共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 500 毫秒
1.
We have investigated two large Japanese firms with their patent data, technological histories and product sales data of over 30 years especially in terms of intra-firm technology diversification and interactions between multiple technological trajectories. Patent data showed the process of emergencies of technological trajectories and interactions (cross-fertilization) between them quantitatively. Both persistence and diversity of technology have contributed to product diversification and sales growth. Based on our findings we have demonstrated that taking advantage of economies of scope in technology through persistence and diversification is necessary for a technology-based firm if it is to survive and to grow for a prolonged period of time. 相似文献
2.
The valuation of patents is an important, albeit challenging task. Extant research to identify patent value indicators has so far relied on expert estimates of patent value, exploited patent renewal data, or depended on more indirect measures of patent value. Recently, specialized market places for patent transactions have emerged that allow us for the first time to directly observe patent's private value. One of the most prominent market places for patents is Ocean Tomo, a platform that offers periodical patent auctions. We make use of this auction data to empirically test predictions on patent value identifiers on real-world auction prices. We find empirical support for forward citations and the patent's family size; however, both indicators explain only a small variance in patent value. In contrast, our full model explains a large share of variance, making us optimistic that with increased directly observed patent value, such models can be useful tools in patent valuation. 相似文献
3.
Business cycles modify firms’ incentives to innovate and the direction of innovation. By introducing a new measure of patent unconventionality this paper explores the impact of the business cycle on firms’ technological search strategies. We find that during upturns firms generate inventions characterized by a higher level of technological unconventionality. We also find that financially resilient and diversified firms produce more unconventional patents. While patent unconventionality is associated with technological impact and market value, firms extract more value by investing in unconventional inventions in downturns. 相似文献
4.
《Research Policy》2021,50(10):104360
We investigate how U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) patent examiner experience and seniority-based incentives affect the innovation ecosystem. First, we show that examiners respond to production incentives and demonstrate learning by increasing the use of examiner’s amendments in both experience and seniority, a mechanism not previously studied. Second, this examination procedure directly benefits innovators and firms by significantly reducing prosecution processing time without impacting patent quality. Finally, after considering examiner’s amendments, the negative relationship between examiner characteristics and patent examination quality found in the previous literature does not persist at first action, a decision point that allows for the clear measurement of examiner behavior. Our results demonstrate a need for reformulated policy recommendations related to the structure of examination at the USPTO. 相似文献
5.
Pere Arqué-Castells 《Research Policy》2012,41(5):897-912
Venture capitalists (VCs) fund the development of promising inventions to turn them into marketable innovations. During this development stage portfolio firms are likely to garner even more inventions at least until the product is fully developed. Once the product is fully developed the focus shifts from development to sales so the number of generated inventions should decrease. This behavior implies that VCs are likely to spur invention according to an inverted U-shape over time. We empirically examine whether patent trajectories are consistent with this hypothesized inverted U-shape using a self-collected dataset containing 233 VC-backed firms and a large set of controls operating in Spain. We find that firms’ patenting activity increases after VC investments. This increase is substantially more pronounced the first two years following VC investments, i.e., patent trajectories follow an inverted U-shape over time. Our more demanding specifications suggest that the sharp increase in patenting right after VCs’ investments is caused by a positive treatment effect over and beyond any likely selection effect. Moreover, we defend that the increase in patenting is not just due to the fact that VCs give money so that firms can patent pre-VC inventions, but also to the fact that VCs fund the development of inventions. 相似文献
6.
Foreign firms patent in emerging economies with weak appropriability regimes at an increasing rate. This phenomenon constitutes a paradox since in such a setting foreign firms should have weak incentives to patent. In an attempt to resolve this paradox, we conducted an inductive analysis of 11 foreign firms that patent in such a setting, using the case of China as our empirical context. We identify four archetypes of foreign firms and three key antecedents the interaction of which determines which archetype a firm can be subsumed under.Our study complements the developed-economy focus of the extant appropriation literature by adding an international perspective. We extend previous econometric studies by identifying salient factors on the firm level that determine the extent to which a foreign firm patents in emerging economies with a weak appropriability regime, highlighting that the extent of a firm's motivation to maintain its freedom to operate can supersede imitability concerns. We also comment on the practical implications of these contributions for managers of foreign firms. Highlighting a structural conflict of interest between foreign firms from developed economies and the development goals of an emerging economy, we point to the generalizability of our results to a wide range of other emerging economies worldwide. 相似文献
7.
