共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 609 毫秒
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短跑地面支撑反作用力研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
短跑时,作用于脚上的地面反作用力包含了有关跑的力学的大量信息。伴随短跑技术改变的地面反作用力的改变与运动成绩的提高有直接的关系。从短跑时地面支撑反作用力的时间―力值曲线、冲量、压力中心变化以及支撑反作用力与肢体各环节的作用等方面,对以往研究进行了总结评述,并探讨了未来的可能探索方向。 相似文献
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短跑途中跑支撑摆动技术生物力学机制研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
研究目的:深入认识短跑途中跑支撑摆动动作系统中各环节协同的关系,完善短跑技术和专项力量训练理论。研究方法:采用生物力学测试、系统分析和数理统计等方法。结论:优秀运动员支撑摆动技术的主要运动学趋势,是支撑腿和摆动腿的髋角、膝角和踝角在支撑过程中均较小,两大腿的剪绞速度更快、幅度更大;短跑技术的本质特征是两大腿以髋为轴的剪绞—制动;积极着地是合理的短跑技术的基础;途中跑中前支撑段的技术效果是提高和保持最高跑速的主要影响因素;跑的主要动力是体后支撑阶段与人体运动方向相同的支撑反作用力的水平分力;两大腿的剪绞—制动力量和支撑腿膝、踝关节的低位趋等长力量,是短跑专项力量的核心。 相似文献
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短跑动力的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
陈有源 《武汉体育学院学报》1985,(1)
在跑的理论和训练中,一直认为后蹬反作用力是短跑的唯一或主要动力,本文提出与此相反的看法,认为足与地面相互作用产生的摩擦力(外力)使足固定,支撑腿肌肉收缩产生的力矩(内力)是跑的主要动力。人体因支撑转动而产生的蹬地反作用力的主要作用是增加腾空步长,对足离地时的跑速增加很小,不能成为短跑的主要动力。短跑的动力究竞是什么?我们期待专家和读者参加讨论。 相似文献
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运用激光测速系统、运动学分析系统以及多参数同步触发系统,在上海2名优秀短跑运动员的100 m跑训练过程中进行测试,将运动员100 m途中跑支撑阶段的运动学参数与人体运动的水平速度进行同步分析,来揭示短跑运动员100 m途中跑速度的变化规律,讨论和分析短跑运动员100 m途中跑支撑阶段的不同运动学参数的变化与人体速度的关系,为教练员和运动员提高短跑途中跑的速度和改进技术动作提供一定的数据参考和理论依据。 相似文献
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从肌肉的生理特性、力学原理、运动学等理论角度分析,指出支撑脚在着地瞬间应该增大地面支撑反作用力而不是减小或克服它;增大地面支撑反作用力有利于重心水平速度的提高。 相似文献
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对短跑途中跑三维支撑反作用力的实测 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
前言本世纪七十年代和八十年代初期,不少国家的学者通过高速摄影和图像解析,在短跑的运动学研究方面取得了一些成果。在动力学方面,虽然也开展了研究工作,但由于受到测试仪器的限制,进展较慢,成果并不多见。可以说,在我国也还刚刚处在起步阶段。此前,我们曾在实验条件下,用瑞士产小型测力平台测试了跑的14个单个动作和4个组合动作的用力情况,获得了每一动作支撑反作用力的三维曲线,为研究跑的动力学特征提供了实验材料(见《辽宁体育科技》1982年第二期)。本文在运动现场专对途中跑支撑反作用力进行了实测。在获得空间直角座标系三个分力(Fx-前后的水平分力;Fy-左右两侧的水平分力;Fz-垂直向上的分力)的基础上,对力的大小、力作用时间及其规律作简要分析,从而为跑的动力学研究、提高短跑的竞技效果、发展短跑运动技术提供依据。测试仪器、对象和方法 相似文献
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魏晓光 《体育科技文献通报》2005,13(1)
美国的短跑训练是以专项力量练习为基础,辅之以专门性练习和途中跑,从而形成合理的短跑技术。专项力量训练被作为改进技术的重要内容,其更加符合现代短跑运动项目的特性和关键技术的要求。 人体在短跑中运动动力主要来源于支撑腿、摆动腿、骨盆转动(送髋)等各个关节肌肉快速收缩产生的肌拉力作用于地面,使人体获得的支撑反作用力。而身体的其它环节肌肉的快速收缩与动作的到位,则是 相似文献
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对10名一级左右男子短跑运动员途中跑支撑阶段重心水平速度进行运动生物力学分析,结果显示：（1）支撑阶段支撑腿膝关节最小角出现在垂直支撑以后;重心水平速度在着地后逐渐下降,在垂直阶段之前达到最小,而后逐渐增大;（2）髋关节的运动学指标在很大程度上反映运动员的短跑水平,髋关节的力量与柔韧性很大程度上决定运动员的竞技能力;（3）支撑腿支撑阶段踝关节的运动学参数应成为评定运动员短跑技术好坏的一项重要指标,过分追求小腿的回摆速度是不对的。 相似文献
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A more horizontally oriented ground reaction force vector is related to higher levels of sprint acceleration performance across a range of athletes. However, the effects of acute experimental alterations to the force vector orientation within athletes are unknown. Fifteen male team sports athletes completed maximal effort 10-m accelerations in three conditions following different verbal instructions intended to manipulate the force vector orientation. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) were collected from the step nearest 5-m and stance leg kinematics at touchdown were also analysed to understand specific kinematic features of touchdown technique which may influence the consequent force vector orientation. Magnitude-based inferences were used to compare findings between conditions. There was a likely more horizontally oriented ground reaction force vector and a likely lower peak vertical force in the control condition compared with the experimental conditions. 10-m sprint time was very likely quickest in the control condition which confirmed the importance of force vector orientation for acceleration performance on a within-athlete basis. The stance leg kinematics revealed that a more horizontally oriented force vector during stance was preceded at touchdown by a likely more dorsiflexed ankle, a likely more flexed knee, and a possibly or likely greater hip extension velocity. 相似文献
