首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The quality of production (e.g. paper, typesetting, reproduction of illustrations, printing and bookbinding) of a book (reprint) is very important. The quality of a 1978 reprint of a book from 1921 was studied using standard and non-destructive testing methods such as microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Chemical, physical and colorimetric properties of the papers, colour differences of the prints and typographic tonal density were analysed. Results showed that the reprint is not an identical copy of the original. Some of the differences in the reprint compared with the original (e.g. typographic tonal density) could easily have been avoided while others (e.g. structural and optical properties of paper, colour prints) are unavoidable, mainly because of the influence of internal and external factors on ageing. Ageing influences the properties of paper and colour print: optical and colour properties deteriorate and colour fades. It is concluded that precise and systematic evaluation of the properties of an old book should be carried out before a reprint is prepared. The results of the research, using non-destructive methods such as microscopy, spectroscopy and image analysis, are useful for characterising the properties of paper and printing ink, typography and reproduction of illustrations.  相似文献   

2.
Papermaking has a special place in the cultural heritage of China. Papers made from different types of plant fibers were, and are still used for particular applications. Bamboo paper is a handmade paper that has been traditionally used for book printing and restoration of ancient paper objects since antiquity in China, whereas Xuan paper, the subject of recent previous study, is used for traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting. Following our previous approach on Xuan paper, four modern Bamboo papers manufactured using traditional or chemically-facilitated techniques were artificially aged by UVA radiation and changes to their optical properties were evaluated by reflectance and 3D-fluorescence spectroscopies. Paper samples produced by different methods displayed different fluorescence spectra and UVA photolysis of paper resulted in decreases in the fluorescence intensities and reflectance values, manifested as differing photoyellowing of the papers. Assays of reactive oxygen species, ROS, revealed that papers made by chemically-assisted pulping methods generally produce more hydrogen peroxide or superoxide radicals than those made by traditional methods, which correlates with their relative yellowing rates. Different spatial distributions of calcium and chlorine were also observed by SEM/EDS analysis in the chemically-manufactured papers, probably arising from the specific pulping and/or bleaching chemicals used in their manufacture.  相似文献   

3.
Hyperspectral imaging can be an important tool for the assessment and documentation of the state of preservation of an object. Over time, documents that have experienced heavy usage will inevitably show evidence of handling, which can include staining. In this paper, the use of hyperspectral imaging is described for enhancing the assessment of the visual properties of stains. The use of imaging software (ENVI) is also described for quantitatively assessing the extent of staining in two different documents. Single 10 nm bandpass images can be useful assessing darker stains with well defined boundaries. In one document (a treaty), the faint discolouration on one page made the extent of staining difficult to assess visually. A false colour density slice (450 nm) provided a topographical image which was useful for enhancing the contrast between stained and unstained paper. In this type of image, the degree of discolouration could be correlated to optical density and the amount of staining on a page could then be related to the number of pixels for a given absorbance range. In a second document (a prayer book), the staining was more extensive and some of the stains were dark in appearance. This document also contained a lot of text that was written using a dark irongall ink, which limited the use of a density slice at a single bandpass. In this document, pixel unmixing was successfully used to quantitatively determine the extent of staining. The measurement tool provided with the Nuance? Imaging System made it possible to quantitatively describe the size of the stain in terms of the number of pixels as well as its appearance in terms of average optical density.  相似文献   

4.
The damage to historical documents and books caused by the acidic character of paper is often manifested as a complete loss of their mechanical properties. Deacidification and restoration of archived paper objects require knowledge of the long-term behaviour of paper before and after repair actions. Our study was focused on the investigation of mechanical properties (tensile strength, stretch, tensile index, zero-span tensile strength, folding endurance) of original papers (one alkaline and three different acidic samples) exposed to five methods of dry-heat and moist-heat accelerated ageing. The degree of paper deterioration upon ageing was significantly influenced by the temperature and relative humidity, along with the intrinsic chemistry of the individual paper samples. The correlation matrix evaluated at a 95% confidence level for tensile strength, stretch, tensile index and zero-span showed linear correlations between these mechanical properties for all the paper samples. However, a linear dependence of folding endurance on zero-span tensile strength was found only for alkaline paper, which revealed the highest resistance to the accelerated ageing tests. In addition, the concentration of paramagnetic semiquinone species in the acidic lignin-containing paper samples was monitored by Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.  相似文献   

