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1.
This paper provides estimates of the impact of higher education qualifications on the earnings of graduates in the U.K. by subject studied. We use data from the recent U.K. Labour Force Surveys which provide a sufficiently large sample to consider the effects of the subject studied, class of first degree, and postgraduate qualifications. Ordinary Least Squares estimates show high average returns for women that does not differ by subject. For men, we find very large returns for Law, Economics and Management but not for other subjects. Degree class has large effects in all subjects suggesting the possibility of large returns to effort. Postgraduate study has large effects, independently of first degree class.A large rise in tuition fees across all subjects has only a modest impact on relative rates of return suggesting that little substitution across subjects would occur. The strong message that comes out of this research is that even a large rise in tuition fees makes little difference to the quality of the investment – those subjects that offer high returns (LEM for men, and all subjects for women) continue to do so. And those subjects that do not (especially OSSAH for men) will continue to offer poor returns. The effect of fee rises is dwarfed by existing cross subject differences in returns.  相似文献   

2.
This paper considers how the structures of teacher salaries in public school districts have changed over the last quarter century and whether salary increases have been allocated so as to achieve the greatest gain in educational quality. Using New York state data for the 1970–1994 period, we find that even though some districts appear to behave in ways consistent with the often expressed goal of recruiting and retaining the most able college graduates, most districts do not. The vast majority of districts have inefficiently allocated a disproportionately large share of resources to veteran teachers for whom job tenure is only marginally affected. This finding has important implications for the policy debate regarding whether increased spending on education will, or could, improve educational performance as well as the design of alternative compensation schemes.  相似文献   

3.
The 1973 Raising of the School Leaving Age from 15 to 16 has been used to identify returns to years’ schooling. However, because the first set of “high stakes” exams are taken in the UK at age 16, the reform affected the proportion with qualifications, as well as schooling length. In order to shed light on whether the returns reflect the extra length of schooling or the increase in qualifications, we exploit another institutional rule – the Easter Leaving Rule – which we argue only affected the probability of obtaining qualifications (and not the length of schooling). We find sizeable returns to academic qualifications – increasing the probability of employment by 40% points – and our results suggest that qualifications drive most of the returns to education.  相似文献   

4.
本文基于某工业园区IT企业的薪酬调查数据,利用回归分析的方法对大学生起薪的决定因素进行研究。研究发现,大学毕业生起薪总体上受性别、学历、学校、专业、所属部门、企业所有制形式和规模等显在特征变量的影响程度较大,且不同学历毕业生的起薪决定因素有差异,不同所有制企业的起薪决定因素也不一样。  相似文献   

5.
Modern societies would potentially reap large benefits from upgrading low skilled's education. However, this is difficult to put into practice because employers are reluctant to train low skilled and because low skilled are unwilling to participate. To circumvent this potential market imperfection, a large supply of formal education in Sweden is complemented with the eligibility of enrollees for financial support. This study uses detailed data on Swedish siblings aged 24–43 in 1994 to evaluate the impact on annual earnings. The estimated average return was 4.4% in 2004. Calculations indicate that this is barely sufficient to cover society's total costs.  相似文献   

6.
This paper examines the effects of fertility and relative wages on occupational choice (teaching versus non-teaching) and labor force participation decisions of female college graduates using selectivity-corrected panel estimations.We find that the presence of a new born baby is not particularly important to the choice of occupation, but significantly discourages female labor force participation, especially among teachers. Higher relative wages are found to effectively attract female college graduates into teaching. College major in education is one of the most relevant determinants for female college graduates to become teachers. Though investing educational expenditures on teachers’ salary seems to be a valid policy, providing incentives for female college students to major in education will be an alterative way to secure teacher supply.  相似文献   

7.
We estimated the effects of an intervention which provided information about graduate wages to 5593 students in England, using a blinded cluster randomised controlled trial in 50 schools (registration: AEARCTR‐0000468). Our primary outcome was students’ choice of A‐level subjects at age 16. We also recorded the students’ expectations of future wages and the A‐level subjects they intended to take before and after the intervention, and linked their data into national administrative school examination records. We found that an hour‐long lesson on information about graduate wages affected students’ beliefs about and choice of subject. They were more likely to take mathematics and less likely to take biology and computing. We found strong evidence that mediating factors such as their beliefs about average graduate salaries and their own likely salary in each subject were affected by the intervention. This suggests that providing accessible and credible information on labour market consequences of school choices may influence students’ decisions. In the light of concerns about the quality of careers guidance for school students and expectations that educational choices should be well‐informed, the study has clear implications for policy and practice.  相似文献   

