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1.
How to foster technical change is a highly relevant and intricate question in the arena of policymaking. Various studies have shown that technology-push and demand-pull policies induce innovation. However, there is a lack of work that distinguishes between the loci of policy support when assessing the policy-innovation relationship. We address this gap by shedding light on the question how the innovation effects of domestic and foreign demand-pull and technology-push policies differ. Using solar photovoltaic modules as a research case we conduct a panel analysis on 15 OECD countries over the period 1978 through 2005 with patent data. Three key findings emerged: First, our analyses find no evidence that domestic technology-push policies foster innovative output outside of national borders. Second, both domestic and foreign demand-pull policies trigger innovative output in a country. Third, we detect no indication that market growth induced by domestic demand-pull policies leads to more national innovative output than market growth induced by foreign demand-pull policies. Consequently, demand-pull policies create significant country-level innovation spillovers, which could disincentivize national policymakers to engage in domestic market creation. Based on these findings we discuss the need to establish supranational demand-pull policy schemes in order to address the spillover issue.  相似文献   

2.
《Research Policy》2022,51(5):104496
The study examines the role of a patent filed by government scientists in regard to the dissemination of scientific discoveries in government laboratories. While a patent filed by government scientists decreases the rate of follow-on patents in a technological area that overlaps with the areas of the focal patent, it increases the rate of follow-on patents in non-overlapping technological areas. The increase in follow-on inventions is attributed to risk-taking inventions, that is, inventions involve a high chance of resulting in either impactful or failure patents, rather than incremental inventions. It is also characterized by inventions with a high level of originality. Inventors in distant locations in terms of geographical and technological proximity are most affected by the patents filed by government scientists. The patent effect is pronounced when the government scientists involved in the focal discovery have fewer social connections and when the scientific field is less familiar in the industry. These findings are consistent with the idea that patenting by government scientists helps facilitate the dissemination of technological information or potential of scientific discoveries in government laboratories. Policy and managerial implications are also discussed.  相似文献   

3.
Successfully developed academic inventions have the potential to spawn new technological domains, form the basis of thriving business ventures, and improve the well-being of society. However, evaluating whether an early-stage scientific invention truly has such potential is extremely difficult, and financially backing such inventions is highly risky. And yet, organizations and their evaluators still back some of these inventions with resources for further development. We investigate this puzzle to pinpoint how and why evaluators decide to offer resource commitments at early stages, despite the red flags raised using standard evaluation criteria. Many academic inventions need these initial resources to dispel concerns regarding their commercial feasibility, so evaluators need to take a leap of faith with their support to prematurely avoid eliminating high-potential opportunities. We tested our theory using text analysis on nearly 700 invention evaluation reports written by a university’s technology transfer experts. Our results revealed that evaluators backed inventions based on their feasibility (overcoming doubt and assessing maturity) and desirability (background familiarity and scientific complexity). Using the context of the research laboratory, our study insights can be applied to many management situations in which early-stage opportunities are assessed for resource commitments under high uncertainty.  相似文献   

4.
《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104650
Do large firms produce more valuable inventions, and if so, why? After confirming that large firms indeed produce more valuable inventions, we consider two possible sources: a superior ability to invent, or a superior ability to extract value from their inventions. We develop a simple model that discriminates between the two explanations. Using a sample of 2,786 public corporations, and measures of both patent quality and patent value, we find that, while average invention value rises with size, average invention quality declines, suggesting, per our model, that the large firm advantage is not due to superior inventive capability, but due to the superior ability to extract value. We provide evidence suggesting that this superior ability to extract value is due to the greater commercialization capabilities of larger firms.  相似文献   

5.
《Research Policy》2023,52(4):104727
The aim of this study is to investigate technological diversity in the knowledge search and the knowledge output stages of the green inventive process. Exploiting a large sample of European patent data, from 1980 to 2013, the paper explores the degree of diversity in green inventions, comparing the recombinant features of green technologies with a control sample of non-green technologies selected through propensity score matching techniques. Empirical results suggest that green technologies show a higher degree of diversity of the knowledge sources and a higher technological diversity in how knowledge is effectively recombined. We further find that the green diversity premium is higher in the knowledge output phase than in the knowledge search phase. We conclude that the assessment of the role of technological diversity along the different phases of the invention process may improve the appropriate organization of innovative activities and policy design necessary for stimulating green technological developments and support a feasible sustainable transition.  相似文献   