《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104650
Do large firms produce more valuable inventions, and if so, why? After confirming that large firms indeed produce more valuable inventions, we consider two possible sources: a superior ability to invent, or a superior ability to extract value from their inventions. We develop a simple model that discriminates between the two explanations. Using a sample of 2,786 public corporations, and measures of both patent quality and patent value, we find that, while average invention value rises with size, average invention quality declines, suggesting, per our model, that the large firm advantage is not due to superior inventive capability, but due to the superior ability to extract value. We provide evidence suggesting that this superior ability to extract value is due to the greater commercialization capabilities of larger firms. 相似文献
8.
This explorative paper investigates how firms in the global data-processing industry that seek patent protection for their innovations in Europe have coped with the patentability requirements of the European Patent Office. Starting from a continuous research spectrum with basic research on the one extreme and development on the other, the main hypothesis is as follows: firms that carry out more basic research are more successful in passing the patent office than firms that focus more on development. Basic research explores more novel and unknown technical paths, while development aims more at modifying and redesigning existing products. Therefore, the results from more basic-oriented research are expected to fulfill the patentability requirements relatively more often than the results from development. This hypothesis is tested and largely confirmed for the global data-processing industry (with a sample of 44 firms) in the period 1986–1990, using indirect variables for basic research and development. 相似文献
9.
《Information processing & management》2022,59(3):102908
With the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, increasing technical innovations are patented by the individuals or the companies. As a form of intellectual properties, the patent has attracted attention from individuals and companies. Although there are some researches on the economic function of patent, few quantitative researches discuss on whether patents can work on the company stock market. To discover the relations between the company patents and the stock market, we explore a method to analyze the influence of patent activity on the company stock market. We collect the patent data and the stock data of listed companies, from which patent and market activities are extracted. By the recursive discrete wavelet transform, the patent and market activities are decomposed into multi-scale wavelets. These wavelets are fed into a patent and market activity based stock market trend prediction model, in which the influences of patent activity are analyzed. We compare our model with the state-of-the-art model on 4 measurements for 3 manufacturing datasets. The experimental results show that the patent activities have positive effect on market trend prediction in about 30% manufacturing listed companies and that the measurements of Shanghai/Shenzhen Stock Exchange often outperform that of USA in years 2016–2019 for the manufacturing listed companies. 相似文献
10.
Prior art patent citations have become a popular measure of patent quality and knowledge flow between firms. Interpreting these measurements is complicated, in some cases, because prior art citations are added by patent examiners as well as by patent applicants. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) adopted new reporting procedures in 2001, making it possible to measure examiner and applicant citations separately for the first time. We analyzed prior art citations listed in all U.S. patents granted in 2001-2003, and found that examiners played a significant role in identifying prior art, adding 63% of citations on the average patent, and all citations on 40% of patents granted. An analysis of variance found that firm-specific variables explain most of the variation in examiner-citation shares. Using multivariate regression, we found that foreign applicants to the USPTO had the highest proportion of citations added by examiners. High-volume patent applicants had a greater proportion of examiner citations, and a substantial number of firms won patents without listing a single applicant citation. In terms of technology, we found higher examiner shares among patents in electronics, communications, and computer-related fields. Taken together, our findings suggest that firm-level patenting practices, particularly among high-volume applicants, have a strong influence on citation data and merit additional research. 相似文献
11.
