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女游泳运动员大负荷训练中的情绪和应对方式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过调查女游泳运动员 6周大负荷训练中的情绪和应对方式 ,了解她们在大负荷训练中的心理特点 ,为提高游泳运动员在大负荷训练中的心理承受能力提供依据。研究表明 ,女游泳运动员大负荷训练中的情绪变化受负荷总量变化的影响 ,优秀运动员在大负荷训练感受中肌体劳累 ,精神疲倦和自我怀疑百分数均高于普通运动员。在大负荷训练应对方式中 ,优秀运动员宣泄和回避的百分数低于普通运动员 ,自我激励 ,寻求他人支持 ,自我安慰 ,关注队友感受等维度的百分数高于普通运动员。提示在大负荷训练中 ,优秀运动员似乎更倾向采用积极应对方式。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):304-311
Abstract This study examined the effect of two different interval training programs–high-intensity interval training (HIT) and supramaximal interval training (SMIT)–on measures of sprint and endurance performance. Physically active individuals (Females: n=32; age 19.3, s=2.2 years; mass 67.6, s=9.1 kg; stature 172.7, s=6.6 cm. Males: n=23; age 20.0, s=2.7 years; mass 71.3, s=8.3 kg; stature 176.6, s=5.8 cm) completed pre-testing that comprised (1) 3000 m time-trial, (2) 40 m sprint, and (3) repeated sprint ability (RSA–6×40 m sprints, 24 s active recovery) performance. Participants were then matched for average 3000 m running velocity (AV) and randomly assigned to one of three groups: (i) HIT, n=19, 4 min at 100% AV, 4 min passive recovery, 4–6 bouts per session; (ii) SMIT, n=20, 30 s at 130% AV, 150 s passive recovery, 7–12 bouts per session; and (iii) control group, n=16, 30 min continuous running at 75% AV. Groups trained three times per week for six weeks. When time to complete each test were compared among groups: (i) improvements in 3000 m time trial performance were greater following SMIT than continuous running, and (ii) improvements in 40 m sprint and RSA performance were greater following SMIT than HIT and continuous running. In addition, a gender effect was observed for the 3000 m time trial only, where females changed more following the training intervention than males. In summary, for concurrent improvements in endurance, sprint and repeated sprint performance, SMIT provides the greatest benefits for physically active individuals. 相似文献
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游泳运动训练的生理、生化监控方法研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
采用实验测试法对国家游泳队运动员的生理生化监控方法进行研究。研究表明：游泳运动员血液生化指标的评价参考范围也表现出一定的性别和5个级别差异性；科学的高原训练计划可以提高运动员的有氧代谢能力；无氧酵解能力训练手段对不同优秀游泳运动员有着不同的影响；同一种磷酸原供能训练方法并非可以同时适合于不同的运动员；相同负荷训练后运动员成绩越好、恢复心率越快，则表明运动员机能状况越佳；单一生理生化指标并不能完全监控游泳周（阶段）训练后的恢复情况。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):165-170
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of training on the critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state of elite swimmers. The tests to determine critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state were performed before and after 12 weeks of training. Critical velocity after 12 weeks of training was significantly higher than before training (1.45±0.10 m · s?1 vs. 1.41±0.11 m · s?1). In contrast, no significant differences in the velocity at maximal lactate steady state were observed before and after training (1.41±0.10 m · s?1 vs. 1.43±0.10 m · s?1). There was also a decrease in mean lactate concentration after 12 weeks of training. Before training, the velocity at maximal lactate steady state occurred at 100% of critical velocity, with a mean lactate concentration of 4.34 mmol · l?1. After training, the velocity at maximal lactate steady state occurred at 98% of critical velocity, with a reduced mean lactate concentration of 3.69 mmol · l?1. Based on these results, it would appear that 12 weeks of training was enough to promote an increase in critical velocity. Although no significant differences in the velocity at maximal lactate steady state were observed before and after training, the decrease in mean lactate concentration after training demonstrated greater efficiency of the aerobic system, leading to less wear during the tests. 相似文献
7.
