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1.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate to perceptions of the intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety in a sample of university athletes representing various team sports. Although some studies have demonstrated that task orientation and mastery climate are associated with adaptive emotional patterns and ego orientation and performance climate are linked to less adaptive emotions, others have not verified these findings. In the present study, structural equation modeling was used to test these links. The results showed that perceptions of a performance climate were associated with ego orientation, whereas perceptions of a mastery climate were linked to task orientation. Furthermore, no significant links were found between task orientation and direction of competitive anxiety, while it was shown that the impact of ego orientation on the intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety was exerted through self-confidence. No significant direct links were found between motivational climates and competitive anxiety, thus implying that motivational climates may have an indirect impact on affective responses through the different goal orientations. The findings of the present study are discussed along with suggestions for examining situational and individual difference variables that may explain the relationships between intensity and direction of competitive anxiety and achievement goals and motivational climates.  相似文献   

2.
BackgroundIt remains unclear whether studies comparing maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) response to sprint interval training (SIT) vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) are associated with a high risk of bias and poor reporting quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of bias and quality of reporting in studies comparing changes in VO2max between SIT and MICT.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search of 4 major databases: AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. Studies were excluded if participants were not healthy adult humans or if training protocols were unsupervised, lasted less than 2 weeks, or utilized mixed exercise modalities. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the CONSORT checklist for non-pharmacological trials to evaluate the risk of bias and reporting quality, respectively.ResultsTwenty-eight studies with 30 comparisons (3 studies included 2 SIT groups) were included in our meta-analysis (n = 360 SIT participants: body mass index (BMI) = 25.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2, baseline VO2max = 37.9 ± 8.0 mL/kg/min; n = 359 MICT participants: BMI = 25.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2, baseline VO2max = 38.3 ± 8.0 mL/kg/min; all mean ± SD). All studies had an unclear risk of bias and poor reporting quality.ConclusionAlthough we observed a lack of superiority between SIT and MICT for improving VO2max (weighted Hedge's g = ?0.004, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): ?0.08 to 0.07), the overall unclear risk of bias calls the validity of this conclusion into question. Future studies using robust study designs are needed to interrogate the possibility that SIT and MICT result in similar changes in VO2max.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Grounded in achievement goal theory and self-determination theory, this cross-sectional study examined the relationship between perceived motivational climate and individuals’ motivation as well as the mediation effect of psychobiosocial states as conceptualised within the individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model. Young students (N = 167, age range 14–15 years) taking part in physical education classes completed measures of teacher-initiated motivational climate, task and ego orientation, motivation and psychobiosocial states. Simple and serial mediation analyses indicated that a perceived mastery climate and individuals’ task orientation were related to intrinsic motivation and identified regulation through the mediation of pleasant/functional psychobiosocial states. In contrast, a perceived performance climate was related to external regulation and amotivation through the mediation of unpleasant/dysfunctional psychobiosocial states. Regression analysis results also showed that discrete psychobiosocial states accounted for a significant proportion of variance in motivational variables. Taken together, findings highlight the role of psychobiosocial states as mediators of the relationship between motivational climate and an individual’s motivation, and suggest that educators should consider a wide range of individual’s functional and dysfunctional reactions deriving from their instructional activity.  相似文献   

4.
通过文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等方法,对成就目标定向对篮球技能学习的影响进行了研究,结果表明：高任务低自我的目标定向能有效地提高其教学效果和篮球技能水平。因此,教师应运用目标定向理论,建立合理的阶段目标成绩评定体系,对学生的任务目标定向进行正确的引导,建立合理的成绩考核体系,多鼓励学生设置任务定向的目标,营造一种高任务定向的气氛,把目标定向理论结合教学,提高学生的身体自尊,从而提高他们的学习效率,为以后的体育专业教学手段的多样化提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
有关目标定向理论研究的新进展   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
采用献资料法，分析了国内外对目标定向理论研究的现状。目标定向理论在当今体育运动动机的研究中占据统治地位。目标定向的模式影响学生的学习动机，在学生的任务目标定向、自我效能感和愉快感之间存在着一定的相关性。建议教师在教学中，应创设和保持以任务定向动机为主的学习动机气氛。然而，构成目标定向内容是否还存在着其他因素，还需做进一步的讨论。  相似文献   

