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1.
Fluid and fuel intake during exercise 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
Coyle EF 《Journal of sports sciences》2004,22(1):39-55
The amounts of water, carbohydrate and salt that athletes are advised to ingest during exercise are based upon their effectiveness in attenuating both fatigue as well as illness due to hyperthermia, dehydration or hyperhydration. When possible, fluid should be ingested at rates that most closely match sweating rate. When that is not possible or practical or sufficiently ergogenic, some athletes might tolerate body water losses amounting to 2% of body weight without significant risk to physical well-being or performance when the environment is cold (e.g. 5-10 degrees C) or temperate (e.g. 21-22 degrees C). However, when exercising in a hot environment ( > 30 degrees C), dehydration by 2% of body weight impairs absolute power production and predisposes individuals to heat injury. Fluid should not be ingested at rates in excess of sweating rate and thus body water and weight should not increase during exercise. Fatigue can be reduced by adding carbohydrate to the fluids consumed so that 30-60 g of rapidly absorbed carbohydrate are ingested throughout each hour of an athletic event. Furthermore, sodium should be included in fluids consumed during exercise lasting longer than 2 h or by individuals during any event that stimulates heavy sodium loss (more than 3-4 g of sodium). Athletes do not benefit by ingesting glycerol, amino acids or alleged precursors of neurotransmitter. Ingestion of other substances during exercise, with the possible exception of caffeine, is discouraged. Athletes will benefit the most by tailoring their individual needs for water, carbohydrate and salt to the specific challenges of their sport, especially considering the environment's impact on sweating and heat stress. 相似文献
2.
Costas Chryssanthopoulos Clyde Williams Andrea Nowitz Gregory Bogdanis 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11-12):1065-1071
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a carbohydrate-rich meal on post-prandial metabolic responses and skeletal muscle glycogen concentration. After an overnight fast, eight male recreational/club endurance runners ingested a carbohydrate (CHO) meal (2.5 g CHO?·?kg?1 body mass) and biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and 3 h after the meal. Ingestion of the meal resulted in a 10.6?±?2.5% (P?<?0.05) increase in muscle glycogen concentration (pre-meal vs post-meal: 314.0?±?33.9 vs 347.3?±?31.3 mmol?·?kg?1 dry weight). Three hours after ingestion, mean serum insulin concentrations had not returned to pre-feeding values (0 min vs 180 min: 45?±?4 vs 143?±?21 pmol?·?l?1). On a separate occasion, six similar individuals ingested the meal or fasted for a further 3 h during which time expired air samples were collected to estimate the amount of carbohydrate oxidized over the 3 h post-prandial period. It was estimated that about 20% of the carbohydrate consumed was converted into muscle glycogen, and about 12 % was oxidized. We conclude that a meal providing 2.5 g CHO?·?kg?1 body mass can increase muscle glycogen stores 3 h after ingestion. However, an estimated 67% of the carbohydrate ingested was unaccounted for and this may have been stored as liver glycogen and/or still be in the gastrointestinal tract. 相似文献
3.
A key goal of pre-exercise nutritional strategies is to maximize carbohydrate stores, thereby minimizing the ergolytic effects of carbohydrate depletion. Increased dietary carbohydrate intake in the days before competition increases muscle glycogen levels and enhances exercise performance in endurance events lasting 90 min or more. Ingestion of carbohydrate 3-4 h before exercise increases liver and muscle glycogen and enhances subsequent endurance exercise performance. The effects of carbohydrate ingestion on blood glucose and free fatty acid concentrations and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise persist for at least 6 h. Although an increase in plasma insulin following carbohydrate ingestion in the hour before exercise inhibits lipolysis and liver glucose output, and can lead to transient hypoglycaemia during subsequent exercise in susceptible individuals, there is no convincing evidence that this is always associated with impaired exercise performance. However, individual experience should inform individual practice. Interventions to increase fat availability before exercise have been shown to reduce carbohydrate utilization during exercise, but do not appear to have ergogenic benefits. 相似文献
4.
