physics-subjects with identities tied to the practices and standards of the colleges and universities, which had long exerted control over the content of secondary schooling. This essay recounts the origins of general science and, in particular, examines how the intellectual and material environment of the city of Chicago at the turn of the century influenced the course that was produced and widely adopted in school programs across the United States. 相似文献
18.
Lane KM 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2005,96(4):477-506
Over two decades spanning the turn of the twentieth century, astronomers' claims about the landscape and climate of Mars spurred widespread scientific and popular interest in the possibility that the red planet might be inhabited. This essay offers a new explanation for the power with which the notion of an inhabited Mars gripped noted scholars and everyday citizens on both sides of the Atlantic. Rather than pointing to a rekindling of age-old philosophical interest in the plurality of worlds, it argues that turn-of-the-century scientific narratives about Mars derived much of their power and popularity from ties with the newly established discipline of geography. From mapmaking to travelogue-style writing, astronomers borrowed powerful representational strategies from the discipline of geography to legitimize their claims about the red planet. In making the link between geographical and astronomical science more explicit, the essay further suggests that turn-of-the-century representations of Mars could be productively recontextualized alongside geographical works produced in the same period. 相似文献
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20.
自18世纪以来,中世纪早期流传下来的"埃克塞特书"受到学者们的广泛关注,书中谜语更是引起热烈讨论。谜语惯用隐喻、拟人、对偶冲突等手法,具有模糊、晦涩的特点,通常不被视为严肃的知识形态,谜语史也极少受到科学史界关注。实际上,埃克塞特书中的谜语包含丰富的博物学知识,分析其中的谜语既能了解中世纪博物学的特点,也能一瞥中世纪人与自然的关系。 相似文献