Miller LE Pierson LM Nickols-Richardson SM Wootten DF Selmon SE Ramp WK Herbert WG 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2006,77(1):58-63
This study assessed muscular torque and rate of torque development following concentric (CON) or eccentric (ECC) isokinetic training. Thirty-eight women were randomly assigned to either CON or ECC training groups. Training consisted of knee extension and flexion of the nondominant leg three times per week for 20 weeks (SD = 1). Eccentric training increased ECC knee extension and flexion peak torque more than CON training. The ECC group improved acceleration time and time to peak torque with ECC movements versus the CON group. Slow-velocity ECC isokinetic training yielded greater ECC and similar CON torque development gains versus CON training over the course of 20 weeks in young women. 相似文献
8.
目的:研究我国游泳项目优秀运动员的膳食结构、营养状况及存在问题,提出营养保障措施。方法:对19名运动员进行为期3天的膳食调查,以及高原初期和后期的生化指标的测定,数据通过运动员营养软件统计处理进行分析。结果:30%的运动员总热能摄入量仅占推荐量的80%以下,尤其女运动员偏差较大,三大热源质比例为碳水化合物占41%,脂肪占42%;蛋白质占17%,三餐热能摄入比例不合理,蔬菜摄入总体显示不足。血象指标分析显示,血红蛋白提高者占63%,红细胞数提高者占68%,红细胞压积提高者占63%。运动员训练前、后体重变化平均在0.4～0.8kg之间,控体重的运动员血象指标出现下降的倾向,运动员平均摄水量为3.5l/d。结论:高原训练中,运动员的膳食监测和营养补充是提高运动能力的重要保障。 相似文献
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Carlos Otero-Esquina Óliver Gonzalo-Skok Sergio Domínguez-Cobo Hugo Sánchez 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(10):1241-1251
The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of a combined strength-training programme (full-back squat, YoYoTM leg curl, plyometrics and sled towing exercises) on performance in elite young soccer players and to examine the effects when this training programme was performed one or two days per week. Thirty-six male soccer players (U-17 to U-19) were recruited and assigned to experimental groups (EXP1: 1?s?w?1; EXP2: 2?s?w?1) or a control group (CON). Performance was assessed through a countermovement jump (CMJ) test (relative peak power [CMJPP] and CMJ height [CMJH]), a 20-m linear sprint test with split-times at 10-m, and a change of direction test (V-cut test) 1 week before starting the training programme and also 1 week after performing such training programme. Within-group analysis showed substantial improvements in CMJ variables (ES: 0.39–0.81) and COD (ES: 0.70 and 0.76) in EXP1 and EXP2, while EXP2 also showed substantial enhancements in all linear sprinting tests (ES: 0.43–0.52). Between-group analysis showed substantially greater improvements in CMJ variables (ES: 0.39–0.68) in experimental groups in comparison to CON. Furthermore, EXP2 achieved a substantial better performance in 20-m (ES: 0.48–0.64) than EXP1 and CON. Finally, EXP2 also showed greater enhancements in 10-m (ES: 0.50) and V-cut test (ES: 0.52) than EXP1. In conclusion, the combined strength-training programme improved jumping ability, independently of training frequency, though the achievement of two sessions per week also enhanced sprinting abilities (linear and COD) in young soccer players. 相似文献
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目的：探讨上海游泳队优秀游泳运动员心脏形态及功能特点。方法：运用超声心动图技术分析32名优秀游泳运动员（男12人，女20人）和40名普通人（男20人，女20人）的心脏形态结构与功能。结果：优秀游泳运动员的主动脉根部内径（AoD）、左房前后径（LAAPD）、左室舒张末期前后径（LVEDD）、左室收缩末期前后径（LVESD）、左室舒张末期室间隔厚度（IVSd）、左室舒张末期后壁厚度（LVPWd）、左室心肌重量（LVM）、左室心肌质量指数（LVMI）均大于普通人群（P＜0.05），差异有统计学意义，且左室舒张末容积（LVEDV）、左室收缩末容积（LVESV）均显著高于普通人群（P＜0.05），左室射血分数（LVEF）及左室缩短分数（LVFS）低于普通人群，男子组有显著差异（P＜0.05），而女子组无明显差异（P＞0.05）。男女运动员左室每搏输出量（LVSV）均显著高于普通人群（P＜0.05），而左室心输出量（LVCO）与普通人群无明显差异（P＞0.05）。结论：上海优秀游泳运动员心脏发生耐力力量型生理性重塑，心脏泵血功能显著增强，具有较强的心力贮备，可作为优秀游泳运动员选拔的重要参考指标。 相似文献
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Recently, there has been growing interest in high-intensity interval training (HIT) as a strategy to improve health. In this pilot study, we examined the feasibility of a 4-week low-volume HIT and its effects on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), blood pressure (BP) and enjoyment in overweight and obese youth. Twelve adolescents (body mass index (BMI): 34.8 ± 3.9 kg · m?2, 14.9 ± 1.5 years) participated in 12 sessions of HIT (10 × 60 s cycling bouts eliciting ~90% maximal heart rate, interspersed with 90 s recovery, 30 min/session, 3 sessions/week) over ~4 weeks. All the participants completed the study and exercise attendance averaged 92%. Despite no changes in body weight and total fat, HIT resulted in significant (P < 0.01) increases in CRF (pre: 20.1 versus post: 22.2 ml · kg?1 · min?1) and exercise time (pre: 425 versus post: 509 s) during peak oxygen uptake test, and a reduction in resting systolic BP (pre: 115.8 versus post: 107.6 mmHg). The majority of study participants (83%) enjoyed HIT and more than half of the participants (58%) reported that HIT is a more enjoyable form of exercise compared to other types of exercises. Low-volume HIT is a useful strategy to promote exercise participation and improve cardiovascular health in overweight and obese youth. 相似文献