8.
In order to test two competitive theories, human capital theory and screening hypothesis, this article investigates the effects of minor, class rank and matched job on the starting wages of graduates using data sources from a nation-wide survey of university graduates in China undertaken in 2003 by the Graduate School of Education, Peking University. The empirical results show that minor, class rank, and matched job do not have significantly positive impacts on the starting wages of graduates in China. We conclude therefore that the present role of higher education is more likely to be informative than productive.  相似文献   

9.
高职毕业生作为高技能人才,在就业中比起研究生、本科生,面临更大的压力。在教学过程中,必须认清高职生的人才规格和社会需求,在人才培养模式、专业设置等方面,突出高职特色,不断增强高职生的职业就业能力,使高职生具有较强的创新能力,为实现高薪就业打下坚实的基础。  相似文献   

10.
This article investigates the phenomenon of long‐term unemployed graduates of Norwegian higher education institutions over the period 1973–1999. The phenomenon was unexpected. One explanation for it is that the market for graduates was and remains in disequilibrium because wages are not sufficiently flexible downward. Thus unemployment would be involuntary. The other explanation is that unemployment is voluntary because the elasticity of the graduate labour supply is pushing wages down, and graduates are not accepting employment for which wages appear to be unacceptably low. They are waiting for better opportunities to appear. The author has undertaken a simulation by which he has proved, to his satisfaction, that the first explanation is the correct one and that only a slight improvement in the employment prospects of university graduates can be expected in the near future.  相似文献   

11.
This paper analyzes whether there exists a causal relationship between parental employment and children's educational attainment. We address potential endogeneity problems due to (i) selection of parents in the labor market by estimating a model on sibling differences and (ii) reverse causality by focusing on parents’ employment when children are aged 0–3. We use data from the German Socioeconomic Panel that provide information on household income, parental employment, and time spent with child care. Our approach disentangles income and time effects of parental employment. Overall, we find little support that parental employment affects children's educational attainment. Controlling for household income, we can rule out that having a mother who works one hour more per week lowers the probability of high secondary track attendance by more than 0.1%.  相似文献   

12.
This paper studies the association between graduation age and earnings among university graduates in Denmark, which is a country with one of the oldest student populations in the world. Exploiting a rich data-set from administrative registers, the current study is able to track labour market career for a longer period of time and to control for more labour market-relevant variables than any previous study of graduation age and earnings. The results show that graduation age has either a slightly positive or an insignificant impact on starting wages within the public sector or a negative impact on starting wages among private sector employees. This applies to both genders, but the differences are stronger among male employees. The analyses of long-term wages reveal a more homogeneous pattern. Mature graduates earn less in all the years investigated. The wage differences are greatest among male graduates employed in private enterprises, and the gap increases throughout their careers.  相似文献   

13.
We report evidence that university reputation affects wages of bachelors in China. An unconditional difference between a top-100 university and a top 400–500 university of 23% is increased to some 28% by adding controls. Within the top-100 there is no differentiation in pay-off. Self-rated quality of high school, while affecting quality of university attended, has no effect on earnings.  相似文献   

14.
本文根据北京大学课题组于2007年6月在全国范围内的一项高校毕业生就业调查数据,借鉴国际上已有的相关实证发现,系统考察了高校毕业生保留工资的影响因素.实证结果发现,性别、年龄、生源地、家庭收入、学历层次、学校质量或者声誉以及学业成绩都是高校毕业生保留工资的显著影响因素.在前人研究的基础上,本研究还通过引入私人社会资本和组织社会资本的概念来分析它们对于保留工资的影响.实证结果发现毕业生的私人社会资本对于他们的保留工资有着负的显著影响,而通过校园生活积累的组织社会资本对他们的保留工资却有着正的显著影响.  相似文献   

15.
It is the U.K. Government's policy to achieve the right number and balance of graduates in the 1990s. According to the Government, this will require more attention being paid to the needs of the economy when decisions concerning the allocation of resources between subject areas are being made. In particular, the Government believes that higher education should be more vocationally-oriented and aims to influence the subject balance in this direction. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility of constructing a set of indicators for deciding which subjects have produced the most marketable and the most satisfied graduates. Two sets of indicators are constructed. The first is based on labour market indicators such as the earnings and unemployment rates of graduates. The second set of indicators is based upon information about the value which the graduates themselves place upon their degree qualifications. When these two sets of indicators were combined, substantial differences were found in the relative worth of graduates in different subjects (for male and female graduates separately). Graduates in some subjects achieved far higher scores than graduates in other subjects on either one or both sets of indicators.The author is grateful to the ESRC for supporting the research reported in this paper, which is part of a larger project on the construction and evaluation of performance indicators in higher education.  相似文献   