5.
The ASTM D6819-02e3 standard for testing the accelerated ageing of paper, published in 2002, recommends using closed glass vials in order to keep the degradation products in contact with the paper and thus permitting a better simulation of the natural ageing conditions inside closed books. In the present study, the actual conditions and their stability inside closed vessels have been evaluated. The necessity of assuring a very high sealing performance (tightness) of the systems in order to avoid leakage of water vapour is the main drawback of this ageing method. Systematic studies presented in this publication tried to monitor this tightness and have provided data that helped to answer the question of what circumstances could lead to achieving its improvement. Both gravimetric monitoring of water content in vials and “in situ” IR measurements of the aged paper humidity have been applied for this purpose. As a result, better sealing materials (gaskets and caps) than those recommended by the ASTM standard, have been found. Additionally, application of a dynamometric spanner for closing the vials is recommended, as this is a guarantee of reasonably high and recurring tightness of the systems used in tests. Nevertheless, the systematic, linear with time, loss of moisture for all used vials was observed. A 9% loss of the initial moisture content in samples of the aged paper was observed for the tested conditions (14 days at 90 °C). Therefore, it seems that including some kind of gravimetric control for ageing tests performed in closed vessels is of essential importance.Kinetic studies of accelerated ageing in both closed and open systems, as monitored by DP and breaking length measurements, unexpectedly show that no statistically meaningful difference of degradation rates can be observed. On the other hand, the pH and whiteness index values reveal a meaningful difference between the rates of ageing in these systems, thus confirming the basic assumption of the ASTM test concerning the interaction of paper degradation products with the paper itself.  相似文献   

6.
The present provenance study was focused on marbles from historical quarries of one geological unit (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic) exhibiting complex polyphase geological evolution. A combination of mineralogical–petrographic, geochemical and physical methods has been tested i.e. optical microscopy (OM) of the whole rock, X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the insoluble residues, petrographic image analysis (PIA) of carbonate grains, cathodoluminescence (CL) of microfacies, stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) of carbonates in the groundmass and secondary veins, Raman microspectrometry (RM) of the carbonaceous matter and bulk magnetic susceptibility (MS) of the whole rock.Based on the results of historical quarries and the artefacts from Pernštejn Castle and Prague Castle, the most effective way for provenance determination of marbles seems to be a combination of petrographic methods (including quantitative approaches), cathodoluminescence, and stable isotope study. Less conventional methods (e.g. Raman microspectrometry or physical properties like bulk magnetic susceptibility) are very useful for provenance studies on impure calcitic and dolomitic marbles that include carbonaceous matter, magnetic minerals or silicates. For the first time, Raman data on reduced carbonaceous matter permitted differentiation amongst marbles of different origin.  相似文献   

7.
Hyperspectral data were exploited to test their effectiveness as a tool for archaeological prospection, envisaging their potential for detecting spectral anomalies related to buried archaeological structures. For this purpose the airborne Multispectral Infrared and Visible Imaging Spectrometer images were analysed. Each single band of the entire data set and different processing technique products were interpreted to identify any tonal anomalies. Since every analysed image exhibited marks different in terms of size and intensity, two indexes were defined for assessing the potential of anomalies detection of each image. Such parameters were: the Detection Index, used for counting the number of pixels related in each image to marks, and the Separability Index, applied for measuring the tonal difference of the marks with respect to the background. These indexes were tested on two areas within the Selinunte Archaeological Park where the presence of remains, not yet excavated, was supposed by archaeologists. For the test sites any extracted anomalies were evaluated by an expert in order to determine their archaeological relevance. The comparison among the index values, derived from each single band of the spectrometer and from different image processing by-products, allowed to determine which spectral range and which processing method are the most valuable to quickly highlight the anomalies. The analysis pointed out that, where vegetation cover is dominant, the Visible near infrared is the spectral region more sensitive to variations of spectral properties related to buried structures, while, where soil cover becomes relevant, the Short-wave infrared and the Thermal-infrared regions resulted more sensitive. As far as the applied processing methods are concerned, the Spectral Angle Mapper classifier and, secondly, the Minimum Distance algorithm stressed the highest archaeological information content. The results of this work showed that the archaeological information content derived by analysing the outputs of the applied image processing techniques is more significant than the information obtained by interpreting each single band and the available historical aerial photos. As a final remark, the data processing flow chart, applied to the entire remote hyperspectral data set over Selinunte Archaeological Park, appeared encouraging for detection of anomalies related to the presence of the buried archaeological structures.  相似文献   