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AbstractAthletes use weighted sled towing to improve sprint ability, but little is known about its biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of weighted sled towing with two different loads on ground reaction force. Ten physically active men (mean ± SD: age 27.9 ± 1.9 years; stature 1.76 ± 0.06 m; body mass 80.2 ± 9.6 kg) performed 5 m sprints under three conditions; (a) unresisted, (b) towing a sled weighing 10% of body mass (10% condition) and (c) towing a sled weighing 30% of body mass (30% condition). Ground reaction force data during the second ground contact after the start were recorded and compared across the three conditions. No significant differences between the unresisted and 10% conditions were evident, whereas the 30% condition resulted in significantly greater values for the net horizontal and propulsive impulses (P < 0.05) compared with the unresisted condition due to longer contact time and more horizontal direction of force application to the ground. It is concluded that towing a sled weighing 30% of body mass requires more horizontal force application and increases the demand for horizontal impulse production. In contrast, the use of 10% body mass has minimal impact on ground reaction force. 相似文献
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Boisnoir A Decker L Reine B Natta F 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(2):215-223
Biomechanical analyses using synchronized tools [electromyography (EMG), motion capture, force sensors, force platform, and digital camera] are classically performed in a laboratory environment that could influence the performance. We present a system for studying the running sprint start that synchronizes motion capture, EMG, and ground reaction force data. To maximize motion capture (Vicon 612 with six cameras), a special dim environment was created in the stadium. "Classical" tools were combined with "purpose-built" tools intended to analyse the different aspects of movement. For example, a synchronization system was built to create a common time-base for all data recordings and a portable EMG system was synchronized by a cable that was "disconnected" by the athlete's movement out of the blocks. This disconnection represented an independent event recorded by different tools. A "gap" was measured for some sprint start events between kinetic and kinematic (motion capture) data. Calibration results, measurements of time "gap", and duration of the independent event were used to validate the accuracy of motion capture and the synchronization system. The results validate the entire experimental set-up and suggest adjustment values for motion capture data. This environment can be used to study other movements and can easily be applied to several sports. 相似文献
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Natsuki Sado Shinsuke Yoshioka Senshi Fukashiro 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2017,16(2):258-271
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lumbosacral kinetics on sprinting. Twelve male sprinters performed 50 m sprints at maximal effort. Kinematic and ground reaction force data were recorded at approximately 40 m from sprint commencement. A whole-body inverse dynamics approach was applied to calculate joint forces and torques at the hip and lumbosacral joints. The contribution of the hips and lumbosacral joint torques to pelvic rotation was subsequently calculated, with joint force powers indicating the rate of mechanical energy transfer between segments across joint centres calculated for both hip joints. The kinetic analysis indicated that the lumbosacral torsional torque contributed significantly to pelvic rotation. Additionally, the pelvic rotation exerted anterior–posterior joint forces on the hips, contributing to the large positive joint force power at the hip of the stance leg. These hip joint force powers assisted in motion recovery during sprinting. In conclusion, the lumbosacral torsional torque might contribute to the recovery motion in sprinting through application of the anterior–posterior joint forces at the hip joints via pelvic rotation. 相似文献
