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多数教练员都希望少年儿童游泳运动员能掌握好中交叉或中后交叉的自由泳配合技术动作。这两种配合技术减少了手臂入水后在身体前方消极滑行停顿的动作,使手臂较快地进入有效划水阶段,加强了划臂动作的连贯性。不仅前进速度均匀,而且能合理运用两肩的对称转动,当一手臂在空中向前移臂时,另一手臂正处于撑水部位,既能加强划水效果,又达到较为省力 相似文献
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在完整的技术动作中,仰泳臂的划水动作(入水、抱水、划水、出水和空中移臂)是推动身体前进的主要因素。仰泳臂划水技术的好坏,直接影响运动员的技术水平和运动成绩。然而,臂划水动作又是出现错误动作较多的一个环节。尤其是在少儿业余训练和教学过程中,空中移臂,入水、划水这几个动作环节表现出的问题更 相似文献
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仰泳手臂的划水动作（入水，抱水、划水、推水、出水和空中移臂）是推进身体前进的主要因素，双臂划水的好坏，直接影响运动员的运动成绩。然而双臂划水动作又是出现错误较多的一个环节，抱水时离身体距离远了会给手臂带来压力，而离近了会使推水的效果不佳。采用何种方法纠正错误的划水动作，是人们最关心的问题。在技术练习中，分解练习的针对性练习法是解决这一问题的有效方法。 相似文献
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少儿游泳培训班教学与训练100问 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
６１.那么在蛙泳教学中应该如何处理好腿、腿臂配合、呼吸动作之间的关系 ?答 :在蛙泳教学中 ,腿的技术是蛙泳的基础 ;腿臂配合是蛙泳技术的关键 ;呼吸动作是蛙泳技术的难点。因此 ,在蛙泳教学中应该打好腿的基础 ,抓住腿臂配合技术这个关键 ,突击呼吸技术这个难点。根据经验 ,蛙泳的呼吸技术要贯穿于蛙泳教学过程的始终。６２.爬泳技术的“动作结构”、“动作特点”、“动作要点”是什么 ?答 :爬泳技术的动作结构 :运动员俯卧于水中 ,两腿上下交替打水 ,两臂轮流划水 ;爬泳技术的动作特点 :动作连贯而自然 ;爬泳技术的动作要点 :(一 )腿的… 相似文献
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在爬泳(或称自由泳)中,臂是起着推动人体游进的主要动力,约占整个推进力的90％以上。如何最有效的发挥臂的划水效果,巳愈来愈被广大教练员、运动员所重视。提高划水效果的因素较多,其中技术训练是不可忽视的一个重要方面。近几年来,我国 相似文献
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根据以往多年的教学实践，以下的教学方法往往能收到事半功倍的教学效果。在游泳教学伊始，首先教学生爬泳技术，在学生基本学会这项技术同时，进行仰泳、蝶泳的技术教学。因为爬泳的仰面姿势便成了仰泳，其动作正好与爬泳动作相反。又如，爬泳两臂轮流划水和两腿轮流上下打水动作，改成两臂和两腿同时做对称的划臂和打腿动作，再加上腰腹动作便成了蝶泳。这样的教法便收到了“举一反三”的成效。大大缩短了教学时间，使学生又快又好地学会了多项游泳技术。在基本掌握了上述三种游姿后再去教学蛙泳技术，自然能水到渠成。游泳教学一般分为“… 相似文献
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仰泳这一独立的姿势在第二屆奥运会上才第一次被列入比賽項目中。1912年在斯德哥尔摩的奥运会上发現,仰泳,即腿臂交替运动的游泳有很大好处。以后仰泳技术发生了一系列的变化,大大地促进了运动成績的提高。但是必須指出,仰泳紀录被爬泳打破了。游泳运动員在仰游时几乎是水平地躺在水中,依靠臂和腿不断交替划水而前进。臂划水2次,腿踢水6次,吸气是在一臂划水 相似文献
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国内男子优秀皮艇运动员途中划划桨技术与效果的研究——兼谈双机同步二维摄像法和皮艇专项分析系统 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用双机同步二维摄像法对参加2005年全运会预选赛的12名男子优秀运动员在500m单人艇比赛时的途中划过程进行了现场拍摄，并且运用自行研发并与摄像方法相适应的皮艇运动专项解析软件对所拍的图像资料进行解析。运用理论和统计学方法分析了途中划的划桨技术，拟揭示国内单人皮艇500m优秀运动员途中划的技术动作的运动学特征，以期从理论和解析数据两方面探究提高途中划划桨效果的皮艇技术的改进方向。结论：双机同步二维摄像方法和专项分析系统使用效果良好；根据拉桨过程中桨获得推进力的主要来源，整个拉桨阶段可分为入水升力推进时相、阻力推进时相和出水升力推进时相；拉桨时艇速的变化特征是分析划桨效果的重要依据之一；随速度的提高，后拉划距减小；最大艇速出现时刻前移和速度下降率增大，阻力作用于艇和桨的相对时间延长；在出水升力推进时相，减小划桨的水平速度，加大垂直速度，加大出水角，将更有利于提高艇速和划桨效果。 相似文献
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Many coaches often instruct swimmers to keep the elbow in a high position (high elbow position) during early phase of the underwater stroke motion (pull phase) in front crawl, however, the high elbow position has never been quantitatively evaluated. The aims of this study were (1) to quantitatively evaluate the “high elbow” position, (2) to clarify the relationship between the high elbow position and required upper limb configuration and (3) to examine the efficacy of high elbow position on the resultant swimming velocity. Sixteen highly skilled and 6 novice male swimmers performed 25 m front crawl with maximal effort and their 3-dimensional arm stroke motion was captured at 60 Hz. An attempt was made to develop a new index to evaluate the high elbow position (Ihe: high elbow index) using 3-dimensional coordinates of the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. Ihe of skilled swimmers moderately correlated with the average shoulder internal rotation angle (r = ?0.652, P < 0.01) and swimming velocity (r = ?0.683, P < 0.01) during the pull phase. These results indicate that Ihe is a useful index for evaluating high elbow arm stroke technique during the pull phase in front crawl. 相似文献
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Raymond C. Z. Cohen Paul W. Cleary Bruce R. Mason David L. Pease 《Sports Engineering》2018,21(1):63-73
Understanding the relationships between front crawl swimming technique and the corresponding fluid dynamics is important to athletes seeking improved performance and an edge over their rivals. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) swimming modelling provides a controlled and unobtrusive capability that provides many previously immeasurable quantities including full flow fields and information on the forces experienced by the body throughout the stroke. In this study, a coupled biomechanical-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is used to determine when peak arm thrust occurs and how the ratio of arm–leg thrust changes with stroke rate. A dynamic biomechanical model of a female national-level swimmer was generated from a three-dimensional laser body scan of the athlete and multi-angle videos of sub-maximal swimming trials. This was coupled to the SPH method to simulate the fluid moving around the body during front crawl swimming. Two distinct peaks in net streamwise thrust were found during the stroke coinciding with the underwater arm strokes. The peak arm thrust occurred during the transition from pull to push (left arm) and midway during the push (right arm). Finally, the ratio of arm thrust to leg thrust was found to increase with increasing stroke rate. 相似文献