8.
王东  刘恒 《中国名城》2020,(3):86-91
以列入《中国传统村落名录》的五批共67个安顺市传统村落为研究对象,运用GIS技术与叠置分析、缓冲区分析方法,分析安顺市传统村落的空间分布特征及其影响因素。研究表明:安顺市传统村落整体位于中北部的平坝区、西秀区以及黄果树风景名胜区,其中沿滇黔古驿道两侧高密度分布,其他县域则零散分布。总体空间布局特征为"大集中,小分散"。从地理环境、交通干道、历史文化三因素探究安顺市传统村落空间分布形成的原因,旨在为安顺市传统村落的地域性保护与开发提供前期依据。  相似文献   

9.
In this analysis we present some results for book demand (schoolbooks are excluded) in Norway, obtained by means of a three-goods model (books, other cultural goods and non-cultural goods) and survey data for more than 18000 households from the period 1986–1999. Various methods of estimation are used, and they provide, surprisingly unambiguous results. Our hypotheses about the price and income sensitivity of book demand are confirmed. Books turn out to be “luxury” goods. Our calculations do also suggest that they are quite price sensitive and that they are close substitutes to other cultural goods. The results for socio-demographic variables indicate that access to outlets for books, sex and age matter for book demand. Moreover, we find that single persons and households with small children, especially those with children less than 7 years, are frequent book-buyers.  相似文献   

10.
Richard Heidler 《Minerva》2011,49(4):461-488
Scientific collaboration can only be understood along the epistemic and cognitive grounding of scientific disciplines. New scientific discoveries in astrophysics led to a major restructuring of the elite network of astrophysics. To study the interplay of the epistemic grounding and the social network structure of a discipline, a mixed-methods approach is necessary. It combines scientometrics, quantitative network analysis and visualization tools with a qualitative network analysis approach. The centre of the international collaboration network of astrophysics is demarcated by identifying the 225 most productive astrophysicists. For the years 1998?C1999 and 2001?C2006 four co-authorship networks are constructed comprehending each a two year period. A visualization of the longitudinal network data gives first hints on the structural development of the network. The network of 2005?C2006 is analyzed in depth. Based on cohesion analysis tools for network analysis, two main cores and three smaller ones are identified. Scientists in each core and additionally in structurally interesting positions are identified and 17 qualitative expert interviews are conducted with them. The visualization of the network of 2005?C2006 is used in the interviews as a stimulus for the interviewees. An analysis of the three most often used keywords of the 225 astrophysicists is included and combined with the other data. The triangulation of these approaches shows that major epistemic changes in astrophysics, e.g. the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe, together with technical and organizational innovations, leads to a restructuring of the network of the discipline. The importance of a combination of qualitative and quantitative network analysis tools for the understanding of the interplay of cognitive and social structure in the sociology of science is substantiated.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of this study is to develop a laboratory technique to simulate a natural ageing of canvas paintings adopting artificial ageing methods in air (thermal oxidation), in the absence of light. Four models of canvas paintings aged up to 315 years are considered. Paintings are constituted of oil film on oil ground layer, oil film on tempera ground layer, tempera film on tempera ground layer or by tempera film on oil ground layer. Surface strength and the colour of the paintings and the degree of polymerization (DP) of linen canvas were evaluated at different steps of ageing. The degradative result was estimated as the DP of linen canvas after prefixed times of microbial attack.  相似文献   