《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103790
Patent scope is one of the important aspects in the debates over “patent quality.” The purported decrease in patent quality over the last decade or two has supposedly led to granting patents of increased breadth, decreased clarity, and questionable validity (in part due to over-breadth). Such patents allegedly diminish the incentives for innovation due to increased transaction costs in the market for technology, more frequent disputes and litigation, trolling behavior, and breakdowns in bargaining. This paper focuses on the patent examination process at the PTO, highlighting the relationship between patent scope and the patent examination process. We develop and validate two measurements of patent scope: independent claim length and independent claim count. These metrics—in contrast to other measurements of patent scope—can be calculated before and after examination and enable us to provide the first large-scale analysis of trends in patent scope changes during the examination process. Our results show that applications with narrower scope are associated with a higher probability of grant and a shorter and less intense examination period in comparison to applications with broader scope. Further, we find that the examination process itself tends to narrow the scope of patents relative to the scope at filing, and that the changes are more significant when the duration and intensity of examination is increased. We explain our metrics and make our data available in a public use dataset, which we hope will encourage more research in the evaluation of patent scope, patent examination, and patent quality more broadly. 相似文献
12.
知识产权司法保护赋予专利权人以“牙齿”,其是否能够促进中国企业进行自主创新，直接关系到中国企业的创新战略转型。本文以2017年中国专利调查数据为依据，考察了专利诉讼对于企业自主创新战略的影响。实证分析表明，专利诉讼经历能够有效激励涉诉企业进行自主创新，这一结论在采用倾向得分匹配法和加粗精确匹配法，以及采用工具变量法和条件混合过程方法后仍然稳健。这表明知识产权司法保护有利于促进企业自主创新。异质性分析表明，知识产权司法保护对于企业自主创新的促进作用在小微企业、专利依赖型产业的企业以及内资企业中更为显著。 相似文献
13.
Bronwyn H. Hall 《Research Policy》2010,39(7):994-1009
We investigate the value creation or destruction associated with the introduction of software patents in the United States in two ways. The first looks at the cumulative abnormal returns to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) firms around the time of important court decisions that impacted software patents, and the second analyzes the relationship between firms’ stock market value, the sector in which they operate, and their holdings of software patents. We conclude that the market evaluated software patents as a negative development ex ante. Ex post, a greater number of firms in all ICT sectors invested in these patents, and these firms had slightly higher market values than those with no software patents. However, while we obtain clear evidence that the technological importance or quality of patented innovation mattered for the market value of hardware firms both before and after the legal changes, it is less clear that the marginal patent right per se was associated with increases in market value, and there are no significant valuation effects associated with patents for pure software firms after the change. 相似文献
14.
Xibao Li 《Research Policy》2012,41(1):236-249
This paper examines a number of forces that have possibly contributed to the explosive growth of Chinese patenting over the past decade. After a review of previous hypotheses and conventional wisdom, this study proposes an additional explanation and argues that patent subsidy programs implemented by each provincial region have played an important role in the growth of Chinese patenting. This institutional change, taking place at the province-level, has induced an increase in patent propensity among not only firms, universities, and research institutes, but also individuals. Empirical evidence based on publicly available data provides solid support for this argument. It was also found that a larger fraction of applications are granted patent rights since the implementation of such programs, suggesting that reduction in patent application quality may not be a serious concern, unless the criteria used for patent examination have been lowered. 相似文献
15.
信号丢失视角下的企业专利战略研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(2):297-308
以往研究基于信号理论,强调专利信号对企业资源获取的积极影响,而未能解决企业如何应对专利流失的问题。本研究使用我国专利密集型产业的上市公司样本,探讨了企业专利数量的减少如何影响企业后续专利申请行为。通过构建2008-2017年中国专利密集型上市公司的面板数据,使用负二项回归进行分析,发现企业专利数量的减少会触发企业的积极响应,促使企业申请更多的专利来恢复专利的信号功能。同时,企业的响应力度会受到内外情境因素的影响,其中企业连锁董事网络的中心地位和政治联系具有消极的调节作用,而组织绩效则具有积极的调节作用。本研究从信号丢失的全新视角揭示了企业如何解决专利流失问题,并为我国企业的专利申请战略提供了理论参考。 相似文献
16.
