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1.
Håkan Larsson 《Sport, Education and Society》2013,18(3):334-348
This article sets out to show how physiological knowledge about sex/gender relates to power issues within sport. The sport physiology research at the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (Swedish acronym: GIH) during the twentieth century is analysed in relation to the political rationality concerning gender at GIH and within the Swedish Sports Confederation during the same period. The analysis is constituted by Michel Foucault's notion of power–knowledge relations and regimes oftruth. The construction of sex/gender in the physiological research changes over time. Comparative studies on the function of ‘sexual difference’ during strenuous work, which, in hindsight, might be seen to restrict women's sport participation, was gradually displaced by a lack of interest in sexual difference, and later by a growing fascination with sexual difference from a ‘gender perspective’ in terms of women being ‘different but equal’ to men. This displacement goes hand in hand with a displacement of the political rationality concerning gender at GIH and within the Swedish Sports Confederation, where a pre-World War II strategy of excluding women's competitive sport participation, restricting women's physical exercise to gymnastics, was after 1945 followed by a strategy of including women. This was at first in the name of ‘women's right to do sport’—where the physiological research advocated this endeavour—and later in the name of ‘women's right to do sport on their own terms’. However, the research was still being conducted based on the male physiology as the norm. 相似文献
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Since economic reform in the 1980s, Chinese sport has undergone an extraordinary transformation. The most distinguishing phenomenon is the rapid growth of mass sport at the grassroots level with increasing demands for physical activities in women's daily lives. The rapid growth of women's sports participation at the grassroots is deeply embedded in the process of social stratification as a result of the urbanisation of Chinese society. The purpose of this paper is to use the socialist, feminist and theoretical framework to explore how Chinese women's different economic, educational, domestic and cultural situations shape their sports values and patterns of participation, marking social boundaries in Chinese urban communities. Semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted with 60 female physical exercisers in sports clubs, parks and neighbourhood playgrounds. Documentary research was also applied as a complement method to the interview. The findings indicate that within different classes (middle class, working class and a group who were unemployed), many different opportunities for and limitations on women to participate in sport are noticed. Chinese women have not fully and equally utilised sports opportunities created by urbanisation. Most Chinese women still live within patriarchal arrangements. Consequently, they do not completely fulfil their ambitions in sport. 相似文献
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城市化与市民体育的兴起——美中城市体育发展之比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
就美国和中国城市变革对体育的发展的影响探讨中、美市民体育的不同发展路径.通过文献分析、访问调查、参与观察以及比较研究,认为美国的城市化过程是一个自下而上的自然发展过程,城市体育的发展随之也是一种渐进的、历史的、社会的进化(evolution)过程;而中国的城市化比较复杂,体育的发展和城市化一度并不成并行发展的趋势,直到改革开放以后,当城市中出现了市场机制,市民体育的动力因素才在市场的刺激下开始出现了一些具有革新性的变化,这个过程与美国市民体育的发展有类似之处,但也存在着明显的差异.中国城市社会需要有一个良性的经济、政治、文化环境来创建具有中国特色的市民体育. 相似文献
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中国社会阶层变迁与体育人口结构性增长策略研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
根据当代中国社会阶层结构体系的现状及特点，分析社会阶层变化给体育人口发展带来的契机和挑战，据此提出体育人口结构性增长策略：1．以中青年中间阶层为重点，年轻的“农民工”为突破口，有效提高中青年体育人口比例；2．增加农村体育投入，改善体育人口的城乡结构；3．关注城市弱势体育群体，提高低收入者体育人口比例。为把握现阶段我国社会阶层构成和特点，并据此制定针对性的发展策略．实现我国体育人口结构性增长是一个极具现实意义的研究课题。 相似文献
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《Sport Management Review》2015,18(3):331-342
The 2012 London Olympic Games were heralded as the “Year of the Woman” as every delegation sent a female athlete to compete in the games, and nearly 45% of all athletes were women. Indeed, sport participation amongst girls and women is currently at an all-time high, and these sportswomen deliver remarkable athletic performances. However, female athletes and women's sport still receive starkly disparate treatment by the sport media commercial complex compared to male athletes and men's sport. This review documents these qualitative and quantitative differences and discusses the negative impact this differential coverage has on consumer perceptions of women's sport and female athletes. Additionally, the author examines explanations for these differences. The review concludes with suggestions for future research and strategies for change. 相似文献
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周丛改 《体育成人教育学刊》2014,(1):20-22