6.
《Research Policy》2022,51(10):104585
Governments around the world try to accelerate sociotechnical change toward sustainability by introducing policy mixes that combine technology-push and demand-pull instruments. Beyond innovation and deployment, other objectives, such as domestic job and industry creation, are usually part of these policy mixes. However, little is known about how policy mixes should be designed and interactions between policy instruments considered when governments try to achieve multiple objectives simultaneously. We address these questions using an agent-based model of the sociotechnical system for solar photovoltaics in Germany that simulates technology adoption, industry dynamics, international spillovers and trade. By changing public spending on research and development and the solar feed-in tariff, forty-five variations of the historical policy mix in Germany are systematically evaluated. The results show that a narrow focus on innovation and deployment outcomes by academic researchers can lead to recommendations for the design of policy mixes that compromise key dimensions of sociotechnical change, such as job creation. Moreover, the simulations reveal that, because of path-dependent interactions between policy instruments, minor changes in the design of policy instruments can lead to vastly different policy outcomes. These findings have important implications for the literature on policy mixes, technology-push and demand-pull instruments, and sociotechnical transitions.  相似文献   

7.
Does the adaptation of incumbent firms to new methods of inventing follow similar patterns across industries and inventions? We investigate this question in the context of the revolutionary scientific advances enabling biotechnology and nanotechnology, both of which represent inventions of methods of inventing for incumbent firms. We hypothesize that an incumbent firm's ability to exploit these new methods of invention depends initially on access to tacit knowledge on how to employ the new methods. Over time, however, as firms learn and/or the knowledge becomes codified in routine procedures or commercially available equipment, inventive output is more highly dependent on traditional R&D investments. We empirically test these hypotheses on two longitudinal samples over the 21-year time period between 1980 and 2000: 80 incumbent pharmaceutical firms generating 15,607 biotechnology patents, and 249 firms across a diverse set of industries that were granted a total of 3236 nanotechnology patents. We find broad support for our conjectures.  相似文献   

8.
在传统的创新系统、环境系统和能源系统等多重影响因素的基础上,尝试纳入政策工具系统,构建P-IEE分析框架,以太阳能技术为例,通过整体检验和分组检验综合探寻政策工具对可再生能源技术创新能力的影响。整体检验结果发现:需求拉动和技术推动政策工具对太阳能技术创新能力提升均有促进作用,比较而言,需求拉动工具中的价格型工具比数量型工具的促进作用更为显著;分组检验结果显示:资源不丰富地区太阳能技术创新能力主要受技术推动工具的影响,而在资源丰富地区,需求拉动工具中的价格型工具促进作用更为显著。  相似文献   

9.
《Research Policy》2023,52(4):104738
Public research institutes (PRIs) have played an increasingly prominent role in leading radical inventions, which are considered a major source of long-term economic growth. However, there is little empirical evidence on the factors affecting radical inventions in PRIs, which have been at the forefront of scientific research and technological development. This study fills this gap by providing an empirical analysis of radical inventions at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), a conglomerate of PRIs in China. Based on a newly compiled data set on CAS patents, this study explores the effects of knowledge path dependence, external network connections, and their interactions on radical inventions in PRIs. Our empirical findings reveal that knowledge path dependence negatively affects radical inventions; there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between external network connections and radical inventions, and weak external connections can alleviate the hindrance originating from knowledge path dependence, thus prompting radical inventions.  相似文献   

10.
Rising expectations about future demand for new technologies increase the incentives for investments in innovation by enlarging payoffs to successful innovations. How well does this notion of “demand-pull” apply to non-incremental technological change when demand is largely attributable to actions by governments? In this case, inventors of the most important inventions did not respond positively to strong demand-pull policies; filing of highly cited patents declined precipitously just as demand for wind power created a multi-billion dollar market. Three explanations for this apparent inconsistency with the demand-pull hypothesis played a role: (1) the rapid convergence on a single dominant design limited the market opportunity for non-incremental technical improvements; (2) even though the policies implemented were stringent enough to stimulate demand, uncertainty in their longevity dampened the incentives for inventions that were likely to take several years to pay off; and (3) alternative explanations, such as declining R&D funding and weakening presidential engagement on energy, appear to have been important.  相似文献   

