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1.
In face‐to‐face interaction, speakers often pursue secondary goals such as not hurting the other's feelings. Two studies investigated the effect of trait verbal aggressiveness (VA) on the importance of such goals. In both studies, persons higher in VA were relatively less likely to judge messages unacceptable for the reason that the message would offend or hurt the hearer. Study 1 also found that high VAs are less likely to consider messages unacceptable because the message conflicts with their principles and less likely to report chronic secondary goals to be supportive or maintain a positive relationship. In Study 2, the effect of VA on the situated importance of a goal to not offend or hurt the other depended on the situation. The implications for the manner in which high VAs anticipate the outcomes of message are considered.  相似文献   

2.
Prior to speaking, a person may anticipate outcomes of a message. Such outcomes often pertain to the relevance of the message to secondary goals such as impression management or relationship maintenance. Based on expected outcomes, a decision is made to say, to edit, or to withhold a message. This study asks whether anticipating that a message would conflict with a secondary goal affects perceived message acceptability differently when different primary goals are pursued (e.g., comforting, providing feedback). Eight primary goals and four secondary goals were investigated. Findings show that secondary goal importance and the extent to which expected conflict with a secondary goal reduces message acceptability varies across primary goals.  相似文献   

3.
A new compliance-gaining technique is introduced called the “just-one-more” (JOM) technique that increases compliance rates by including the phrase “I just need one more person to help.” Two studies are reported (N = 160 in each). The first established the effectiveness of the technique as compared to a direct request. The second tested the hypothesis that goal difficulty moderates the technique's effectiveness in a 2 (JOM or direct request) × 2 (requester needs five surveys or 100). Results indicate that the JOM was substantially more effective than a direct request in the 100 surveys condition but not the five.  相似文献   

4.
Dillard's goals‐planning‐action (GPA) model of interpersonal influence encompasses two different process models depending on the initial weighing of primary and secondary goals. In contrast to the GPA's prediction that the ordering of the intervening processes is moderated by the initial weighing of these two types of goals, a simplified version was found that fit the data both when the primary goal was greater than the secondary goal and when the secondary goal was greater than the primary goal. In both conditions, the two types of goals have simultaneous, direct relationships with the persuaders’ decisions to engage their targets, and indirect effects on subsequent plan generation.  相似文献   

5.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(3):210-235

The primary aim of this paper is to identify cross‐cultural similarities and differences in people's implicit theories of requesting. Implicit theories are conceptualized as containing information about five interactive constraints that influence choices about requests: (1) Clarity, (2) Perceived imposition, (3) Consideration for the other's feelings, (4) Risking disapproval for self, and (5) Effectiveness. The paper compares how these five constraints are perceived and rated across cultures and traces possible links between the constraints and perceptions of the likelihood of using various request strategies. Participants are a total of 595 undergraduates: 296 Koreans (native speakers of Korean) and 299 Americans (native American English speakers) studying in their respective countries. After reading a hypothetical request situation, participants evaluated request strategies along the five constraint dimensions as well as for likelihood of use. The rank‐ordering of the request strategies along the dimensions were similar across cultures except for effectiveness of strategies. Striking cross‐cultural differences were found in the rank and mean strategy ratings for effectiveness judgments: U.S. participants considered the direct statement strategy as the most effective way of making a request, while Korean participants rated it as the least effective strategy. Regarding the incompatibility among interactive constraints, U.S. participants saw clarity to be closely related to effectiveness of strategies; for Korean participants clarity of strategies was counterproductive to effectiveness. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.  相似文献   

6.
One explanation for sex differences in supportive behavior is that men and women pursue different goals in supportive interactions. Sex differences in goals may themselves be explained by personality traits such as expressivity and supportive self‐efficacy, or situational factors such as target responsibility. The current study examined sex differences in the pursuit of eight supportive goals, and the extent to which differences were explained by personality and situational factors. Participants (254 men, 386 women) read hypothetical scenarios involving a distressed friend who was depicted as responsible or not responsible for his or her problematic situation, and responded to measures of supportive goals and personality traits. Results indicate that women are somewhat more likely to pursue a range of goals that are likely to result in effective supportive messages (e.g., emotional support, problem‐solving). Many of the sex differences in goal pursuit were mediated by the personality traits of expressivity and supportive self‐efficacy.  相似文献   

7.