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In this study, we assessed arm coordination in the backstroke over increasing speeds by adapting the index of coordination originally used in the front crawl. Fourteen elite male backstroke swimmers swam four trials of 25 m at the speeds corresponding to the 400-m, 200-m, 100-m, and 50-m events. The six phases of the arm stroke were identified by video analysis and then used to calculate the index of coordination, which corresponded to the time between the propulsive phases of the two arms. With increases in speed, the elite swimmers increased the stroke rate, the relative duration of their arm pull, and their index of coordination, and decreased the distance per stroke (P < 0.05). Arm coordination was always in catch-up (index of coordination of -12.9%) because the alternating body-roll and the small shoulder flexibility did not allow the opposition or superposition coordination seen in the front crawl. This new method also quantified the relative duration of the hand's lag time at the thigh, which did not change ( approximately 2%) with increasing speed for the elite swimmers. The index of coordination enables coaches to assess mistakes in backstroke coordination, particularly in the hand's lag time at the thigh. 相似文献
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Abstract In this study, we assessed arm coordination in the backstroke over increasing speeds by adapting the index of coordination originally used in the front crawl. Fourteen elite male backstroke swimmers swam four trials of 25 m at the speeds corresponding to the 400-m, 200-m, 100-m, and 50-m events. The six phases of the arm stroke were identified by video analysis and then used to calculate the index of coordination, which corresponded to the time between the propulsive phases of the two arms. With increases in speed, the elite swimmers increased the stroke rate, the relative duration of their arm pull, and their index of coordination, and decreased the distance per stroke (P < 0.05). Arm coordination was always in catch-up (index of coordination of ?12.9%) because the alternating body-roll and the small shoulder flexibility did not allow the opposition or superposition coordination seen in the front crawl. This new method also quantified the relative duration of the hand's lag time at the thigh, which did not change (～2%) with increasing speed for the elite swimmers. The index of coordination enables coaches to assess mistakes in backstroke coordination, particularly in the hand's lag time at the thigh. 相似文献
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Changes in swimming technique during time to exhaustion at freely chosen and controlled stroke rates
Morgan Alberty François Potdevin Jeanne Dekerle Patrick Pelayo Philippe Gorce Michel Sidney 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1191-1200
Abstract The aim of this study was to assess technical changes during constrained swimming in time-to-exhaustion tests. Ten swimmers of national standard performed a maximal 400-m front crawl and two sets of exhaustion tests at 95%, 100%, and 110% of mean 400-m speed. In the first set (free), swimmers had to maintain their speeds until exhaustion and mean stroke rate was recorded for each test. In the second set (controlled), the same speed and individual corresponding stroke rate were imposed. The durations of the exhaustion tests, relative durations of the stroke phases, and arm coordination were analysed. For each speed in the “controlled” set, the exhaustion tests were shorter. Moreover, variables were consistent, suggesting a stabilization of stroke technique. Under the free condition, stroke rate increased to compensate for the decrease in stroke length. At the same time, swimmers reduced the relative duration of their non-propulsive phases in favour of the propulsive phases. Thus, swimmers changed their arm coordination, which came close to an opposition mode. These two constraints enable swimmers both to maintain their stroking characteristics and develop compensatory mechanisms to maintain speed. Moreover, stroke rate can be seen as a useful tool for controlling arm technique during paced exercise. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of swimming speed on leg-to-arm coordination in competitive unilateral arm amputee front crawl swimmers. Thirteen well-trained swimmers were videotaped underwater during three 25-m front crawl trials (400 m, 100 m and 50 m pace). The number, duration and timing of leg kicks in relation to arm stroke phases were identified by video analysis. Within the group, a six-beat kick was predominantly used (n = 10) although some swimmers used a four-beat (n = 2) or eight-beat kick (n = 1). Swimming speed had no significant effect on the relative duration of arm stroke and leg kick phases. At all speeds, arm stroke phases were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the affected and unaffected sides. In contrast, the kicking phases of both legs were not different. Consequently, leg-to-arm coordination was asymmetrical. The instant when the leg kicks ended on the affected side corresponded with particular positions of the unaffected arm, but not with the same positions of the affected arm. In conclusion, the ability to dissociate the movements of the arms from the legs demonstrates that, because of their physical impairment, unilateral arm amputee swimmers functionally adapt their motor organisation to swim front crawl. 相似文献
