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1.
Myers N 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(4):817-828
A recently released documentary on life in a protein crystallography laboratory offers an exemplary opportunity to examine how a popular account of scientific training models narrowly defined norms of masculinity and mentorship and simultaneously sets these as the tacit conditions for success in science. Rather than treating this documentary as a good or bad representation of what life in the lab is actually like, this analysis draws attention to how the scientists featured in the film perform for the camera and how the filmmakers splice together the action to animate an engaging story. This essay shows how this popular and widely circulating documentary frames science as a game to be won and stages scientific success on an agonistic playing field. Those who can "make it" are those who are tough enough and those who are willing and able to get entangled in the taunting, jesting, and jostling relationships that appear to be required for mentorship in this lab. The essay argues that this documentary tethers this model of success in science to restrictive norms of masculinity and in so doing promotes a pedagogical culture that fosters competition, rivalry, and ritualized shame. Feminist theories of performativity are engaged to consider the iterative processes through which narrowly circumscribed masculinities and styles of pedagogy are sedimented and naturalized. This essay aims to spur renewed attention to the care historians and anthropologists might take to examine the often hidden tropes that are lurking inside the stories about science that we find so salient. 相似文献
2.
Pandora K Rader KA 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):350-364
The history of science is more than the history of scientists. This essay argues that various modem "publics" should be counted as belonging within an enlarged vision of who constitutes the "scientific community"--and describes how the history of science could be important for understanding their experiences. It gives three examples of how natural knowledge-making happens in vernacular contexts: Victorian Britain's publishing experiments in "popular science" as effective literary strategies for communicating to lay and specialist readers; twentieth-century American science museums as important and contested sites for conveying both scientific ideas and ideas about scientific practice; and contemporary mass-mediated images of the "ideal" scientist as providing counternarratives to received professional scientific norms. Finally, it suggests how humanistic knowledge might help both scientists and historians grapple more effectively with contemporary challenges presented by science in public spheres. By studying the making and elaboration of scientific knowledge within popular culture, historians of science can provide substantively grounded insights into the relations between the public and professionals. 相似文献
3.
Milburn C 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(3):560-569
Science fiction remains an alien dimension of the history of science. Historical and literary studies of science have become increasingly attentive to various "literary technologies" in scientific practice, the metaphorical features of scientific discourse, and the impact of popular science writing on the social development of scientific knowledge. But the function of science fiction and even literature as such in the history of scientific and technological innovation has often been obscured, misconstrued, or repudiated owing to conventional notions of authorship, influence, and the organic unity of texts. The better to address those close encounters where scientific practice makes use of speculative fiction, this essay proposes that we instead analyze such exchanges as processes of appropriation, remixing, and modification. 相似文献
4.
Fyfe A 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2005,96(2):192-223
Existing scholarship on the debates over expertise in mid-nineteenth-century Britain has demonstrated the importance of popular writings on the sciences to definitions of scientific authority. Yet while men of science might position themselves in opposition to the stereotype of the merely popular writer, the self-identity of the popular writer remained ambiguous. This essay examines the careers of William Charles Linnaeus Martin (1798-1864) and Thomas Milner (1808-ca. 1883) and places them in the context of others who made their living by writing works on the sciences for the general reader. Martin wrote on zoology and Milner moved between astronomy, geology, and geography. The essay unravels the close but ambivalent relationship between the professions of authorship and of science and highlights writing as another aspect of scientific practice. Both writers were moderately financially successful, but Martin's sense of failure and Milner's satisfaction reflect their contrasting images of their professional identity. 相似文献
5.
要改变科技知识普及过程中的乱象就要提高全民的科学素养,其根本就是要就加强人才培养,高校不但要培养高水平的科技传播人才,更应该注重科学通才的培养,并通过对科普人才培训等多种途径加强科普人才的培养,以适应人才强国的需要。 相似文献
6.
Edgerton D 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(2):316-327
This essay argues that taking the economy seriously in histories of science could not only extend the range of activities studied but also change--often quite radically--our understanding of well-known cases and instances in twentieth-century science. It shows how scientific intellectuals and historians of science have followed the money as a means of critique of particular forms of science and of particular conceptions of science. It suggests the need to go further, to a much broader implicit definition of what constitutes science--one that implies a criticism of much history of twentieth-century science for defining it implicitly and inappropriately in very restrictive ways. 相似文献
7.