12.
Almost all defects of earthen buildings such as roughening, erosion, volume reduction, cracking as well as crazing, etc., have been witnessed in the ancient city of Jiaohe, an earthen architectural heritage in northwest China. In this paper, their long-term durability and deterioration due to prolonged exposure to environmental factors were studied, based on the basis of field investigation and laboratory analysis. The results indicated that the deterioration of building materials should be attributed to their basic properties, including density, particle size distribution, soluble salts, mineral, mechanical strength, etc., and interaction with environmental factors. And then, four main deterioration modes can be identified, namely: wind-related deterioration, water-related deterioration, temperature-related deterioration and chemical related deterioration. It can be concluded that the greatest deterioration was wind-related deterioration on west-north facing façades, and chemical related deterioration on the surface of building materials.  相似文献   

13.
This study focused on tannate and decanoate coatings on iron surfaces and their potential combinations. The properties of the coatings were evaluated using a broad range of methods: spectrophotometry, contact angles measurement, impedance spectroscopy, mass gain, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES), resistometry, and exposure experiments complete with digital image analysis. A decanoate coating was superior in a humid environment (low wettability and water vapour permeability) than tannate. A combined coating, with tannate deposited initially and then sealed in a decanoate bath, appeared to provide an ideal coating.  相似文献   

14.
Five optical analyses of a given work of art are presented, using multispectral imaging, optical coherence tomography, goniophometry, UV-fluorescence emission spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. All these methods are non-destructive, contactless, and implementable in situ. They all lead to results in quasi-real time. The multispectral camera allows imaging of the whole painting with very high definition and recording of 240 millions of spectra. Optical coherence tomography allows local 2D and 3D imaging with in-face and in depth stratigraphies inside the painting with a micrometric accuracy. It allows the evaluation of the pigment volume concentration inside a layer, the measurement of the thickness of one or two varnish layers, the detection and measurements of gaps inside the paint layer, the depth of varnish micro-cracks. Goniophotometry allows the measurement of the upper surface state of the painting in different locations, by quantifying the mean slope of the facets making up the surface. UV-fluorescence emission spectroscopy allows the identification of the resin, the binder and the ageing state of varnishes by use of databases of reference varnishes. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy leads to pigment, pigment mixture and dye identifications again by use of databases. The three last methods are implemented with the same portable multi-function instrument. It allows time saving, locations on request in front of the artwork and easy use by non-scientists. Each instrument is described with its protocol and accuracy. The studied painting is a portrait of a lady painted by the Austrian artist Franz Strotszberg, chosen for its several restorations. The five kinds of results are successively detailed, analysed and compared between themselves. It is shown that the different results are complementary and their crosschecking brings thorough information. For example, the shape of the network of varnish micro-cracks detected on the surface with the multispectral camera is added to the measurement of their depth with optical coherence tomography. Another example allows connecting two different surface states of the upper varnished surface measured by goniophotometry with the identification of these varnish with UV-fluorescence and with their thicknesses measured with optical coherence tomography.  相似文献   

15.
Complete digital recording of Cultural Heritage is a multidimensional process. It depends highly on the nature of the subject of recording as well as the purpose of its recording. The whole process involves the three-dimensional digitization, digital data processing and storage, archival and management, representation and reproduction. In this paper we briefly review methods for three-dimensional digitization that are applicable to cultural heritage recording.  相似文献   

16.
The paper states that the quality of visual arts cannot be measured objectively. An artist must be credible to the public in order to generate economic value. How is credibility and thus economic value generated on the market? To judge the quality of arts, it takes experts. They form a worldwide network relationship and apply cultural knowledge, a highly specific type of knowledge which requires lifelong learning. Cultural knowledge is only in part of a factual nature and includes subjective elements. Since the public cannot in general ascertain the quality of an artist's oeuvre directly, experts must themselves be credible to the public in order to lend credibility to a given oeuvre. It is shown that the process by which experts generate public credibility for a given oeuvre is path dependent, i.e., may by chance end up at inferior solutions.  相似文献   