Subsidized research joint ventures (RJVs) between public research institutions and industry have become increasingly popular in Europe and the US. We study the long-run effects of such a support scheme that has been maintained by the Danish government since 1995. To cope with identification problems we apply nearest neighbor matching and conditional difference-in-difference estimation methods. Our main findings are that (i) program participation effects are instant for annual patent applications and last for three years, (ii) employment effects materialize first after one year and (iii) there are no statistically significant effects on value added or labor productivity. We further show that these overall results are primarily driven by firms that were patent active prior to joining the RJV and that there are no statistically significant effects for large firms. The insignificant results we document for large firms coupled with the fact that these type of firms are over-represented in many support programs, including the one considered here, leads us to suggest a rethinking of support policies that often aim at large firms. 相似文献
17.
On the relationship between environmental management, environmental innovation and patenting: Evidence from German manufacturing firms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper analyses empirically the relationship between environmental innovations, environmental management and patenting. In particular it tests a number of propositions on how environmental management systems and the interaction with environmentally more or less concerned stakeholders are associated with the probability of firms to pursue innovation in general (measured as patenting behaviour) and specifically environmental innovation (measured based on firm self-assessment and through patent data). In applying a negative binomial as well as binary discrete choice models the relationship is studied using data on German manufacturing firms. As a novel and important insight, the study finds that environmental innovation can be meaningfully identified using patent data and that environmental innovation defined this way is less ubiquitous than self-reported environmental innovation. It also reveals that the implementation level of environmental management systems has a positive effect exclusively on environmental process innovation, whereas it is negatively associated with the level of a firms’ general patenting activities. For environmental product innovation and patented environmental innovations a positive relationship with environmentally concerned and a negative link with environmentally neutral stakeholders is found. 相似文献
18.
Patent trolls (or sharks) are patent holding individuals or (often small) firms who trap R&D intensive manufacturers in patent infringement situations in order to receive damage awards for the illegitimate use of their technology. While of great concern to management, their existence and impact for both corporate decision makers and policy makers remains to be fully analyzed from an academic standpoint. In this paper we show why patent sharks can operate profitably, why they are of growing concern, how manufacturers can forearm themselves against them, and which issues policy makers need to address. To do so, we map international indemnification rules with strategic rationales of small patent-holding firms and large manufacturers within a theoretical model. Our central finding is that the courts’ unrealistic consideration of the trade-offs faced by inadvertent infringers is a central condition for sharks to operate profitably. 相似文献
19.
由于技术创新能力与发达国家有较大差距,我国实行了保护性的专利审查机制,使国内企业能够更容易并更快速地获取专利权。国外企业在中国要想获取专利权往往需要等待更长时间,且获取专利权的难度大于国内企业。我们从专利授权和条件寿命期视角,结合企业的专利战略考虑对这种保护性审查机制的有效性进行了探讨。从申请专利保护的技术垄断效果看,保护性审查机制限制了国外企业专利竞争战略的实施。然而,相较于国内企业,国外企业出于专利市场收益的不确定性考虑,更倾向于延长专利的条件寿命期,保护性审查机制延迟授予国外企业专利权的做法无疑更有益于其专利市场战略的展开。另一方面,由于国内企业获取专利权相对容易,使得一些技术含量低、市场收益水平不高的专利被授权,增加了企业的专利权维持费用。因此,从专利战略视角看,保护性专利审查机制并不完全有利于国内企业。 相似文献
20.
《国际创新研究学报(英文)》2021,5(2):56-98
We examine the diversification of administrative and procedural costs on patent stock using a large dataset from the European Patent Office with 15,000 firms for the period between 1995 and 2015. The results reveal that administrative and procedural costs are significant for firm-level patenting activity. However, not all administrative and procedural costs have equal effects. Higher administrative costs often encourage patent application and validation by solving the adverse selection problem and short-run opportunism, as well as other sources of asymmetric information. The effective administration of intellectual property law and low-cost enforcement are found to considerably foster patenting activity. The effects are robust for various mis-specification checks and do not disappear once country-level research and development infrastructure proxies are controlled for. The extreme bounds of administrative and procedural costs are computed across more than 5 billion regressions, and the sizeable impact of administration on patent application and validation outcomes is confirmed. 相似文献