Redrawing the map: science in twentieth-century China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Fan FT 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(3):524-538
This essay argues that science in twentieth-century China is a rich topic that can be productively integrated into research and teaching on the history of modern science. It identifies major issues of science in twentieth-century China and demonstrates that they can prove useful to any scholar who wishes to consider science in a comparative and trans/international context. The essay suggests two important steps for a fruitful investigation into the topic of science in twentieth-century China: first, revising the historiographic assumptions and categories that underlie much of the conventional historical narrative of modern science; and, second, breaking free from the tunnel history of national science. To illustrate these points, the essay examines a series of case studies of science in modern China and discusses the relevance of such subjects as scientific nationalism, Maoist mass science, and transnational scientific networks for the understanding of science in the twentieth-century world. 相似文献
8.
科技人才科普能力建设机制研究——基于中科院科研院所的调查分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
加强科技人才科普能力建设是改进我国科技管理、发展科普事业的重要任务。通过资料分析、实地走访、深度访谈及问卷调查,认识到,目前我国科技人才科普能力建设得不到有效的制度支撑,不能满足国家和社会公众的需要。以中科院为例,科普投入不足,科技人才科普积极性自觉性不强,人均实际投入科普工作量下降,科普创新及科普专业能力不高。建议改进科技人员考评、科研项目管理等方面制度,加强科技人才开展科普的动员、投入、培养、激励机制建设,壮大科技人才科普队伍规模,提高科技人才科普专业水平和创新能力。 相似文献
9.
Lane KM 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2005,96(4):477-506
Over two decades spanning the turn of the twentieth century, astronomers' claims about the landscape and climate of Mars spurred widespread scientific and popular interest in the possibility that the red planet might be inhabited. This essay offers a new explanation for the power with which the notion of an inhabited Mars gripped noted scholars and everyday citizens on both sides of the Atlantic. Rather than pointing to a rekindling of age-old philosophical interest in the plurality of worlds, it argues that turn-of-the-century scientific narratives about Mars derived much of their power and popularity from ties with the newly established discipline of geography. From mapmaking to travelogue-style writing, astronomers borrowed powerful representational strategies from the discipline of geography to legitimize their claims about the red planet. In making the link between geographical and astronomical science more explicit, the essay further suggests that turn-of-the-century representations of Mars could be productively recontextualized alongside geographical works produced in the same period. 相似文献
10.
周作人是中国现代散文家、文学理论家、翻译家、思想家、民俗学开拓人。本文将以他的部分小品文为例,探讨其博物学与科普价值。在中国现代科普领域,周作人缘何遇冷,其作品与同时代科普作品相比有何区别,为什么在大多数人看来,周氏作品仅仅只是＂闲适小品文＂？本文试图论述,在我国现代博物学发展之初,人文与科学之间具有真诚的、深层次交流的意愿与能力;传统文化、民间习俗与现代科学之间具有相互弥补和促进的可能。把周作人那些夹杂着民俗、国学、西方博物学兴味的小品文,置于今天的环境中重新品读,会发现它们对民族、社会以及普通人的生活,都有着深切的思考和关照,能够给予当代人启示。 相似文献
11.
della Dora V 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(3):467-500
Over the past few years there has been an increasing acknowledgment that all knowledge is "sited knowledge." While place, mobility, and travel have become central issues in the history (and geography) of science, much of the discussion has nevertheless revolved around "formal scientific knowledge." This essay focuses on a specific type of popular "mobile" scientific knowledge making that emerged in the last decades of the nineteenth century: the educational cruise. In particular, it considers a series of voyages d'etude organized by the French scientific periodical Revue Générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées between 1897 and 1914 that were open to the general public. It examines both the ways and the spaces in which knowledge was produced and the type of knowledge that was produced. 相似文献
12.
Higgitt R Withers CW 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(1):1-27
This essay recovers the experiences of women at the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) from its founding in 1831 to the end of the Victorian era. It aims to add to research on women in science by reconsidering the traditional role of women as consumers rather than producers of knowledge and to that on science popularization by focusing on audience experience rather than on the aims and strategies of popularizers. The essay argues that, in various ways, the ubiquitous and visible female audience came to define the BAAS audience and "the public" for science more generally. The women who swelled the BAAS audiences were accepted as a social element within the meetings even as they were regarded critically as scientific participants. Portrayed as passive and nonscientific, women allowed the male scientific elites to distance themselves from their audiences. Arguing from diary and other evidence, we present examples that complicate existing notions of audiences for science as necessarily active. 相似文献
13.