我国城乡群众体育统筹的最终目标是缩小城乡群众体育之间的差距,让城乡居民享有均等化的体育生活水平,从而实现全民健身的目的。居民的体育参与情况能很好地反映城乡群众体育的统筹情况,对不同社会分层的城乡居民体育参与进行研究,找出社会分层与体育参与的关系。结果显示：不同的职业声望、不同收入、不同学历的城乡居民其参与的运动项目有所不同,城乡居民体育参与情况具有显著性差异。 相似文献
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在全球化的语境下,文章运用文献资料研究方法,基于中国社会的转型及其对中国体育的发展的影响,分析得出,虽然近几十年中国体育在西方体育发展模式上所取得巨大进步,但同样与西方体育一样面临着诸多问题。在新的历史条件下,在中国社会进行转型的时代背景下,中国体育"以人为本"为核心的体育人文观的构建对其健康、长远发展有着深远的意义。 相似文献
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Maria Claudia Pinheiro 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(4):589-610
The period of Portuguese history known as the New State (1930–1974) was marked by a strong ideology that had a great impact upon gender relations and on women's status and their participation in sport. During this period a variety of arguments grounded in aesthetics, morals, health and women's biology were put forward not only to encourage women's involvement in sport but also to control the kinds of sports in which women could be involved, as well as the intensity of sports practice. In spite of the state's attempt to control women's involvement in sport, there were women who resisted this control by pursuing sport, thus showing the existence of spaces within the sports figuration that were used to express ideas different from those disseminated by the regime. In this context the campaign for women's sport, which developed in the 1930s, was important. This paper seeks to examine women's participation in sport and in particular in all-female sports clubs and the controversies that surrounded the campaign for women's sport and the creation of such clubs. 相似文献
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《Sport Management Review》2016,19(4):417-430
Sport participation is an issue of relevance to sport managers, yet it is an often-neglected area of sport management research. Cycling is a particularly complex form of participation to examine given its many formats, including sport, recreational and commuter cycling, and the multifaceted nature of the cycling landscape involving a broad range of stakeholders. In Australia, women are underrepresented in cycling participation and membership (ABS, 2012, CA, 2014), yet women show an interest in cycling training courses. The present paper explores motivations, supports and constraints reported by a group of entry-level female cyclists who participated in a training programme accredited by AustCycle, an initiative led by Cycling Australia. We draw on a health and sport development driven framework, informed by social ecological theory (Rowe et al., 2013), and suited to examining the issue of women's cycling participation in Australia. Results show that a range of individual characteristics, and factors within the social and physical environment, were perceived by study participants as barriers to participation. Of these, skill level, confidence, traffic/road conditions, and social support networks held particular relevance. Participants also discussed specific cycling barriers and supports of relevance to certain forms of cycling. Preliminary insights into perceptions held by a group of entry-level female cyclists highlight overlaps between cycling formats and indicate that conceptual advancements in the development of sport, and development through sport could be collectively considered in the context of women's cycling participation. Further research opportunities were also identified. 相似文献
11.
Kirstin Hallmann 《Sport Management Review》2012,15(1):33-42
The popularity of women's soccer has increased in Germany since the inauguration of the sport in 1970 by the German Football Association. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current image of women's soccer in general and the pre-event image of the World Cup 2011 in particular, as well as the key drivers and indicators that trigger interest in attending women's soccer matches. The study sample consists of sport-interested individuals who were questioned concerning their attitudes and actions related to the attendance at women's soccer matches at different leisure facilities and sport events in Germany in 2009 (n = 1284). Additive image indexes were created in order to evaluate the respective images of women's soccer and the Women's World Cup. Regression analyses were applied to test the key drivers for interest in attending matches. The results suggest that age is important in determining the perceived image of women's soccer and the Women's World Cup and gender influences the perception of the pre-event image of the Women's World Cup. Moreover, various image indicators influence future behavior which applies as well to age. No differences were found regarding an effect of gender on future behavior. Regarding women's soccer it can be said that the more interesting, exciting and cheerful it is perceived to be, the higher the interest in attending matches. These attributes can be used in marketing communications to foster game attendance. 相似文献
12.