Chryssanthopoulos C Williams C Nowitz A Bogdanis G 《Journal of sports sciences》2004,22(11-12):1065-1071
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a carbohydrate-rich meal on post-prandial metabolic responses and skeletal muscle glycogen concentration. After an overnight fast, eight male recreational/club endurance runners ingested a carbohydrate (CHO) meal (2.5 g CHO x kg(-1) body mass) and biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and 3 h after the meal. Ingestion of the meal resulted in a 10.6 +/- 2.5% (P < 0.05) increase in muscle glycogen concentration (pre-meal vs post-meal: 314.0 +/- 33.9 vs 347.3 +/- 31.3 mmol x kg(-1) dry weight). Three hours after ingestion, mean serum insulin concentrations had not returned to pre-feeding values (0 min vs 180 min: 45 +/- 4 vs 143 +/- 21 pmol x l(-1)). On a separate occasion, six similar individuals ingested the meal or fasted for a further 3 h during which time expired air samples were collected to estimate the amount of carbohydrate oxidized over the 3 h post-prandial period. It was estimated that about 20% of the carbohydrate consumed was converted into muscle glycogen, and about 12 % was oxidized. We conclude that a meal providing 2.5 g CHO x kg(-1) body mass can increase muscle glycogen stores 3 h after ingestion. However, an estimated 67% of the carbohydrate ingested was unaccounted for and this may have been stored as liver glycogen and/or still be in the gastrointestinal tract. 相似文献
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6.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding during different periods of two 90-min cycling bouts (the first bout began at 09:00?h and the second bout began at 13:30?h) at 60% maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2max) on saliva flow rate and saliva immunoglobulin A (sIgA) responses to the second exercise bout. The study consisted of three investigations: carbohydrate supplementation during (1) the first hour of the recovery interval (CHO-REC), (2) during the first bout of exercise and (3) during the second bout of exercise. Each investigation included two trials completed in a counterbalanced order and separated by at least 4 days. Participants consumed a lemon-flavoured 10% w/v carbohydrate beverage or placebo (22?ml?·?kg?1 body mass) in the first hour of the recovery interval (n = 8) and 500?ml just before exercise, followed by 250?ml every 20?min during exercise in the first (n = 9) and second exercise bouts (n = 9). Timed unstimulated saliva samples were collected at 10?min before exercise, after 48?–?50?min of exercise and during the last 2?min of exercise, at 1?h post exercise, 2?h post exercise (first exercise bout only), and 18?h post exercise (second exercise bout only). Venous blood samples were taken 5?min before exercise and immediately after exercise for both exercise bouts in all trials. The main findings of the present study were as follows. First, carbohydrate ingestion during both exercise bouts, but not during the recovery interval, better maintained plasma glucose concentrations and attenuated the increase in plasma adrenaline and cortisol concentrations after the second exercise bout compared with placebo. Second, carbohydrate feeding had no effect on saliva flow rate and sIgA secretion rate compared with placebo. Third, saliva flow rate and sIgA concentration returned to pre-exercise bout 1 values within 2?h in all trials. Fourth, there was no delayed effect of exercise on oral immunity. These findings suggest that carbohydrate ingestion during the first or second bout of exercise, but not during the recovery interval, is likely to better maintain plasma glucose concentrations and attenuate the responses of plasma stress hormones to a second exercise bout than ingestion of fluid alone. Two bouts of 90?min cycling at 60% [Vdot]O2max on the same day appears to inhibit saliva flow rate during the second exercise bout but does not alter sIgA transcytosis. Our results show that carbohydrate ingestion during any period of two prolonged exercise bouts does not induce different effects on oral immunity compared with placebo. 相似文献
7.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(2):152-160
Abstract The synergistic stimulating effect of combined intake of carbohydrate and protein on plasma insulin concentration has been reported previously. However, it remains unclear whether the amount of protein ingested after exercise affects the concentrations of plasma insulin and amino acids. This study of trained men compared the effects of post-exercise co-ingestion of carbohydrate plus different amounts of whey protein hydrolysates (WPHs) with carbohydrate alone on (1) blood biochemical parameters of carbohydrate metabolism during the post-exercise phase, and (2) endurance performance. Eight trained men exercised continuously for 70 min. Immediately after exercise and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min later, the participants received supplements containing: (1) 17.5 g carbohydrate, (2) 3.0 g WPHs and 17.5 g carbohydrate (L-WPH), or (3) 8.0 g WPHs and 17.5 g carbohydrate (H-WPH). After a 2-h recovery period, the participants performed an endurance performance test. The concentrations of blood glucose were lower and plasma insulin significantly higher in the H-WPH trial compared with the carbohydrate trial. The concentrations of plasma amino acids were increased in a dose-dependent manner following ingestion of different amounts of WPHs with carbohydrate. Endurance performance was not significantly different between the three trials. Co-ingestion of carbohydrate and H-WPH was more effective than ingestion of carbohydrate alone for stimulating insulin secretion and increasing the availability of plasma amino acids. These results suggest that plasma concentrations of amino acids during the recovery period are determined by the amount of dietary protein ingested, and that it is necessary to increase the concentration of plasma amino acids above a certain level to stimulate insulin secretion. 相似文献
8.
