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1.
陈学东 《体育科技文献通报》2014,(12):73-74
通过对近年来国际足坛各种比赛情况的观察和统计,4-4-2阵型和4-5-1阵型成为当今世界足球比赛中运用最多的阵型,两种阵型的广泛应用,体现出现代足球的发展理念和发展趋势。本文根据4-4-2阵型和4-5-1阵型在后卫线、前卫线和前锋线战术打法的对比,揭示两种阵型的技战术特点,分析现代足球比赛的攻守特征。 相似文献
2.
4-3-3阵型是目前比较流行的阵型之一,在足球比赛中,4-3-3阵型在对阵目前比较流行的其他多种足球比赛阵型时具有比较好的效果。本文对4-3-3阵型在比赛中的攻守力量的搭配和职责分工的形式进行研究,为我们今后的训练和比赛提供理论上的参考依据。 相似文献
3.
丁创歆 《体育科技文献通报》2007,15(6):84-86
采用录像统计、观察法对18届世界杯决赛阶段科特迪瓦队的所有比赛进行分析研究,结果表明:在18届世界杯上澳大利亚队的阵型以4-3-3为主;澳大利亚队进攻主要是中路短传渗透进攻并结合边路进攻;科特迪瓦队的防守主要采取前场丢球后立即反抢、封堵、犯规来延缓对手的进攻,中后场紧逼人盯人结合区域防守。 相似文献
4.
通过对第18届世界杯足球赛、第13届欧洲足球锦标赛,以及近3个赛季欧洲五大联赛和中国足球超级联赛的观察和统计,结果表明:4-4-2阵形仍是目前国际足坛采用最多的比赛阵形,该阵型前卫线的变化组合较为丰富,战术打法多样,具有一定的优越性. 相似文献
5.
采用录像观察、数理统计等方法，对第18届世界杯决赛阶段意大利队的全部比赛进行分析研究。结果表明：意大利队在比赛中基本采用4—3—2—1和4—3—1—2阵型；3后腰的灵活使用是他们攻守平衡的保证；具有攻击性的逼迫式防守以及出色的防守能力是其获得冠军的基础；多点进攻及团队至上的防守是意大利队的主要战略。 相似文献
6.
李海新 《体育科技文献通报》2011,19(4):54-56
采用文献资料法、录像统计法对西班牙队在第19届世界杯的所有比赛进行研究,结果表明西班牙队的阵型是根据比赛对手的不同进行队员组合,选择4-3-3和4-2-3-1。西班牙的进攻注重整体配合,以短传为主,凭借良好的控球技术和接应队员的积极跑位,撕开后防线完成进攻,全队射门127次,进球8个,对手的密集防守使队员加强了远射和门前补射,西班牙队3/4的进球是在10秒之内由3人以下配合进球,并且多在中前场断球发动反击完成。西班牙队的防守采取中前场反抢、中场干扰控制、后场区域密集防守贺定人相结合的网状防守体系,定位球防守能力较差的局面有所改善,有效的防守保证了西班牙队第一次染指世界杯冠军。 相似文献
7.
采用录像统计、观察法对18届世界杯决赛阶段韩国队的所有比赛进行研究,结果表明:在18届世界杯上韩国队的阵型以3-4-3为主;韩国队的进攻依靠顽强的拼抢,快速的跑位打法为主,其勇猛的比赛精神极具感染力;韩国队的防守采用前场反抢、中场围抢、后场密集防守为主;韩国队防守中一个比较大的弱点是门前盯人不紧。 相似文献
8.
足球4-4-2阵型是目前被采用最多的比赛阵型.足球运动的不断发展,赋予了4-4-2阵型更多更新的内涵.通过足球比赛三个重要时刻的分析,提出该阵型同一位置不同时刻的战术要求和变化,从而释放4-4-2阵型的最大功效. 相似文献
9.
4-3-3阵型是当今世界足坛最流行的阵型,欧洲五大联赛的豪门球队超过半数的球队都是使用该阵型。本研究主要运用文献资料法、录像观察法等去研究足球阵型的相关特征,主要从进攻、防守及攻守转换3个方面去研究4-3-3阵型队员的位置特点,学习高水平球队的技战术运用和球员相互之间的跑动配合,丰富青少年足球训练的实践经验,减少一些低级错误的发生,更好地发挥出自己的水平。 相似文献
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11.