6.
The aims of this study were twofold: (a) to determine if dispositional achievement goal orientation profiles that are reported in the literature would be observed in a sample of youth athletes, and (b) to examine potential achievement goal orientation profile differences on perceptions of the motivational climate, perceptions of peer relationships, and motivation-related responses. Male soccer players (n=223) aged 9-12 years (mean=10.9, s=0.6) completed a multi-section questionnaire containing assessments of dispositional goal (task, ego) orientations, the perceived task- and ego-involving features of the motivational climate, perceived peer acceptance and friendship quality (positive friendship quality, conflict), perceived ability, soccer enjoyment, and satisfaction with one's performance and the team. Four profiles were observed that closely matched those observed by Hodge and Petlichkoff (2000), though in the present study a lower proportion of participants exhibited achievement goal profiles consisting of relatively high ego orientation. Achievement goal profile differences were found for all variables except positive friendship quality, with a general trend for those reporting relatively lower task goal orientation to exhibit less adaptive responses. Overall, the findings support achievement goal frameworks (e.g. Nicholls, 1989) and suggest that further examination of dispositional achievement goals may afford a deeper understanding of social relationships and motivational processes in youth sport.  相似文献   

7.
In this study, we examined the main and interactive effects of students' goal orientations, perceived competence and perceptions of the motivational climate on the motivational styles advanced by self-determination theory. The participants were 328 British secondary school students aged 13.6±0.6 years (mean±s). Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed task orientation, perceived competence and perceptions of a mastery climate to be positive predictors of self-determined styles of motivation. Perceived competence in physical education was negatively associated with amotivation. Significant interaction effects for mastery climate×task orientation and for ego orientation×perceived competence emerged. The results indicate that: (1) for students endorsing a high task orientation, the perception that the class climate was high in mastery cues was associated with increased intrinsic motivation; and (2) for students high in ego orientation, the belief that one was competent increased, while perceptions of incompetence attenuated intrinsic motivation. Additionally, a three-way interaction between ego orientation, performance climate and perceived competence emerged. In light of achievement goal and self-determination frameworks, we propose that studying the potential interplay between both individual and situational goal perspectives and the moderating effect of perceived competence may further enhance our understanding of motivation in physical education.  相似文献   

8.
BackgroundThis study sought to explore the dose–response rate/association between aerobic fitness (VO2max) and self-reported physical activity (PA) and to assess whether this association varies by sex, age, and weight status.MethodsVO2max was assessed using the 20-m shuttle-run test. PA was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ) for Adolescents (aged >11 years, PAQ-A) or for Children (aged ≤11 years, PAQ-C). The associations between VO2max and PAQ were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adopting PAQ and PAQ2 as covariates but allowing the intercepts and slope parameters of PAQ and PAQ2 to vary with the categorical variables sex, age group, and weight status.ResultsANCOVA identified a curvilinear association between VO2max and PAQ, with positive linear PAQ terms that varied for both sex and weight status but with a negative PAQ2 term of −0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): –0.57 to –0.21) that was common for all groups in regard to age, sex, and weight status. These curvilinear (inverted U) associations suggest that the benefits of increasing PA (same dose) on VO2max is greater when children report lower levels of PA compared to children who report higher levels of PA. These dose–response rates were also steeper for boys and were steeper for lean children compared to overweight/obese children.ConclusionHealth practitioners should be aware that encouraging greater PA (same dose) in inactive and underweight children will result in greater gains in VO2max (response) compared with their active and overweight/obese counterparts.  相似文献   