Politeness Theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) implies that the negative politeness in requests should increase with the degree of threat to the hearer's negative face. The present study asked whether this effect depends on the type of request being made. Participants produced either borrow requests or stop action requests in situations that involved either a high threat or low threat to the hearer's face. As hypothesized, greater face threat produced more negative politeness (apologies and promises) in borrow requests but not in stop action requests.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

What happens when libraries begin to use ILL to request items that they already own in their home collection? The goal of this multiyear study involving 9565 ILL requests to the Joint Library Facility in Bryan, Texas, is to examine whether or not the shared storage facility was becoming an ILL hub for some libraries. This paper reports the results of the study and how individual requesting and lending interlibrary loan policies and procedures might be altered to address these developing issues.  相似文献   

9.

Although scholars frequently describe communication as goal oriented, they offer limited detail about how people form interaction goals in situations. This paper presents a “Cognitive Rules” model which specifies assumptions about the structures and processes underlying goal formation. According to the model, people represent their knowledge about goals within an associative network model of memory, which contains cognitive rules linking situational features and desired outcomes. People's likelihood of forming a goal depends on the accessibility of relevant cognitive rules as well as the fit between perceived situational features and rules. An experiment testing these assumptions is reported. As predicted, a priming manipulation influenced interaction goals in attributionally ambiguous but not in attributionally clear compliance‐gaining situations. Unexpectedly, the effect of priming on goals occurred only for people high in construct differentiation. Implications of these findings for accounts of goal formation and message production are discussed.  相似文献   

10.
This study examined how advice givers' self-reported interaction goals influence recipients' evaluations of advice. A typology of giver goals was developed based on message production theories, and the influence of goal pursuit on evaluations of advice was analyzed in interactions between friends (N=189 dyads). In the structural equation model, several giver goals directly affected recipients' evaluations of specific advice features (e.g., greater effort to give efficacious and feasible advice resulted in ratings of advice as more efficacious and feasible). In turn, recipient evaluations of specific message features influenced their ratings of advice message quality. Advice giver goals of efficacy/feasibility, politeness, and novelty led to positive recipient ratings, whereas effort to change the recipient's mind led to negative evaluations.  相似文献   

11.
This study examines strategies employed by women when refusing an unwanted request for increased intimacy. Women (N = 76) orally produced refusal messages to unwanted requests from hypothetical dating partners and friends. The influence of relationship type, request persistence, and alcohol consumption on refusal strategies was examined. Approximately half of the participants (N = 37) drank alcohol before encoding the refusal messages. The results indicate that relationship type influenced women's refusal strategy selection and that request persistence had a more pronounced influence on the refusals to dates’ requests than to friends’ requests. Alcohol consumption did not significantly affect the encoding of refusal strategies. Results suggest that the influence of alcohol consumption on refusals should be examined within the context of the whole message production process.  相似文献   

12.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(3):217-235
Communication scholars have long argued that achieving one's personal goals with others constitutes an important element of interpersonal communication competence. Moreover, sensitivity to the partner's goals has been implicated in various lines of research related to competence. Despite the presumed status of goal achievement and sensitivity to the partner's goals, models do not develop the relationships between these constructs and how actors are assessed in terms of competence criteria. This paper attempts to repair this oversight by advancing and testing hypotheses that connect assessments of competence to actor's goal achievement and sensitivity to the partner's goals. Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) (Kashy & Kenny, 1999), both actor and partner assessments of the actor's sensitivity and conflict strategies were analyzed. Results reveal that sensitivity to the partner's goals was a strong predictor of competence assessments and that actor goal achievement was a moderate predictor of competence assessments. In short, support was found for the explicit inclusion of goal achievement and goal sensitivity in models of interpersonal communication competence.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Technological advances in the processing of interlibrary loans have enabled libraries to deliver materials electronically to users. Delivery is especially beneficial for distance education students for whom typical interlibrary loan services are often not a viable option. The author conducted a survey of libraries that serve distance education students to determine which systems and processes, used in traditional interlibrary loan, are transferable to the delivery of materials from the “home” institution to off-campus students. To complement the survey, the results of a case study of experiences at Western Michigan University (WMU) are presented. WMU uses ILLiad and SFX systems to facilitate the request and delivery of interlibrary loan and document delivery requests to students both on and off-campus students.  相似文献   

14.
This study examined humor production in relation to attachment dimensions and interaction goals. Participants (N = 172) completed measures of attachment dimensions (anxiety, avoidance), humor production (affiliative humor, aggressive humor), and primary and secondary goals. Anxiety was negatively related to affiliative humor, whereas avoidance was positively related to aggressive humor. Affiliative humor was related to effectiveness and being playful in the interaction, as well as the secondary goals of arousal management and clarity. Aggressive humor was not related to any of the goals.  相似文献   