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Abstract Despite increased professionalization of adolescent sport and improved articulation to elite adult participation, the impact of sports such as rugby union among adolescents is under-explored. This study describes psychological stress–recovery responses relative to training loads in 106 male adolescent rugby union players. The results showed that players with the highest training and physical activity volumes during the season demonstrated more favourable recovery–stress states than moderate- and low-volume groups. Stress and under-recovery did not increase with increases in weekly volume when assessed across a season. When assessed more acutely during intensive competition phases, stress and under-recovery increased with increases in participation demands. Despite better psychological stress and recovery profiles of more elite, higher-load players, not all participants demonstrated favourable capacities to deal with stress and recovery processes. Seven participants were in at least two of three categories of highest volume, highest stress, and poorest recovery. Even in the absence of a full understanding of the impact of high-volume, high-stress, poor-recovery participation among adolescent athletes, these markers may be precursors for more deleterious outcomes such as injury, performance decrements, and overtraining. Findings support the efficacy of serially monitoring young athletes. 相似文献
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A prospective cohort study was used to assess the influence of training volume on injuries sustained by 502 professional rugby union players in England. Training volumes (excluding warm-ups, cool-downs, and recovery sessions), player injuries, and player match exposure times were reported weekly. Higher training volumes (>9.1 hours per week) did not increase the incidence of match or training injuries. However, higher training volumes did increase the severity of match injuries, particularly during the second half, and consequently resulted in a significant increase in the number of days' absence due to match injuries. Although lower-limb injuries were the most common match and training injuries, shoulder dislocations/instabilities resulted in more days' absence during weeks of higher training volumes, but the differences were not significant. The least number of days lost due to injuries occurred during weeks of intermediate training volumes (6.2-9.1 h per week). Training volume was not correlated with final league position. Fitness testing, defence, and rucking and mauling components were identified as being very high- or high-risk training activities. Our results provide evidence of the benefits of modifying the volume and content of rugby union training to reduce the risk associated with injuries to professional players. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to assess responses to taper in elite athletes using computer simulations. Parameters of a non-linear model were derived from training and performance data over two seasons for eight elite swimmers. The fit between modelled and actual performances was statistically significant for each swimmer (r(2) = 0.56 +/- 0.06; P < 0.01). The simulations were used to estimate characteristics of step and progressive tapers that would maximize performance either (1) after regular training only or (2) after overload training of a 20% step increase in regular training for 28 days. The highest performance with a step taper was greater with than without prior overload training (101.4%, s = 1.6 vs. 101.1%, s = 1.4 of personal record; P < 0.01) but required a longer taper duration (22.4 days, s = 13.4 vs. 16.4 days, s = 10.3; P < 0.05). The optimal progressive taper led to a better performance only after the overload period (101.5%, s = 1.5; P < 0.001). Negative and positive influences of training were estimated as indicators of fatigue and adaptations to training respectively. During the optimal taper, the negative influence was completely removed, independently of the prior training, whereas the positive influence increased only after overload training. Our computer simulations show that the characteristics of an optimal training reduction in elite athletes depend on the training performed in the weeks prior to a taper. 相似文献