我国公民科学素质变迁的年龄时期和世代效应 《科学学研究》2022,40(9):1544-1554
公民科学素质是反映一个国家或地区教育事业改革和发展水平、科学技术传播与普及程度以及社会发展变迁的重要指标,我国公民科学素质水平反映了建国以来这些因素的聚集结果。基于2010-2020年三次中国公民科学素质调查数据,构建“年龄—时期—世代”模型,探讨年龄、时期和世代效应对我国公民科学素质变迁的贡献情况。研究发现,世代效应对我国公民科学素质提升具有显著作用,教育事业发展使年轻世代为科学素质整体水平快速提升提供增量;《全民科学素质行动计划纲要（2006-2010-2020年）》的实施推动公民科学素质建设长足发展,产生了显著的时期效应;而个体生命周期中不同阶段的也存在显著影响作用,青少年是科学素质提升的关键期,中老年对科学素质提升产生制约性影响。通过解析公民科学素质发展的内在因素和外部因素,进一步加深对科学素质发展规律的认识,有助于探索新时期我国公民科学素质建设的有效路径。 相似文献
14.
The 'Book of Life' in the press: comparing German and Irish media discourse on human genome research
The essay compares German and Irish media coverage of human genome research in the year 2000, using qualitative and quantitative frame analysis of a print media corpus. Drawing from a media-theoretical account of science communication, the study examines four analytic dimensions: (1) the influence of global and national sources of discourse; (2) the nature of elaboration on important themes; (3) the extent of societal participation in discourse production; (4) the cultural conditions in which the discourse resonates. The analysis shows that a global discursive package, emphasizing claims of scientific achievement and medical progress, dominates media coverage in both countries. However, German coverage is more extensive and elaborate, and includes a wider range of participants. Irish coverage more often incorporates the global package without further elaboration. These finding indicate that the global package is 'localized' differently due to national patterns of interests, German participation in human genome research, traditions of media coverage, and the domestic resonance of the issue. 相似文献
15.
高端科普智库的内涵治理体系与建设路径 《科学学研究》2023,41(2):317-324
当前,科学技术与公共政策的紧密结合对发挥科普咨政建言作用提出了时代呼唤,建设高端科普智库成为新发展阶段的必然要求。从服务科学决策、团结引领社会公众参与民主决策、强化舆论引导等方面探讨了建设高端科普智库的重要意义,界定了高端科普智库的内涵,从目标、内容、对象、动力等方面剖析了高端科普智库的基本特征。探讨了当前高端科普智库建设面临的问题和困境。从治理体系、产品生产、影响力三个维度构建了高端科普智库建设路径的分析框架,并对国内外13家高端智库和科技智库的建设经验进行了比较分析,基于此总结提出高端科普智库的建设路径,包括建立科学的智库治理体系、优化智库产品生产机制、提升智库决策影响力等。 相似文献
16.
Gooday G Lynch JM Wilson KG Barsky CK 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):322-330
This essay argues that science education can gain from close engagement with the history of science both in the training of prospective vocational scientists and in educating the broader public about the nature of science. First it shows how historicizing science in the classroom can improve the pedagogical experience of science students and might even help them turn into more effective professional practitioners of science. Then it examines how historians of science can support the scientific education of the general public at a time when debates over "intelligent design" are raising major questions over the kind of science that ought to be available to children in their school curricula. It concludes by considering further work that might be undertaken to show how history of science could be of more general educational interest and utility, well beyond the closed academic domains in which historians of science typically operate. 相似文献
17.
Herman E 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2001,92(4):684-715
This essay considers the effort to transform child adoption into a modern scientific enterprise during the first half of the twentieth century via a case study of Arnold Gesell (1880-1961), a Yale developmentalist well known for his studies of child growth and the applied technologies that emerged from them: normative scales promising to measure and predict development. Scientific adoption was a central aspiration for many human scientists, helping professionals, and state regulators. They aimed to reduce the numerous hazards presumed to be inherent in adopting children, especially infants, who were not one's "own." By importing insights and techniques drawn from the world of science into the practical world of family formation, scientific adoption stood for kinship by design. This case study explores one point of intersection between the history of science and the history of social welfare and social policy, simultaneously illustrating the cultural progress and power of scientific authority and the numerous obstacles to its practical realization. 相似文献
18.
英国科技社团通过整合政府、企业和社会等各种力量,形成了成熟灵活的科技传播和科学教育网络,已成为英国科学传播和科学教育工作的主要承担者。英国的科学传播和科学教育的社会化和社团化运作无疑将为尚处在起步阶段的中国科普事业提供宝贵经验,而这些成功社团也是我国科技系统开展中外科普合作的理想对象。 相似文献
19.
作为国家4A级景区,广西科技馆在立足公益和科普教育的基础上,也承担着拉动区域旅游吸引力的责任,这对其可持续发展的能力提出了很高的要求。为了在传播知识的同时,给观众美的享受,广西科技馆尝试将各种艺术形式融入科普展教工作中。科技辅导员参与的展品讲解、科普实验和科普剧中,有魔术表演、剪纸手工、童话故事、知识竞赛、化妆剧、布偶剧、话剧和歌舞剧等形式,任何一种形式都考虑到了和观众的互动。 相似文献