9.
In this study, we examined the main and interactive effects of students' goal orientations, perceived competence and perceptions of the motivational climate on the motivational styles advanced by self-determination theory. The participants were 328 British secondary school students aged 13.6 +/- 0.6 years (mean +/- s). Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed task orientation, perceived competence and perceptions of a mastery climate to be positive predictors of self-determined styles of motivation. Perceived competence in physical education was negatively associated with amotivation. Significant interaction effects for mastery climate x task orientation and for ego orientation x perceived competence emerged. The results indicate that: (1) for students endorsing a high task orientation, the perception that the class climate was high in mastery cues was associated with increased intrinsic motivation; and (2) for students high in ego orientation, the belief that one was competent increased, while perceptions of incompetence attenuated intrinsic motivation. Additionally, a three-way interaction between ego orientation, performance climate and perceived competence emerged. In light of achievement goal and self-determination frameworks, we propose that studying the potential interplay between both individual and situational goal perspectives and the moderating effect of perceived competence may further enhance our understanding of motivation in physical education.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

This study was conducted to determine if the Polar FT40 could accurately track changes in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in a group of female soccer players. Predicted VO2max (pVO2max) via the Polar FT40 and observed VO2max (aVO2max) from a maximal exercise test on a treadmill were determined for members of a collegiate soccer team (n = 20) before and following an 8-week endurance training protocol. Predicted (VO2max and aVO2max measures were compared at baseline and within 1 week post-training. Change values (i.e., the difference between pre to post) for each variable were also determined and compared. There was a significant difference in aVO2max (pre = 43.6 ± 2.4 ml · kg · min?1, post = 46.2 ± 2.4 ml · kg · min?1, P < 0.001) and pVO2max (pre = 47.3 ± 5.3 ml · kg · min?1, post = 49.7 ± 6.2 ml · kg · min?1, P = 0.009) following training. However, predicted values were significantly greater at each time point compared to observed values (P < 0.001 at pre and P = 0.008 at post). Furthermore, there was a weak correlation between the change in aVO2max and the change in pVO2max (r = 0.18, P = 0.45). The Polar FT40 does not appear to be a valid method for predicting changes in individual VO2max following 8 weeks of endurance training in female collegiate soccer players.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The transient oxygen uptake (VO2) response during the initial phase of exercise was investigated in 28 children (mean age ± SD = 10.2 ± 2.28 years) during constant load submaximum bicycle ergometer exercise (mean power output ± SD = 56 ± 4.0 watts; mean VO2 ± SD = .92 ± .141 [mdot] min-1). The VO2 half-time (VO2 - t½) averaged (± SD) 34.8 (± 12.70) sec which is similar to that observed in adults. Examination of the VO2-t ½ response as it related to age (7 to 14 years) showed that younger children attained steady-rate VO2 more quickly than older children (r = .77 between age and VO2-t½, P < .05). Body size, maturational level, exercise intensity, cardiorespiratory factors, and anaerobic potential are suggested as possible factors accounting for the positive age vs VO2-t ½ relationship.  相似文献   

12.
To examine the reliability and validity of 1-mile walk tests for estimation of aerobic fitness (VO2max) in 10- to 13-year-old children and to cross-validate previously published equations. Participants (n = 61) walked 1-mile on two different days. Self-reported physical activity, demographic variables, and aerobic fitness were used in multiple regression analyses. Eight models were developed with various combinations of predictors. The recommended model for fitness testing in schools was: VO2max = 120.702 + (4.114 × Sex [F = 0, M = 1]) – (2.918 × 1-mile Walk Time [min]) – (2.841 × Age), R = .73, standard error of estimate = 6.36 mL·kg?1·min?1. Cross-validation of previously published equations demonstrated lower correlations with measured VO2max than the newly developed walk tests. Evidence of reliability and validity for 1-mile walk tests to estimate VO2max in young children was provided. The model that included 1-mile walk time, age, and sex may be appropriate for youth fitness testing in physical education, particularly for unmotivated or overweight young children.  相似文献   