Wong SY Chan FW Lee CK Li M Yeung F Lum CC Choy DT Woo J 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(3):295-302
The aims of the present study were to assess the maximal oxygen uptake and body composition of adult Chinese men and women, and to determine how these variables relate to age. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 196 men and 221 women aged 20 - 64 years. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was determined by indirect calorimetry during a maximal exercise test on an electrically braked cycle ergometer. The correlations between VO2max and fat mass were -0.52 in men and -0.58 in women. Linear regression defined the cross-sectional age-related decline in VO2max as 0.35 ml kg(-1) min(-1) year(-1) in men and 0.30 ml kg(-1) min(-1) year(-1) in women. Multiple regression analysis showed that more than 50% of this cross-sectional decline in VO2max was due to fat mass, lean mass, and age. Adding fat mass and lean mass to the multiple regression models reduced the age regression mass from 0.35 to 0.24 ml kg(-1) min(-1) year(-1) in men and from 0.30 to 0.15 ml kg(-1) min(-1) year(-1) in women. We conclude that age, fat mass, and lean mass are independent determinants of maximal oxygen uptake in Chinese adults. 相似文献
12.
Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake in sedentary males from a perceptually regulated, sub-maximal graded exercise test 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of predicting the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2(max)) of sedentary men from sub-maximal VO2 values obtained during a perceptually regulated exercise test. Thirteen healthy, sedentary males aged 29-52 years completed five graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. The first and fifth test involved a graded exercise test to determine VO2(max). The two maximal graded exercise tests were separated by three sub-maximal graded exercise tests, perceptually regulated at 3-min RPE intensities of 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 on the Borg ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, in that order. After confirmation that individual linear regression models provided the most appropriate fit to the data, the regression lines for the perceptual ranges 9-17, 9-15, and 11-17 were extrapolated to RPE 20 to predict VO2(max). There were no significant differences between VO2(max) values from the graded exercise tests (mean 43.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), s = 6.3) and predicted VO2(max) values for the perceptual ranges 9-17 (40.7 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), s = 2.2) and RPE 11-17 (42.5 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), s = 2.3) across the three trials. The predicted VO2(max) from the perceptual range 9-15 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) (37.7 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), s = 2.3). The intra-class correlation coefficients between actual and predicted VO2(max) for RPE 9-17 and RPE 11-17 across trials ranged from 0.80 to 0.87. Limits of agreement analysis on actual and predicted VO2 values (bias +/- 1.96 x S(diff)) were 3.4 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (+/- 10.7), 2.4 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (+/- 9.9), and 3.7 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (+/- 12.8) (trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively) of RPE range 9-17. Results suggest that a sub-maximal, perceptually guided graded exercise test provides acceptable estimates of VO2(max) in young to middle-aged sedentary males. 相似文献
13.
Naoyuki Ebine Hoby Hasina Rafamantanantsoa Youichirou Nayuki Kunio Yamanaka Kouzou Tashima Takeshi Ono 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):391-397
To determine the daily energy requirements of professional soccer players during a competitive season, we measured total energy expenditure in seven players (age 22.1 - 1.9 years, height 1.75 - 0.05 m, mass 69.8 - 4.7 kg; mean - s ) using the doubly labelled water method. Energy intake was simultaneously estimated from 7 day self-report dietary records. Mean total energy expenditure and energy intake were 14.8 - 1.7 MJ · day -1 (3532 - 408 kcal· day -1 ) and 13.0 - 2.4 MJ · day -1 (3113 - 581 kcal· day -1 ), respectively. Although there was a significant difference between total energy expenditure and energy intake ( P ? 0.01), there was a strong relationship between the two ( r = 0.893, P ? 0.01). Basal metabolic rate and recommended energy allowance calculated from the Recommended Dietary Allowances for the Japanese were 7.0 - 0.3 MJ ·day -1 (1683 - 81 kcal· day -1 ) and 15.6 - 0.8 MJ · day -1 (3739 - 180 kcal· day -1 ), respectively. A physical activity level (total energy expenditure/ basal metabolic rate) of 2.11 - 0.30 indicated that, during the competitive season, professional soccer players undertake much routine physical activity, similar to that of competitive athletes during moderate training. Energy intake estimated using dietary records was under-reported, suggesting that its calculation from these data does not predict energy expenditure in soccer players. 相似文献
14.
The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity. 相似文献
15.