15.
Decisions influencing the allocation of acquisitions funds in academic libraries are often based on the influence of many conflicting expectations ranging from those of the university community, administrators, faculty, and students to those of the librarians themselves. Any effective allocation model must be capable of reflecting the librarian's judgment about the priority of desired goals within the constraints of the existing situation. Most allocation models fail to meet this requirement. This article demonstrates how goal programming techniques can be used to provide an optimal allocation solution within the context of conflicting and incommensurate goals. A goal programming model is developed and used to illustrate the solution of a library acquisition allocation problem.  相似文献   

16.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(3):284-305
Research on sexual resistance has contributed significantly to our understanding of the strategies used by resisters, but has been relatively devoid of theoretical applications that shed light on mechanisms underlying the choice of strategy. Moreover, existing research in this area has mostly ignored the interactive and processual nature of sexual encounters. This investigation applied the general frameworks of Politeness Theory and Planning Theory to explain the selection of sexual resistance strategies following both initial and persisting requests. In addition, we investigated the contingent effects of request directness on characteristics of the resistance message and tested the influence of resister sex on strategy choice. The results extend knowledge in this area of inquiry by showing the impact of apparently shifting goals hierarchies for changes in strategy choice within the interaction. The implications of our findings for theoretical and applied claims about sexual resistance contexts are discussed, and suggestions for future research are advanced.  相似文献   

17.
The paper studies concept-based cross-language information retrieval (CLIR). The document collection was a subset of the TREC collection. The test requests were formed from TREC's health related topics. As translation dictionaries the study used a general dictionary and a domain-specific (=medical) dictionary. The effects of translation method, conjunction, and facet order on the effectiveness of concept-based cross-language queries were studied, and concept-based structuring of cross-language queries was compared to mechanical structuring based on the output of dictionaries. The performance of translated Finnish queries against English documents was compared to the performance of original English queries against the English documents, and the performance of different CLIR query types was compared with one another. No major difference was found between concept-based and mechanical structuring. The best translation method was a simultaneous look-up in the medical dictionary and the general dictionary, in which case cross-language queries performed as well as the original English queries. The results showed that especially at high exhaustivity (the number of mutually restrictive concepts in a request) levels cross-language queries perform well in relation to monolingual queries. This suggests that conjunction disambiguates cross-language queries. An extensive study was made of the relative importance of the concepts of requests. On the basis of the classification data of request concepts it was shown how the order of facets in a query affects cross-language as well as monolingual queries.  相似文献   

18.
This paper is the first of two Learned Publishing articles in which we report the results of a series of interviews with senior publishers and editors exploring open access megajournals (OAMJs). Megajournals (of which PLoS One is the best known example) represent a relatively new approach to scholarly communication and can be characterized as large, broad‐scope, open access journals that take an innovative approach to peer review, basing acceptance decisions solely on the technical or scientific soundness of the article. This model is often said to support the broader goals of the open science movement. Based on in‐depth interviews with 31 publishers and editors representing 16 different organizations (10 of which publish a megajournal), this paper reports how the term ‘megajournal’ is understood and publishers’ rationale and motivations for launching (or not launching) an OAMJ. We find that while there is general agreement on the common characteristics of megajournals, there is not yet a consensus on their relative importance. We also find seven motivating factors that were said to drive the launch of an OAMJ and link each of these factors to potential societal and business benefits. These results suggest that the often polarized debate surrounding OAMJs is a consequence of the extent to which observers perceive publishers to be motivated by these societal or business benefits.  相似文献   

19.
The current study examines cognitive and emotional influences on the formation of interaction goals. Specifically, it develops and assesses an extension of Weiner's attribution-emotion-intention model of helping (e.g., Weiner, 1995) to the prediction of support providers' goals. 608 college students read situations manipulating attributions of responsibility, stability, and effort with regard to a friend who was seeking support. They subsequently responded to measures of emotional response (anger, sympathy), interaction goals, and attributions. Attributions were found to influence goals both directly and through the mediation of emotion, though the character of this influence depended strongly on the goal. The results suggest that at least some variability in the effectiveness and sensitivity of supportive communication can be explained by support providers' goals. They also indicate the need for continued, closer examination of cognitive and emotional influences on interaction goals and behaviors.  相似文献   

20.
This article classifies information retrieval applications into three classes depending on the correspondence between a user's request and the queries posed to the document base. It is argued that the mapping of requests (on a semantic level) to formalized queries (often on a lexical level) determines the range of retrieval effectiveness that may be obtained and that this classification may explain the discrepancy found in some information retrieval tests. It may also shed new light on a debate in the profession about the efficiency of retrieval systems in relation to precision, recall and information overload.  相似文献   

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