11.
The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 provided U.S. universities with the right to commercialize employees’ inventions made while engaged in government-funded research. This paper argues that the current university invention ownership model, in which universities maintain de jure ownership of inventions, is not optimal either in terms of economic efficiency or for advancing the social interest of rapidly commercializing technology and encouraging entrepreneurship. We argue that this model is plagued by ineffective incentives, information asymmetries, and contradictory motivations for the university, the inventors, potential licensees, and university technology licensing offices (TLOs). These structural uncertainties can lead to delays in licensing, misaligned incentives among parties, and obstacles to the flow of scientific information and the materials necessary for scientific progress. The institutional arrangements within which TLOs are embedded have encouraged some of them to become revenue maximizers, rather than facilitators of technology dissemination for the good of the entire society.We suggest two alternative invention commercialization models as superior alternatives. The first alternative is to vest ownership with the inventor, who could choose the commercialization path for the invention. For this privilege the inventor would provide the university an ownership stake in any returns to the invention. The inventor would be free to contract with the university TLO or any other entity that might assist in commercialization. The second alternative is to make all inventions immediately publicly available through a public domain strategy or, through a requirement that all inventions be licensed non-exclusively. Both alternatives would address the current dysfunctional arrangements in university technology commercialization.  相似文献   

12.
针对现有创造性判断的局限性,基于TRIZ理论提出一种新的创造性辅助判断法——"矛盾法"。该方法首先确定最接近现有技术,之后基于与最接近现有技术的区别来确定发明解决的技术矛盾,然后通过TRIZ工具来分析本发明解决该技术矛盾所用到的发明原理,最后根据所确定的发明原理、技术矛盾和技术手段判断本申请是否具有创造性。通过理论分析和实际案例论述"矛盾法"的可行性以及优缺点。认为"矛盾法"可在一定程度上增强创造性判断的客观性,其可作为现有创造性判断方法的补充。  相似文献   

13.
《Research Policy》2022,51(1):104406
Climate changes and ecological challenges often motivate firms to diversify into environmental domains. However, this does not guarantee impactful inventions. Therefore, this study investigates how firms can create impactful environmental inventions based on their technological relatedness and prior knowledge integration capabilities. Using a unique dataset of 1,990 high-tech Chinese firms between 2006 and 2016, our results reveal that diversifying firms’ green technological relatedness has an inverted U-shaped relationship with invention impact. While the depth of firms’ knowledge integration capabilities steepens this relationship, the breadth flattens it. Higher levels of depth capability result in a greater impact, while greater breadth leads to an early attainment of peak invention impact at a lower degree of green technological relatedness. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.  相似文献   

14.
We develop a valid definition of technological radicalness which states that a successful radical invention is: (1) novel; (2) unique; and (3) has an impact on future technology. The first two criteria allow us to identify potentially radical inventions ex ante market introduction; adding the third condition, we can ex post determine if an invention served as an important change agent. Empirically testable condition selected 6 of 581 tennis racket patents granted between 1971 and 2001. Two of the identified patents - the oversized and the wide-body rackets - are considered radical inventions by industry experts. Applying our definition and operationalization would allow researchers to achieve greater generalizability across studies, avoid endogenous definitions of radicalness, and study predictors of market success for radical inventions.  相似文献   

15.
突破性技术发明在企业参与全球技术和市场竞争中的作用已经得到广泛认可,但如何通过知识搜索和重组形成突破性技术发明仍是学术界和企业界关注的热点问题。本文基于知识搜索重组视角和社会网络理论,考察知识元素网络搜索与突破性技术发明形成的关系,并基于团队学习理论揭示发明人团队特征的调节作用。然后,利用美国专利商标局（USPTO）1995-2010年纳米技术领域6132条授权发明专利进行实证检验,结果发现：（1）知识元素的网络中心度越低,占据结构洞位置越少,突破性技术发明形成的概率越高。（2）与合作发明人相比,单独发明人搜索网络中心度较低和结构洞较少的知识元素创造产生突破性技术发明的概率更高。（3）发明人团队技术经验越丰富,搜索网络中心度较低和结构洞较少的知识元素创造产生突破性技术发明的概率越高。本研究从知识元素网络和发明人团队视角系统揭示了突破性技术发明的形成机制,对企业面向突破性技术发明的发明人团队构建及知识组合战略实施具有重要启示。  相似文献   