Jeukendrup AE 《Journal of sports sciences》2011,29(Z1):S91-S99
Endurance sports are increasing in popularity and athletes at all levels are looking for ways to optimize their performance by training and nutrition. For endurance exercise lasting 30 min or more, the most likely contributors to fatigue are dehydration and carbohydrate depletion, whereas gastrointestinal problems, hyperthermia, and hyponatraemia can reduce endurance exercise performance and are potentially health threatening, especially in longer events (>4 h). Although high muscle glycogen concentrations at the start may be beneficial for endurance exercise, this does not necessarily have to be achieved by the traditional supercompensation protocol. An individualized nutritional strategy can be developed that aims to deliver carbohydrate to the working muscle at a rate that is dependent on the absolute exercise intensity as well as the duration of the event. Endurance athletes should attempt to minimize dehydration and limit body mass losses through sweating to 2-3% of body mass. Gastrointestinal problems occur frequently, especially in long-distance races. Problems seem to be highly individual and perhaps genetically determined but may also be related to the intake of highly concentrated carbohydrate solutions, hyperosmotic drinks, as well as the intake of fibre, fat, and protein. Hyponatraemia has occasionally been reported, especially among slower competitors with very high intakes of water or other low sodium drinks. Here I provide a comprehensive overview of recent research findings and suggest several new guidelines for the endurance athlete on the basis of this. These guidelines are more detailed and allow a more individualized approach. 相似文献
9.
Ingesting carbohydrate plus protein following prolonged exercise may restore exercise capacity more effectively than ingestion of carbohydrate alone. The objective of the present study was to determine whether this potential benefit is a consequence of the protein fraction per se or simply due to the additional energy it provides. Six active males participated in three trials, each involving a 90-min treadmill run at 70% maximal oxygen uptake (run 1) followed by a 4-h recovery. At 30-min intervals during recovery, participants ingested solutions containing: (1) 0.8 g carbohydrate x kg body mass (BM)(-1) h(-1) plus 0.3 g kg(-1) h(-1) of whey protein isolate (CHO-PRO); (2) 0.8 g carbohydrate x kg BM(-1) h(-1) (CHO); or (3) 1.1 g carbohydrate x kg BM(-1) h(-1) (CHO-CHO). The latter two solutions matched the CHO-PRO solution for carbohydrate and for energy, respectively. Following recovery, participants ran to exhaustion at 70% maximal oxygen uptake (run 2). Exercise capacity during run 2 was greater following ingestion of CHO-PRO and CHO-CHO than following ingestion of CHO (P< or = 0.05) with no significant difference between the CHO-PRO and CHO-CHO treatments. In conclusion, increasing the energy content of these recovery solutions extended run time to exhaustion, irrespective of whether the additional energy originated from sucrose or whey protein isolate. 相似文献
10.
The effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation
Juul Achten & Asker E Jeukendrup 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):1017-1025
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of ingesting 75?g of glucose 45?min before the start of a graded exercise test to exhaustion on the determination of the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax). Eleven moderately trained individuals ( V?O2max: 58.9±1.0?ml?·?kg?1?·?min?1; mean±sx¯ ), who had fasted overnight, performed two graded exercise tests to exhaustion, one 45?min after ingesting a placebo drink and one 45?min after ingesting 75?g of carbohydrate in the form of glucose. The tests started at 95?W and the workload was increased by 35?W every 3?min. Gas exchange measures and heart rate were recorded throughout exercise. Fat oxidation rates were calculated using stoichiometric equations. Blood samples were collected at rest and at the end of each stage of the test. Maximal fat oxidation rates decreased from 0.46±0.06 to 0.33±0.06?g?·?min?1 when carbohydrate was ingested before the start of exercise (P?<0.01). There was also a decrease in the intensity which elicited maximal fat oxidation (60.1±1.9% vs 52.0±3.4% V?O2max) after carbohydrate ingestion (P?<0.05). Maximal power output was higher in the carbohydrate than in the placebo trial (346±12 vs 332±12?W) (P?<0.05). In conclusion, the ingestion of 75?g of carbohydrate 45?min before the onset of exercise decreased Fatmax by 14%, while the maximal rate of fat oxidation decreased by 28%. 相似文献
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12.
The effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of ingesting 75 g of glucose 45 min before the start of a graded exercise test to exhaustion on the determination of the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax). Eleven moderately trained individuals (VO2max: 58.9 +/- 1.0 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); mean +/- sx), who had fasted overnight, performed two graded exercise tests to exhaustion, one 45 min after ingesting a placebo drink and one 45 min after ingesting 75 g of carbohydrate in the form of glucose. The tests started at 95 W and the workload was increased by 35 W every 3 min. Gas exchange measures and heart rate were recorded throughout exercise. Fat oxidation rates were calculated using stoichiometric equations. Blood samples were collected at rest and at the end of each stage of the test. Maximal fat oxidation rates decreased from 0.46 +/- 0.06 to 0.33 +/- 0.06 g min(-1) when carbohydrate was ingested before the start of exercise (P < 0.01). There was also a decrease in the intensity which elicited maximal fat oxidation (60.1 +/- 1.9% vs 52.0+3.4% VO2max) after carbohydrate ingestion (P < 0.05). Maximal power output was higher in the carbohydrate than in the placebo trial (346 +/- 12 vs 332 +/- 12 W) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the ingestion of 75 g of carbohydrate 45 min before the onset of exercise decreased Fatmax by 14%, while the maximal rate of fat oxidation decreased by 28%. 相似文献
13.
补充糖和/或肌酸对赛后血清肌酸激酶活性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
8名男性足球运动员，按正交表L4(23)进行实验设计，进行关于糖、肌酸补充对足球运动员血清肌酸激酶活性影响的效果观察实验。A组仅补充空白饮料；B组每天补充20克肌酸；C组每天仅补充100克以低聚糖为主的饮料；D组同时补充肌酸和低聚糖饮料，补充方法同B、C组。连续补充5天。补充前后进行血清肌酸激酶浓度的测试。补充前测试时均喝空白饮料，补充后测试时补充相应饮料。测试前进行模拟现场比赛。模拟现场比赛分为两个半场，各45分钟，间隔15分钟。每个半场包15个3分钟的循环，测量每个半场后的血清肌酸激酶的浓度。结果表明：单独补充糖或肌酸，同时补充糖和肌酸均可使运动员赛后的即刻血清肌酸激酶活性显著下降，而且糖和肌酸同时补充效果好。提示同时补充糖、肌酸有利于足球运动员提高赛场竞技能力。 相似文献
14.
AbstractThe oral–pharyngeal cavity and the gastrointestinal tract are richly endowed with receptors that respond to taste, temperature and to a wide range of specific nutrient and non-nutritive food components. Ingestion of carbohydrate-containing drinks has been shown to enhance endurance exercise performance, and these responses have been attributed to post-absorptive effects. It is increasingly recognised, though, that the response to ingested carbohydrate begins in the mouth via specific carbohydrate receptors and continues in the gut via the release of a range of hormones that influence substrate metabolism. Cold drinks can also enhance performance, especially in conditions of thermal stress, and part of the mechanism underlying this effect may be the response to cold fluids in the mouth. There is also some, albeit not entirely consistent, evidence for effects of caffeine, quinine, menthol and acetic acid on performance or other relevant effects. This review summarises current knowledge of responses to mouth sensing of temperature, carbohydrate and other food components, with the goal of assisting athletes to implement practical strategies that make best use of its effects. It also examines the evidence that oral intake of other nutrients or characteristics associated with food/fluid intake during exercise can enhance performance via communication between the mouth/gut and the brain. 相似文献
15.