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Christopher Carling Paul Bradley Alan McCall Gregory Dupont 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(24):2215-2223
ABSTRACTThis study investigated variability in competitive high-speed running performance in an elite soccer team. A semi-automated tracking system quantified running performance in 12 players over a season (median 17 matches per player, 207 observations). Variability [coefficient of variation (CV)] was compared for total sprint distance (TSD, >25.2 km/h), high-speed running (HSR, 19.8–25.2 km/h), total high-speed running (THSR, ≥19.8 km/h); THSR when the team was in and out of ball possession, in individual ball possession, in the peak 5 min activity period; and distance run according to individual maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Variability for % declines in THSR and distance covered at ≥80% MAS across halves, at the end of play (final 15 min vs. mean for all 15 min periods) and transiently (5 min period following peak 5 min activity period), was analysed. Collectively, variability was higher for TSD versus HSR and THSR and lowest for distance run at ≥80% MAS (CVs: 37.1%, 18.1%, 19.8% and 11.8%). THSR CVs when the team was in/out of ball possession, in individual ball possession and during the peak 5 min period were 31.5%, 26.1%, 60.1% and 23.9%. Variability in THSR declines across halves, at the end of play and transiently, ranged from 37.1% to 142.6%, while lower CVs were observed in these metrics for running at ≥80% MAS (20.9–53.3%).These results cast doubt on the appropriateness of general measures of high-speed activity for determining variability in an elite soccer team, although individualisation of HSR thresholds according to fitness characteristics might provide more stable indicators of running performance and fatigue occurrence. 相似文献
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Psychological characteristics of male gymnasts: differences between competitive levels 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
K S Spink 《Journal of sports sciences》1990,8(2):149-157
The purpose of this study was to examine whether any differences exist in the cognitive and behavioural strategies of gymnasts competing at different elite levels. Thirty-eight male gymnasts competing at different competitive levels in an Australian gymnastic championship completed a standardized questionnaire prior to the first day of the competition. The questionnaire focused on a number of psychological factors that may affect both training and competition. Using both t-tests and simple discriminant function analysis, it was revealed that gymnasts competing at different elite levels could be distinguished on the basis of two psychological factors, psychological recovery and self-confidence, as well as the behavioural measure, training hours. Specifically, gymnasts competing at higher elite levels versus those at lower elite levels, were better able to recover from their competitive mistakes, were more confident and trained longer per week. 相似文献
17.
Kevin S. Spink 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(2):149-157
The purpose of this study was to examine whether any differences exist in the cognitive and behavioural strategies of gymnasts competing at different elite levels. Thirty‐eight male gymnasts competing at different competitive levels in an Australian gymnastic championship completed a standardized questionnaire prior to the first day of the competition. The questionnaire focused on a number of psychological factors that may affect both training and competition. Using both t‐tests and simple discriminant function analysis, it was revealed that gymnasts competing at different elite levels could be distinguished on the basis of two psychological factors, psychological recovery and self‐confidence, as well as the behavioural measure, training hours. Specifically, gymnasts competing at higher elite levels versus those at lower elite levels, were better able to recover from their competitive mistakes, were more confident and trained longer per week. 相似文献
18.