13.
成就目标定向理论研究的回顾与展望   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
郗琳 《体育学刊》2003,10(1):31-34
通过查阅献资料，对1990年以来国内、外(以国外为主)发表的目标定向的论进行分析，结果显示，具有较强任务定向将有利于自己建立适应的动机模式，对活动有积极的态度与认识，在面对困难时表现较强的意志力，显示对活动的内在兴趣；自我定向则相反。在掌握目标动机气氛下，个体参与活动的内在兴趣提升了，并在学习中更多地使用了积极的认知策略和自我约束；而在成绩动机气氛下，则削弱了学生的内部动机和自我效能感，破坏了学生对某项活动的兴趣。另外，高水平目标定向与高自尊有一定的相关性。今后的发展趋势如下：第l，个体的目标取向不是一成不变的，它牵涉到其认知、情感、价值等方面的内容，因此，目标取向是否仍有其他内容，是今后探讨的内容之一；第2，由于东西方化的差异性，教育在利用目标定向理论预测运动行为时需作进一步的检验与完善；第3，有关目标定向的长期效应和短期效应是否一致，存在什么样的差异性，也将是今后讨论的热点；第4，目标定向是如何深入调节学生的情绪状态(例如自尊体验、心境状态)也将是未来讨论的话题。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

This study examined (a) the main and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, and (b) whether number of seasons one has played for the team interacts with motivational climate in predicting prosocial and antisocial behaviour in association football. Participants were 325 male association football players, whose age ranged from 12 to 17 years. Athletes completed questionnaires measuring frequency of prosocial and antisocial behaviours in football, goal orientation, motivational climate and social desirability, and indicated the number of seasons they had played for their current team. Regression analyses revealed that task orientation and mastery climate were positive predictors of prosocial behaviour, whereas ego orientation and performance climate were positive predictors of antisocial behaviour. In addition, task orientation negatively predicted antisocial behaviour, while ego orientation negatively predicted prosocial behaviour. No significant interactions between task and ego orientation and mastery and performance motivational climate were found. Finally, mastery climate negatively predicted antisocial behaviour for those who had played many seasons for the team. In conclusion, strengthening task orientation and mastery climate and weakening ego orientation may enhance prosocial behaviour. However, for antisocial conduct to be eliminated from the context of association football, ego orientation and performance climate need to be tempered, as these constructs exert unique independent effects on antisocial behaviour.  相似文献   

15.
This study investigated the autonomic and haemodynamic responses to different aerobic exercise loads, with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). In a crossover study, 21 older adults (8 males and 13 females) completed different aerobic exercise sessions: low load without BFR (LL) (40% VO2max), low load with BFR (LL-BFR) (40% VO2max + 50% BFR) and high load without BFR (HL) (70% VO2max). Heart rate variability and haemodynamic responses were recorded during rest and throughout 30 min of recovery. HL reduced R–R interval, the root mean square of successive difference of R–R intervals and high frequency during 30 min of recovery at a greater magnitude compared with LL and LL-BFR. Sympathetic–vagal balance increased the values for HL during 30 min of recovery at a greater magnitude when compared with LL and LL-BFR. Post-exercise haemodynamic showed reduced values of double product at 30 min of recovery compared to rest in LL-BFR, while HL showed higher values compared to rest, LL-BFR and LL. Reduced systolic blood pressure was observed for LL-BFR (30 min) compared to rest. Autonomic and haemodynamic responses indicate lower cardiovascular stress after LL-BFR compared to HL, being this method, besides the functional adaptations, a potential choice to attenuate the cardiovascular stress after exercise in older adults.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Nicholls's theory of achievement motivation (1989) assumes one's goal orientation in an achievement activity is consistent with one's views concerning what is acceptable behavior in that setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of a task and ego goal orientation (i.e., the tendency to focus on personal mastery or beating others, respectively) to sportsmanship attitudes and perceptions of the legitimacy of aggressive acts by testing this assumption in the context of interscholastic sport. Fifty-six male and 67 female high school basketball players completed a three-part questionnaire assessing (a) individual differences in goal orientation, (b) approval of “unsportsmanlike play/cheating,” “strategic play,” and “sportsmanship behaviors,” and (c) subjective ratings of the legitimacy of intentionally injurious behaviors. All measures were basketball-specific. Results indicated a low task orientation and high ego orientation corresponded to an endorsement of unsportsmanlike play/cheating. Ego orientation positively related to the rating of aggressive acts as more legitimate. Gender differences in goal orientation, sportsmanship attitudes, and legitimacy ratings were observed.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