An athlete's carbohydrate intake can be judged by whether total daily intake and the timing of consumption in relation to exercise maintain adequate carbohydrate substrate for the muscle and central nervous system ("high carbohydrate availability") or whether carbohydrate fuel sources are limiting for the daily exercise programme ("low carbohydrate availability"). Carbohydrate availability is increased by consuming carbohydrate in the hours or days prior to the session, intake during exercise, and refuelling during recovery between sessions. This is important for the competition setting or for high-intensity training where optimal performance is desired. Carbohydrate intake during exercise should be scaled according to the characteristics of the event. During sustained high-intensity sports lasting ~1 h, small amounts of carbohydrate, including even mouth-rinsing, enhance performance via central nervous system effects. While 30-60 g · h(-1) is an appropriate target for sports of longer duration, events >2.5 h may benefit from higher intakes of up to 90 g · h(-1). Products containing special blends of different carbohydrates may maximize absorption of carbohydrate at such high rates. In real life, athletes undertake training sessions with varying carbohydrate availability. Whether implementing additional "train-low" strategies to increase the training adaptation leads to enhanced performance in well-trained individuals is unclear. 相似文献
16.
In this study, we assessed the influence that pre-exercise glucose ingestion of two concentrations has on the physiological responses of paraplegic athletes. Eight men with paraplegia ingested a drink containing 4% (low) or 11% (high) carbohydrate in a randomized double-blind crossover design, 20 min before exercise. The participants performed wheelchair exercise at 65% of peak oxygen uptake for 1 h followed by a 20 min performance test. During both trials, the physiological responses were similar and indicated steady-state exercise. At the onset of exercise, blood glucose concentrations in both trials increased after carbohydrate ingestion (P < 0.05) before returning to resting values after 20 min of exercise and there were no differences between trials. Free fatty acid concentrations increased from rest to 1 h of exercise in both trials, with a greater increase during the low carbohydrate trial that led to a difference in free fatty acids between trials at the end of the 1 h tests (P < 0.05). There was a tendency for the performance distances and power outputs achieved during the high carbohydrate trial to be greater than those achieved during the low carbohydrate trial (P= 0.08). In conclusion, when paraplegic athletes ingested low and high carbohydrate drinks before exercise, the decline in blood glucose concentrations was similar. The tendency for higher blood glucose concentrations, respiratory exchange ratios and power outputs and lower free fatty acid concentrations (P < 0.05) during the high carbohydrate trial suggests that a higher concentration of carbohydrate in a sports drink might be a better choice for paraplegic athletes. 相似文献
17.
Ruth Hobson 《Journal of sports sciences》2015,33(1):77-84
The addition of whey protein to a carbohydrate–electrolyte drink has been shown to enhance post-exercise rehydration when a volume below that recommended for full fluid balance restoration is provided. We investigated if this held true when volumes sufficient to restore fluid balance were consumed and if differences might be explained by changes in plasma albumin content. Sixteen participants lost ~1.9% of their pre-exercise body mass by cycling in the heat and rehydrated with 150% of body mass lost with either a 60 g · L?1 carbohydrate drink (CHO) or a 60 g · L?1 carbohydrate, 20 g · L?1 whey protein isolate drink (CHO-P). Urine and blood samples were collected pre-exercise, post-exercise, post-rehydration and every hour for 4 h post-rehydration. There was no difference between trials for total urine production (CHO 1057 ± 319 mL; CHO-P 970 ± 334 mL; P = 0.209), drink retention (CHO 51 ± 12%; CHO-P 55 ± 15%; P = 0.195) or net fluid balance (CHO ?393 ± 272 mL; CHO-P ?307 ± 331 mL; P = 0.284). Plasma albumin content relative to pre-exercise was increased from 2 to 4 h during CHO-P only. These results demonstrate that the addition of whey protein isolate to a carbohydrate–electrolyte drink neither enhances nor inhibits rehydration. Therefore, where post-exercise protein ingestion might benefit recovery, this can be consumed without effecting rehydration. 相似文献
18.