Six male cricket bowlers (mean - s x ¥ : age 23.5 - 1.3 years; height 1.83 - 0.04 m; body weight 826 - 20 N) performed their typical bowling action at a set of stumps positioned at standard pitch length (20.1 m). A specially designed force platform rig allowed the correct positioning of two force platforms to be achieved beneath an outdoor polyflex runway (0.017 m depth) for each player's delivery stride pattern. For the back foot, the peak vertical ground reaction force was 1.95 - 0.08 kN (2.37 - 0.14 BW) and the braking force was 0.77 - 0.12 kN (0.94 - 0.16 BW). For the front foot, the peak vertical force was 4.80 - 0.92 kN (5.75 - 0.98 BW) and the braking force was 2.93 - 0.56 kN (3.54 - 0.67 BW). The mean peak vertical loading rate for front foot contact was 205 - 52.8 kN·s -1 (249 - 64 BW·s -1 ) with mean values ranging from 81 to 446 kN·s -1 (98 to 540 BW·s-1). The range for back foot contact was much smaller, 25-70 kN·s -1 (30-85 BW·s -1 ), with a mean of 41.7 - 7.10 kN·s -1 (50.6 - 8.6 BW·s -1 ). Mean peak impact occurred 24 ms after touchdown for the back foot and 16 ms after touchdown for the front foot. At impact, mean peak loading rates were greater for the front foot at 246 kN·s -1 (298 BW·s -1 ), with a range of 80-483 kN·s -1 (98-534 BW·s -1 ), than for the back foot at 65 kN·s -1 (79 BW·s -1 ), with a range of 40-84 kN·s -1 (49-110 BW·s -1 ). 相似文献
16.
Traditionally, it has been assumed that during middle-distance running oxygen uptake (VO2) reaches its maximal value (VO2max) providing the event is of a sufficient duration; however, this assumption is largely based on observations in individuals with a relatively low VO2max. The aim of this study was to determine whether VO2max is related to the VO2 attained (i.e. VO2peak) during middle-distance running on a treadmill. Fifteen well-trained male runners (age 23.3 +/- 3.8 years, height 1.80 +/- 0.10 m, body mass 76.9 +/- 10.6 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The participants undertook two 800-m trials to examine the reproducibility of the VO2 response. These two trials, together with a progressive test to determine VO2max, were completed in a randomized order. Oxygen uptake was determined throughout each test using 15-s Douglas bag collections. Following the application of a 30-s rolling average, the highest VO2 during the progressive test (i.e. VO2max) was compared with the highest VO2 during the 800-m trials (i.e. VO2peak) to examine the relationship between VO2max and the VO2 attained in the 800-m trials. For the 15 runners, VO2max was 58.9 +/- 7.1 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). Two groups were formed using a median split based on VO2max. For the high and low VO2max groups, VO2max was 65.7 +/- 3.0 and 52.4 +/- 1.8 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) respectively. The limits of agreement (95%) for test-retest reproducibility for the VO2 attained during the 800-m trials were +/- 3.5 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) for a VO2peak of 50.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (the mean VO2peak for the low VO2max group) and +/- 2.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) for a VO2peak of 59.0 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (the mean VO2peak for the high VO2max group), with a bias in VO2peak between the 800-m runs (i.e. the mean difference) of 1.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). The VO2peak for the 800-m runs was 54.8 +/- 4.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) for all 15 runners. For the high and low VO2max groups, VO2peak was 59.0 +/- 3.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (i.e. 90% VO2max) and 50.6 +/- 2.0 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) (i.e. 97% VO2max) respectively. The negative relationship (-0.77) between VO2max and % VO2max attained for all 15 runners was significant (P = 0.001). These results demonstrate that (i) reproducibility is good and (ii) that VO2max is related to the %VO2max achieved, with participants with a higher VO2max achieving a lower %VO2max in an 800-m trial on a treadmill. 相似文献
17.