16.
Despite a considerable increase in the number of graduates in Indonesia, they still remain a minute fraction of the labour force. The majority are in the professional, administrative, and clerical occupations, and employed by the state mostly in a civilian, some in a military, capacity. Ever larger numbers of the available graduates have been moving into state employment. The occupations mentioned are also the most highly paid, with the administrative far ahead of the professional and clerical.The largest group of graduates had qualified in law, the social sciences, arts and sciences; the next largest in teaching. Health, agriculture, and the technological subjects of engineering and communications had attracted only a relatively small proportion.Not more than half of the graduates were in occupations for which their studies were specifically relevant, and holders of the Bachelor (Sarjana Muda) degree were less likely than Masters (Sarjana) to be so employed. The largest proportion of graduates in related occupations had qualified in teaching and health, while the smallest had studied law, the social sciences, arts, and sciences, a few more the vocational subjects of agriculture and engineering. Selection for senior positions appears as important as training for specific occupations.Teaching and health were also the two subjects with the highest proportion of graduates among the professionals. However, they were not particularly well represented among the better-paid administratives. Here, graduates in agriculture, engineering and the law, the social sciences, arts and sciences were much better favoured.Some occupations show a certain concentration of graduates in specific subjects; in particular, half of the graduates in the professional group were trained as teachers. However, no occupation is the preserve of any one subject.There were more Bachelor than Master graduates in all groups except the professional and administrative, where the reverse was the case. One may conclude that both these groups gave a certain preference to Masters, and were in turn the targets of those so qualified.  相似文献   

17.
While there is an extensive literature on intergenerational transmission of economic outcomes (education, health and income for example), many of the pathways through which these outcomes are transmitted are not as well understood. We address this deficit by analysing the relationship between socio-economic status and child outcomes in university, based on a rich and unique dataset of university students. While large socio-economic differences in academic performance exist at the point of entry into university, these differences are substantially narrowed during the period of study. Importantly, the differences across socio-economic backgrounds in university grade attainment for female students is explained by intermediating variables such as personality, risk attitudes and time preferences, and subject/college choices. However, for male students, we explain less than half of the socio-economic gradient through these same pathways. Despite the weakening socio-economic effect in grade attainment, a key finding is that large socio-economic differentials in the earnings expectations of university students persist, even when controlling for grades in addition to our rich set of controls. Our findings pose a sizable challenge for policy in this area as they suggest that equalising educational outcomes may not translate into equal labour market outcomes.  相似文献   

18.
Anecdotal evidence points to a falling standard of living for the educated in Venezuela. During this same period, President Hugo Chávez implemented several education reforms. We focus on a major university education reform known as Mission Sucre and its potential impact on returns to university education. First, we show that returns to education decreased significantly in Venezuela from 2002 to 2008. Subsequently, we explore the impact of the program on non-program participants and provide evidence that a substantial part of the falling returns at the tertiary level can be linked to Mission Sucre. Our results suggest that the reform created a negative externality on students who did not participate in the program, leading to a 2.7 percentage point decline in returns to university education for non-Mission Sucre students in the 23–28 age cohort.  相似文献   

19.
How does performance at university affect labor market outcomes? Employing a regression discontinuity design, we show that university degree class causally affects graduates’ industry, wages, and earnings. Our sample consists of students at the London School of Economics, and our data combine administrative records with the Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education survey. We estimate that receiving a First Class degree instead of an Upper Second increases the probability of working in a high-wage industry by fourteen percentage points, leads to three percent higher wages, and yields two percent higher annual salaries. For the comparison between Upper and Lower Seconds, the corresponding figures are ten, seven, and four. Effects are larger for males and graduates of math-intensive degree programs. We show that this is consistent with a model of statistical discrimination, in which employers attach more importance to the degree class signal if it is more informative about underlying ability.  相似文献   

20.
This paper analyses whether tertiary education of different types, i.e., academic or vocational tertiary education, leads to more or less favourable labour market outcomes. We study the problem for Switzerland, where more than two thirds of the workforce gain vocational secondary degrees and a substantial number go on to a vocational tertiary degree but only a small share gain an academic tertiary degree. As outcome variables, we examine the risk of being unemployed, monthly earnings, and variation in earnings (reflecting financial risk). We study these outcomes at career entry and later stages. Our empirical results reveal that the type of tertiary education has various effects on these outcomes. At career entry, we observe equal unemployment risk but higher average wages and lower financial risk for vocational graduates. At later career stages, we find that these higher average wages disappear and risk of unemployment becomes lower for vocational graduates. Thus, by differentiating the tertiary system into vocational and academic institutions graduates face a variety of valuable options allowing them to self-select into an educational type that best matches their individual preferences.  相似文献   

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