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Sprint push-off technique is fundamental to sprint performance and joint stiffness has been identified as a performance-related variable during dynamic movements. However, joint stiffness for the push-off and its relationship with performance (times and velocities) has not been reported. The aim of this study was to quantify and explain lower limb net joint moments and mechanical powers, and ankle stiffness during the first stance phase of the push-off. One elite sprinter performed 10 maximal sprint starts. An automatic motion analysis system (CODA, 200 Hz) with synchronized force plates (Kistler, 1000 Hz) collected kinematic profiles at the hip, knee, and ankle and ground reaction forces, providing input for inverse dynamics analyses. The lower-limb joints predominately extended and revealed a proximal-to-distal sequential pattern of maximal extensor angular velocity and positive power production. Pearson correlations revealed relationships (P < 0.05) between ankle stiffness (5.93 ± 0.75 N x m x deg(-1)) and selected performance variables. Relationships between negative power phase ankle stiffness and horizontal (r = -0.79) and vertical (r = 0.74) centre of mass velocities were opposite in direction to the positive power phase ankle stiffness (horizontal: r = 0.85; vertical: r = -0.54). Thus ankle stiffness may affect the goals of the sprint push-off in different ways, depending on the phase of stance considered. 相似文献
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中学生短跑运动员专项力量及其训练 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
短跑专项力量是运动员完善专项技术，提高运动成绩的决定因素。短跑专项力量训练必须重视以应为轴的摆动力量；以踝关节肌群为主的离心—向心收缩力量；以肩为轴的上肢摆动力量，才能使短跑的力量训练产生事半功倍的效果。 相似文献
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运用生理、生化的理论知识,对短跑运动项目的特性进行综合分析,并从项目特性的实质出发,提出短跑运动员发展速度素质和速度耐力素质的方法符合短跑项目发展规律,为短跑项目科学训练提供理论依据. 相似文献
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Timothy A. Exell Marianne J.R. Gittoes Gareth Irwin David G. Kerwin 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(4):532-541
The aims of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of centre of pressure (COP) data obtained during transition of load across the boundary between two force plates, and secondly to examine the effect of such COP data on joint kinetics during sprint running performances. COP data were collected from two piezoelectric force plates as a trolley wheel was rolled across the boundary between the plates. Position data for the trolley were collected using an opto-electronic motion analysis system for comparison with COP data. Mean COP errors during transition across the plate boundary were 0.003 ± 0.002 m relative to a control point. Kinematic and kinetic data were also collected from eight athletes during sprint running trials to demonstrate the sensitivity of the inverse dynamics analysis to COP error for the ground contact phase of the dynamic movement trials. Kinetic sensitivity to the COP error was assessed during the entire stance phase for the ankle, knee, and hip joints and was less than 5% and 3% for joint moment and power data, respectively. Based on the small COP error during transition across plate boundaries, it is recommended that foot contacts overlapping two force plates may be included in inverse dynamics analyses. 相似文献