In 2012, five Qatari women participated in a qualitative research study, which aimed to explore the negotiation of opportunity to be members of Qatar's first national women's football team. Qatar is a conservative Islamic country which is experiencing rapid modernisation. Part of this modernisation includes the increasing visibility of sport, for example the successful bid for the 2022 men's Football World Cup. In response to this bid, the first Qatari women's national football team was established in 2011. The project was positioned within a social constructivist framework. Five out of 12 squad members, over the age of 18, volunteered to participate in semi-structured interviews. Interview questions probed the women's experiences and influences on their opportunities and journey to membership in the national team. From a thematic analysis, issues such as the management of gender norms and the influence of significant others dominated the data. This research indicated that the women's agency enabled them to manage their situation with a range of strategies and to change attitudes towards women footballers. The winning of the bid to host the men's World Cup has been a catalyst for change in making spaces for Qatari sportswomen. 相似文献
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中国体育社会学的兴起与发展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
卢元镇 《天津体育学院学报》1993,8(4):1-6
回顾了体育社会学在中国改革开放时期产生的经过,详尽地综述了1989-1992年期间国内各主要学术刊物或学术会议上发表的有关体育社会学理论研究、社会问题研究、社会调查和其它学术文章的各种主要学术观点。概述了体育功能在新的历史时期的转变及发展,我国体育改革的社会学基础,体育与地区政治、经济和社会发展的关系,体育运动的群体效应,以及我国体育社会问题的形式和特点。研究表明,体育社会学是一门极富生命力的、应该引起体育界高度重视的体育社会科学学科。 相似文献
16.
Zhixun Guan 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(8):1115-1120
This social-historical study aims to enrich contemporary knowledge of the history of the Paralympics in modern China. In addition, the paper also seeks to understand policy and politics through the development of the Paralympics movement. To achieve these aims, a comparison and contrast between a ‘social approach’ and an ‘elite approach’ is provided in order to assess which approach is better in terms of current challenges facing Paralympic sport in China. This study adopts a qualitative approach and uses grounded theory as its research process. Interviews and archival material are used to gather information relevant to this study. Critical theories such as enlightenment theory, empowerment theory, and Hosking's critical disability theory, are then used to interpret the findings. The conclusion is that Paralympic sport in China has greatly benefited by an elite approach. However, after this approach enlightened Chinese society with modern disability theory, it is the time to move on to a social approach for the welfare of all people with disabilities in China. 相似文献
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《Sport Management Review》2015,18(2):155-165
Despite increased participation opportunities for girls and women in sport, they are underrepresented in leadership positions at all levels of sport. The objective of this review is to provide a multilevel examination of available scholarship that contributes to understanding why there are so few women in leadership positions within sport. From a macro-level perspective, scholarship regarding the institutionalized practices of gender in sport is examined. The meso-level review includes stereotyping of leaders, issues of discrimination, and gendered organizational cultures. Finally research reviewed at the micro-level explores women's expectations in leadership positions, occupational turnover intentions, and the influence of symbolic interactionism on women's career advancement. In addition, the author identifies new research areas and additional recommendations for how best to increase the number of women in leadership positions in sport. 相似文献
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The world is becoming a global village and within many professions, including physical education and sport, individuals have multiple opportunities to work and socialize with people from different ethnic backgrounds, cultures, lifestyles, religions, etc. Due to the increasing cultural diversity, it is important for physical education and sport professionals to understand how cultural and social factors of different ethnic groups and countries may influence a person from participating in physical activity. The aim of this paper was to examine some of the traditional and recent cultural and social factors that have an impact on women's participation in physical activities in Taiwan. Factors such as changes within the family structure, equal education opportunities, and the growing attention from the government toward physical activity for all have motivated and encouraged women in Taiwan to participate in physical activity. The other aim of this paper was to emphasize the importance of Taiwanese women's physical activity participation and to encourage continued involvement in physical activities. 相似文献
20.
体育行为和大众参与体育运动的影响因素——中国26-55岁城市居民体育生活方式影响因素调查报告 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
文章统计分析中国26-55岁城市居民参与体育运动的影响因素,找出阻碍中国26-55岁城市居民参与体育运动的共同的主要障碍;运用心理学的理论分析体育行为的产生、发展、形成的具体过程.结论:影响大众参加体育运动的主要因素是"人"本身,大众参加体育运动的决定因素是"人"这一行为主体,外部环境条件只起到推动、限制和导向等辅助作用.讨论:"人"的体育行为的特殊性--行为主体、行为客体、行为手段三者同一,解决大众参与体育运动的 相似文献