Christopher Papic Peter Sinclair Che Fornusek Ross Sanders 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2019,18(4):378-389
Task-specific auditory training can improve sensorimotor processing times of the auditory reaction time (RT). The majority of competitive swimmers do not conduct habitual start training with the electronic horn used to commence a race. We examined the effect of four week dive training interventions on RT and block time (BT) of 10 male adolescent swimmers (age 14.0 ± 1.4 years): dive training with auditory components (speaker and electronic horn) (n = 5) and dive training without auditory components (n = 5). Auditory stimulus dive training significantly reduced swimming start RT, compared with dive training without auditory components (p < 0.01), with a group mean RT reduction of 13 ± 9 ms. Four of the five swimmers that received auditory stimulus training showed medium to large effect size reductions in RT (d = 0.74; 1.32; 1.40; 1.81). No significant changes to swimmers’ BTs were evident in either dive training intervention. The adolescent swimmers’ results were compared against six male elite swimmers (age 19.8 ± 1.0 years). The elite swimmers had significantly shorter BTs (p < 0.05) but no significant difference in RTs. Auditory stimulus dive training should be explored further as a mechanism for improving swimming start performance in elite swimmers who have pre-established optimal BTs. 相似文献
19.
Liam Anderson Patrick Orme Rocco Di Michele Graeme L Close Ryland Morgans Barry Drust 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(13):1250-1259
Muscle glycogen is the predominant energy source for soccer match play, though its importance for soccer training (where lower loads are observed) is not well known. In an attempt to better inform carbohydrate (CHO) guidelines, we quantified training load in English Premier League soccer players (n = 12) during a one-, two- and three-game week schedule (weekly training frequency was four, four and two, respectively). In a one-game week, training load was progressively reduced (P < 0.05) in 3 days prior to match day (total distance = 5223 ± 406, 3097 ± 149 and 2912 ± 192 m for day 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Whilst daily training load and periodisation was similar in the one- and two-game weeks, total accumulative distance (inclusive of both match and training load) was higher in a two-game week (32.5 ± 4.1 km) versus one-game week (25.9 ± 2 km). In contrast, daily training total distance was lower in the three-game week (2422 ± 251 m) versus the one- and two-game weeks, though accumulative weekly distance was highest in this week (35.5 ± 2.4 km) and more time (P < 0.05) was spent in speed zones >14.4 km · h?1 (14%, 18% and 23% in the one-, two- and three-game weeks, respectively). Considering that high CHO availability improves physical match performance but high CHO availability attenuates molecular pathways regulating training adaptation (especially considering the low daily customary loads reported here, e.g., 3–5 km per day), we suggest daily CHO intake should be periodised according to weekly training and match schedules. 相似文献
20.
Patrycja Lipińska Sian V. Allen Will G. Hopkins 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(3):287-292
Pacing offers a potential avenue for enhancement of endurance performance. We report here a novel method for characterizing pacing in 800-m freestyle swimming. Websites provided 50-m lap and race times for 192 swims of 20 elite female swimmers between 2000 and 2013. Pacing for each swim was characterized with five parameters derived from a linear model: linear and quadratic coefficients for effect of lap number, reductions from predicted time for first and last laps, and lap-time variability (standard error of the estimate). Race-to-race consistency of the parameters was expressed as intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The average swim was a shallow negative quadratic with slowest time in the eleventh lap. First and last laps were faster by 6.4% and 3.6%, and lap-time variability was ±0.64%. Consistency between swimmers ranged from low-moderate for the linear and quadratic parameters (ICC = 0.29 and 0.36) to high for the last-lap parameter (ICC = 0.62), while consistency for race time was very high (ICC = 0.80). Only ~15% of swimmers had enough swims (~15 or more) to provide reasonable evidence of optimum parameter values in plots of race time vs. each parameter. The modest consistency of most of the pacing parameters and lack of relationships between parameters and performance suggest that swimmers usually compensated for changes in one parameter with changes in another. In conclusion, pacing in 800-m elite female swimmers can be characterized with five parameters, but identifying an optimal pacing profile is generally impractical. 相似文献