16.
Leveraging a new measure of patent citation trees (Corredoira and Banerjee, 2015), we demonstrate that research funded by the federal government is associated with more active and diverse technological trajectories. Our findings tie government funding to breakthrough inventions. The differences are especially evident at the upper percentiles of the distribution of long term patent influence and stem primarily from research conducted outside the federal government and sponsored by the DOD, HHS and NSF. Government funded patents are inputs into a broader range of technologies. Additional analyses indicate that federal programs invest in some technological areas that private corporations eschew, and federally funded university patents are in different technological classes than non-federally funded university patents. In this sense, the government may play an irreplaceable role in the rate and direction of inventive activity.“Generally speaking, the scientific agencies of Government are not so concerned with immediate practical objectives as are the laboratories of industry nor, on the other hand, are they as free to explore any natural phenomena without regard to possible economic applications as are the educational and private research institutions.” - Vannevar Bush, Science the Endless Frontier”, 1945.  相似文献   

17.
Geographic clusters confer advantages to collocated firms, in particular access to local know-how. This article argues that the access to local know-how is contingent on the extent to which inventive activity is concentrated in the cluster. We draw on sociological theories of generalized exchange to argue that contrasting logics of exchange emerge in geographic clusters that have opposing effects on the extent to which firms benefit from collaborating with local organizations and source local knowledge. A longitudinal data set of 1903 firms engaged in nanotechnology research is used to examine the relationship between firm co-authorships on scientific articles with firms and public research organizations (PROs) and firm inventive performance. Results indicate that when cluster-level firm inventive concentration is high, collaborations with local firms are associated with lower inventive performance. We also find that firms source less local knowledge for their own inventions when firm inventive concentration is high. In contrast, concentrated inventive activity among PROs increases the positive relationship between collaborations with local PROs and firm inventive performance. Results also show firms source more knowledge from local PROs when local PRO inventive concentration is high. The findings suggest that inventive concentration both helps and hinders spill-over of cutting-edge knowledge.  相似文献   

18.
This paper describes a study of the determinants of the rate, direction and scale of inventive and innovative activity in the chemical industry over the period 1830–1980. Statistical data are interpreted in the light of case study material in three major sectors: dyestuffs, plastics and pharmaceuticals. Theories of technical change and economic growth, particularly those of Schmookler and Schmpeter, are examined in relation to this material on the chemical industry. The findings suggest that the importance of “demand pull” and “discovery push” factors, and the validity of Schmookler's and Schumpeter's theories, vary over an industry's life cycle.  相似文献   

19.
The diffusion of innovations is identified as an important aspect of technological and social change. Innovations diffuse through segmented networks of knowledge that limit the flow of knowledge from any one technological domain to any other. Despite this segmentation, some organizations are capable of developing pieces of knowledge that overcome these limitations. Within this context, we develop four hypotheses regarding specific R&D strategies that affect a firm’s ability to develop inventions that diffuse beyond the firm’s technological boundaries. Specifically, we examine how a firm's scientific intensity, technological collaborations, technological diversity, and internal focus impact breadth of innovation diffusion. We use two of the main determinants of innovation diffusion, namely, the relative advantage and the observability, as theoretical mechanisms to build our arguments. We empirically test our hypotheses on longitudinal data from the industries of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and chemicals. Our findings show that the extent to which the knowledge embedded in a firm’s inventions diffuses in distant technological areas is positively related to the firm’s scientific intensity and to its extent of collaboration, but it is negatively related to its technological diversity.  相似文献   

20.
Inventing is a recombinant process that involves searching and recombining different streams of knowledge. The value of invention is associated with not only how many prior inventions are considered, but also how they are related to each other. We introduce social network analysis broadly used in the social capital theory, and extend the dimension of analysis for the evaluation of patent value. This study employs U.S. pharmaceutical patent data and investigates whether the network characteristic of backward citations have significant effect on the future patent value. The empirical results suggest that the network features of backward citations measured by constraint, cohesion, and efficiency have statistically significant implication on the value of invention in both level and depreciation rate. The study also provides empirical evidence that the exploration strategy is more significantly and positively correlated with the future value of invention compared to the exploitation strategy of inventors.  相似文献   

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