Ebine N Rafamantanantsoa HH Nayuki Y Yamanaka K Tashima K Ono T Saitoh S Jones PJ 《Journal of sports sciences》2002,20(5):391-397
To determine the daily energy requirements of professional soccer players during a competitive season, we measured total energy expenditure in seven players (age 22.1+/-1.9 years, height 1.75+/-0.05 m, mass 69.8+/-4.7 kg; mean +/- s) using the doubly labelled water method. Energy intake was simultaneously estimated from 7 day self-report dietary records. Mean total energy expenditure and energy intake were 14.8+/-1.7 MJ x day(-1) (3532+/-408 kcal x day(-1)) and 13.0+/-2.4 MJ x day(-1) (3113+/-581 kcal x day(-1)), respectively. Although there was a significant difference between total energy expenditure and energy intake (P < 0.01), there was a strong relationship between the two (r= 0.893, P< 0.01). Basal metabolic rate and recommended energy allowance calculated from the Recommended Dietary Allowances for the Japanese were 7.0+/-0.3 MJ x day(-1) (1683+/-81 kcal x day(-1)) and 15.6+/-0.8 MJ x day(-1) (3739+/-180 kcal x day(-1)), respectively. A physical activity level (total energy expenditure/ basal metabolic rate) of 2.11+/-0.30 indicated that, during the competitive season, professional soccer players undertake much routine physical activity, similar to that of competitive athletes during moderate training. Energy intake estimated using dietary records was under-reported, suggesting that its calculation from these data does not predict energy expenditure in soccer players. 相似文献
18.
Margaret H. Collins David J. Pearsall Gerald S. Zavorsky Hamid Bateni Rene A. Turcotte David L. Montgomery 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(2):83-90
The aims of this study were to determine if there are significant kinematic changes in running pattern after intense interval workouts, whether duration of recovery affects running kinematics, and whether changes in running economy are related to changes in running kinematics. Seven highly trained male endurance runners (VO 2max = 72.3 +/- 3.3 ml kg -1 min -1 ; mean +/- s) performed three interval running workouts of 10 X 400 m at a speed of 5.94 +/- 0.19 m s -1 (356 +/- 11.2 m min -1 ) with a minimum of 4 days recovery between runs. Recovery of 60, 120 or 180 s between each 400 m repetition was assigned at random. Before and after each workout, running economy and several kinematic variables were measured at speeds of 3.33 and 4.47 m s -1 (200 and 268 m min -1 ). Speed was found to have a significant effect on shank angle, knee velocity and stride length (P ? 0.05). Correlations between changes pre- and post-test for VO 2 (ml kg -1 min -1 ) and several kinematic variables were not significant (P > 0.05) at both speeds. In general, duration of recovery was not found to adversely affect running economy or the kinematic variables assessed, possibly because of intra-individual adaptations to fatigue. 相似文献
19.
低氧诱导因子-1作为低氧诱导的转录因子，通过对低氧反应基因的转录调控，在分子水平上介导了细胞乃至器官系统对低氧的反应。本文就低氧诱导因子-1在高住低训中的表达作一综述，旨在说明低氧诱导因子-1在高住低训中的重要作用。 相似文献
20.
Six male cricket bowlers (mean +/- s(mean): age 23.5 +/- 1.3 years; height 1.83 +/- 0.04 m; body weight 826 +/- 20 N) performed their typical bowling action at a set of stumps positioned at standard pitch length (20.1 m). A specially designed force platform rig allowed the correct positioning of two force platforms to be achieved beneath an outdoor polyflex runway (0.017 m depth) for each player's delivery stride pattern. For the back foot, the peak vertical ground reaction force was 1.95 +/- 0.08 kN (2.37 +/- 0.14 BW) and the braking force was 0.77 +/- 0.12 kN (0.94 +/- 0.16 BW). For the front foot, the peak vertical force was 4.80 +/- 0.92 kN (5.75 +/- 0.98 BW) and the braking force was 2.93 +/- 0.56 kN (3.54 +/- 0.67 BW). The mean peak vertical loading rate for front foot contact was 205 +/- 52.8 kN x s(-1) (249 +/- 64 BW x s(-1)) with mean values ranging from 81 to 446 kN x s(-1) (98 to 540 BW x s(-1)). The range for back foot contact was much smaller, 25-70 kN x s(-1) (30-85 BW x s(-1)), with a mean of 41.7 +/- 7.10 kN x s(-1) (50.6 +/- 8.6 BW x s(-1)). Mean peak impact occurred 24 ms after touchdown for the back foot and 16 ms after touchdown for the front foot. At impact, mean peak loading rates were greater for the front foot at 246 kN x s(-1) (298 BW x s(-1)), with a range of 80-483 kN x s(-1) (98-534 BW x s(-1)), than for the back foot at 65 kN x s(-1) (79 BW x s(-1)), with a range of 40-84 kN x s(-1) (49-110 BW x s(-1)). 相似文献