Nine male triathletes were studied during 160 min of exercise at 65% VO2 max on two occasions to examine the effect of glucose polymer ingestion on energy and fluid balance. During one trial they received 200 ml of a 10% glucose polymer solution at 20 min intervals during exercise (CHO), while in the other they received an equal volume of a sweet placebo (CON). On average, blood glucose levels (CON = 4.2 +/- 0.2 mmol l-1, CHO = 4.8 +/- 0.1, mean +/- S.E.) and respiratory exchange ratios (CON = 0.84 +/- 0.01, CHO = 0.87 +/- 0.01) during exercise were higher (P less than 0.05) as a result of the glucose polymer ingestion. There were no differences between trials, however, in the estimated plasma volume changes during exercise. Exercise time to exhaustion at an intensity corresponding to 110% VO2 max, performed 5 min after the submaximal exercise, was not influenced by glucose polymer ingestion. Relative to a control exercise bout conducted without prior exercise, however, sprint performance and postexercise blood lactate accumulation were impaired in both trials. It is concluded that glucose polymer ingestion maintains blood glucose levels and a high rate of carbohydrate oxidation during prolonged exercise, without compromising fluid balance. 相似文献
19.
Lewis J. James Emma J. Stevenson Penny L. S. Rumbold Carl J. Hulston 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(1):40-48
AbstractPost-exercise recovery is a multi-facetted process that will vary depending on the nature of the exercise, the time between exercise sessions and the goals of the exerciser. From a nutritional perspective, the main considerations are: (1) optimisation of muscle protein turnover; (2) glycogen resynthesis; (3) rehydration; (4) management of muscle soreness; (5) appropriate management of energy balance. Milk is approximately isotonic (osmolality of 280–290?mosmol/kg), and the mixture of high quality protein, carbohydrate, water and micronutrients (particularly sodium) make it uniquely suitable as a post-exercise recovery drink in many exercise scenarios. Research has shown that ingestion of milk post-exercise has the potential to beneficially impact both acute recovery and chronic training adaptation. Milk augments post-exercise muscle protein synthesis and rehydration, can contribute to post-exercise glycogen resynthesis, and attenuates post-exercise muscle soreness/function losses. For these aspects of recovery, milk is at least comparable and often out performs most commercially available recovery drinks, but is available at a fraction of the cost, making it a cheap and easy option to facilitate post-exercise recovery. Milk ingestion post-exercise has also been shown to attenuate subsequent energy intake and may lead to more favourable body composition changes with exercise training. This means that those exercising for weight management purposes might be able to beneficially influence post-exercise recovery, whilst maintaining the energy deficit created by exercise. 相似文献
20.
Clarke ND Campbell IT Drust B Evans L Reilly T Maclaren DP 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(7):699-708
This study was designed to investigate the effect of ingesting a glucose plus fructose solution on the metabolic responses to soccer-specific exercise in the heat and the impact on subsequent exercise capacity. Eleven male soccer players performed a 90 min soccer-specific protocol on three occasions. Either 3 ml · kg(-1) body mass of a solution containing glucose (1 g · min(-1) glucose) (GLU), or glucose (0.66 g · min(-1)) plus fructose (0.33 g · min(-1)) (MIX) or placebo (PLA) was consumed every 15 minutes. Respiratory measures were undertaken at 15-min intervals, blood samples were drawn at rest, half-time and on completion of the protocol, and muscle glycogen concentration was assessed pre- and post-exercise. Following the soccer-specific protocol the Cunningham and Faulkner test was performed. No significant differences in post-exercise muscle glycogen concentration (PLA, 62.99 ± 8.39 mmol · kg wet weight(-1); GLU 68.62 ± 2.70; mmol · kg wet weight(-1) and MIX 76.63 ± 6.92 mmol · kg wet weight(-1)) or exercise capacity (PLA, 73.62 ± 8.61 s; GLU, 77.11 ± 7.17 s; MIX, 83.04 ± 9.65 s) were observed between treatments (P > 0.05). However, total carbohydrate oxidation was significantly increased during MIX compared with PLA (P < 0.05). These results suggest that when ingested in moderate amounts, the type of carbohydrate does not influence metabolism during soccer-specific intermittent exercise or affect performance capacity after exercise in the heat. 相似文献