17.
The present paper proposes a theoretical model of institutional quality of a higher education institution (HEI) which, in addition to the internal dimensions of quality, incorporates also the external dimension, i.e. the outcomes dimension. This dimension has been neglected by the quality standards and models examined in our paper. Furthermore, the standards and models analyzed consider stakeholders as one of the quality factors of a HEI. The stakeholders’ perspective is seen as a lens through which stakeholders define, control and assess the quality of a HEI. The proposed model therefore gives stakeholders greater significance compared to the dimensions of institutional quality of a HEI. The model has been validated from the employers’ perspective. On the basis of 339 completed questionnaires or a 39.74 % response rate we concluded that outcomes constitute the most important dimension of institutional quality of a HEI from the perspective of employers in Slovenia. The outcomes dimension is followed, in descending order, by the non-financial resources and inputs, sustainable development, value chain, and, finally, the financial resources and inputs dimensions. The results of the study have shown that of the 44 quality factors of a HEI the following data are of key importance to employers: information on the participation of students in practical training, achievements of graduates at the workplace, implementation of a HEI’s research achievements in practice, graduate employability, and a HEI’s responsiveness to the demands and changes in the environment.  相似文献   

18.
A new process using aminoalkylalkoxysilanes (AAAS) was developed recently for paper and book mass deacidification. This process is entirely novel in that, besides deacidifying, it also improves the mechanical properties of paper. In the present article, the properties of inhibition of fungal growth of the treated papers are investigated. It was found that the AAAS tested acted as surface-active antifungal agents when introduced in the paper, significantly reducing the growth of Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces variotii, two fungal species commonly found in storage areas of libraries and archives. The AAAS which seemed the most efficient in preventing the fungal development was 3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane (AMDES), functionalised with a primary amine. The effect was significant in the different papers tested which demonstrated the protection against the proliferation of filamentous fungi in vitro for papers treated with AMDES. The higher concentration of AMDES inside the paper proved to be the most effective. The highest efficiency was reached for AAAS uptakes around 6%. At this concentration the sporulation of the two strains was inhibited and the development of A. niger mycelia was highly reduced.  相似文献   

19.
How one copy of a film or a single is made illegal, while its identical twin is treated as legitimate? By drawing from the material collected in Russia on the illegal copying and distribution of video and musical contents, this paper moves beyond the definition of media piracy in legal terms, and instead examines practices of copying, the properties of copies, and the motivations that drive their circulation, color laws and their continuous application. It approaches the copy not as an isolated, individual unit but part of an assemblage, and demonstrates the existence of a specific culture of circulation which brings together its diverse components as one ‘catchment’. In Russia, the legal and pirate media markets do not stand in opposition to one another but co-exist and even enable each other. Media goods have social value that extends beyond commercial, and which is strongly associated with the cultural reproduction of audiences who are cosmopolitan in character and partake in the transnational circuits of culture. Finally, the very definition of what is ‘legal’ in Russian is an outcome of the unstable process of authentication in which experts test, guess and create material trails of evidence to stabilize elusive digital substances. On the basis of these findings, the paper problematizes the social imaginary around the digital copy and with it, the widely circulating notion of ‘piracy’.  相似文献   

20.
The efficiency of a recently described non-aqueous method for paper deacidification using Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles in isopropanol was evaluated by pH and colorimetric measurements and by the analysis of the degree of polymerization (DP). Samples of plain paper and paper with iron gall ink were tested. The results were compared with non treated samples and samples submitted to the traditional treatment with saturated aqueous Ca(OH)2 solution. By comparing the two conservation methods, the aqueous one shows higher neutralization reaction kinetics than the non-aqueous one. The iron gall ink samples maintain their coloration closer to the original after the non-aqueous Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles treatment, in contrary to the aqueous treatment that changes the ink aesthetics considerably. Artificial aging tests revealed a general increase in the aging stability of deacidified paper samples. The Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles treatment can be an alternative for papers who can not be treated by the classical aqueous treatment, e.g. papers with water soluble components.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号