In this study, we examined the temporal stability and reciprocal relationships among task and ego orientation, task- and ego-involving climates, and prosocial and antisocial behaviour in youth football. Male (n = 156) and female (n = 24) footballers (mean age 14.1 years, s = 1.8) completed questionnaires towards the beginning and end of a regular season. Questionnaires measured goal orientation, perceived motivational climate, and frequency of prosocial and antisocial behaviours. Structural equation modelling indicated moderate covariance stability between the beginning and end of the season. Subsequent analyses revealed a significant decrease only in perceptions of task-involving climate. In the cross-lagged analyses, prosocial behaviour at the beginning of the season positively predicted task-involving climate at the end of the season. Antisocial behaviour at the beginning of the season positively predicted both ego orientation and ego-involving climate at the end of the season and a reciprocal relationship was revealed whereby ego orientation at the beginning of the season positively predicted antisocial behaviour at the end of the season. Task orientation at the beginning of the season negatively predicted ego-involving climate at the end of the season. All cross-lagged relationships were weak. This exploratory study offers limited support for bi-directional relationships between personal, environmental, and behavioural variables but provides useful insight into the covariance stability, change, and interrelationships between motivational and moral constructs over a competitive season.  相似文献   

18.
研究从倾向性目标定向及其与内在动机、认知、情感、归因和成就行为之间关系等方面展开,得出较为一致的结论:任务目标定向与积极的认知、归因、情感和成就行为有关,而自我目标定向与消极的认知、归因、情感和成就行为有关,并存在着性别、年龄和文化方面的差异。研究还对倾向性目标定向与情境性目标定向之间交互作用以及未来的研究方向进行了探讨,为进一步的研究提供参考。  相似文献   

19.
Investigations in the 1990s evaluated the influence of breathing assemblies on respiratory variables at rest and during exercise; however, research on new models of breathing assemblies is lacking. This study compared metabolic gas analysis data from a mouthpiece with a noseclip (MOUTH) and a face mask (MASK). Volunteers (7 males, 7 females; 25.1 ± 2.7 years) completed two maximal treadmill tests within 1 week, one MOUTH and one MASK, in random order. The difference in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) between MOUTH (52.7 ± 11.3 ml · kg?1 · min?1) and MASK (52.2 ± 11.7 ml · kg?1 · min?1) was not significant (P = 0.53). Likewise, the mean MOUTH–MASK differences in minute ventilation (VE), fraction of expired oxygen (FEO2) and carbon dioxide (FECO2), respiration rate (RR), tidal volume (Vt), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at maximal and submaximal intensities were not significant (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no systematic bias in the error scores (r = ?0.13, P = 0.66), and 12 of the 14 participants had a VO2max difference of ≤3 ml · kg?1 · min?1 between conditions. Finally, there was no clear participant preference for using the MOUTH or MASK. Selection of MOUTH or MASK will not affect the participant’s gas exchange or breathing patterns.  相似文献   

20.
周海旭 《体育科研》2021,42(1):77-85
运用Meta分析方法系统评价高强度间歇训练(HIIT)和持续有氧训练(CAT)对青少年的身体成分与心肺适能的不同影响效果,为设计青少年锻炼方案提供有效参考依据。共纳入14篇符合纳入标准的文献,以PRISMA声明的标准对14篇文献进行偏倚风险质量评价。结果：(1)HIIT与CAT对青少年体重和BMI的干预效果在统计学上无显著性差异,对体脂率的干预效果存在显著性差异;(2)HIIT与CAT对青少年最大摄氧量(VO2max)、峰值摄氧量(VO2peak)、收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)的干预效果在统计学上无显著性差异,但HIIT对青少年VO2max、VO2peak和DBP总体效应量优于CAT,CAT对青少年SBP的总效应量优于HIIT;(3)其中将青少年分为健康和肥胖两个亚组,健康青少年亚组中,CAT对体重、体脂率、BMI和SBP等指标的干预效果优于HIIT,HIIT对VO2max和DBP的干预效果优于CAT;肥胖青少年亚组中,HIIT对体重、体脂率、BMI、VO2max和DBP等指标的干预效果优于CAT,HIIT与CAT对健康青少年SBP的干预效果类似。  相似文献   

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