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Stroke phase discrimination in breaststroke swimming using a tri-axial acceleration sensor device 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Our previous study has demonstrated that the swimmer’s wrist acceleration in the crawl stroke and the breaststroke had distinctive
characteristics between subjects (Ohgiet al. 2000). In addition, stroke phase discrimination could be achieved for the crawl stroke by using the swimmer’s wrist acceleration.
This study provides evidence that the swimmer’s tri-axial wrist acceleration could be used for stroke phase discrimination
in the breaststroke. Swimmers’ triaxial wrist accelerations were measured and their underwater stroke paths calculated. The
authors examined the characteristics of the wrist acceleration, such as a local maximum or minimum, with reference to the
swimmers’ stroke paths. As a result, it was suggested that the three phases of the breaststroke, the recovery, the insweep
and the outsweep, could be distinguished using thex-axis (ulnar-radial axis) and they-axis (distal-proximal axis) acceleration. This methodology allows us to identify which stroke phase would be changed in skill
training or over training, and the acceleration sensor device has the potential to become a precise stroke pedometer or stroke
monitoring tool in the near future. 相似文献
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We examined the preferred mode of arm coordination in 14 elite male front-crawl swimmers. Each swimmer performed eight successive swim trials in which target velocity increased from the swimmer's usual 3000-m velocity to his maximal velocity. Actual swim velocity, stroke rate, stroke length and the different arm stroke phases were then calculated from video analysis. Arm coordination was quantified by an index of coordination based on the lag time between the propulsive phases of each arm. The index expressed the three coordination modes in the front crawl: opposition, catch-up and superposition. First, in line with the dynamic approach to movement coordination, the index of coordination could be considered as an order parameter that qualitatively captured arm coordination. Second, two coordination modes were observed: a catch-up pattern (index of coordination?=??8.43%) consisting of a lag time between the propulsive phases of each arm, and a relative opposition pattern (index of coordination?=?0.89%) in which the propulsive phase of one arm ended when the propulsive phase of the other arm began. An abrupt change in the coordination pattern occurred at the critical velocity of 1.8?m?·?s?1, which corresponded to the 100-m pace: the swimmers switched from catch-up to relative opposition. This change in coordination resulted in a reorganization of the arm phases: the duration of the entry and catch phase decreased, while the duration of the pull and push phases increased in relation to the whole stroke. Third, these changes were coupled to increased stroke rate and decreased stroke length, indicating that stroke rate, stroke length, the stroke rate/stroke length ratio, as well as velocity, could be considered as control parameters. The control parameters can be manipulated to facilitate the emergence of specific coordination modes, which is highly relevant to training and learning. By adjusting the control and order parameters within the context of a specific race distance, both coach and swimmer will be able to detect the best adapted pattern for a given race pace and follow how arm coordination changes over the course of training. 相似文献
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Effect of swimming velocity on arm coordination in the front crawl: a dynamic analysis 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
We examined the preferred mode of arm coordination in 14 elite male front-crawl swimmers. Each swimmer performed eight successive swim trials in which target velocity increased from the swimmer's usual 3000-m velocity to his maximal velocity. Actual swim velocity, stroke rate, stroke length and the different arm stroke phases were then calculated from video analysis. Arm coordination was quantified by an index of coordination based on the lag time between the propulsive phases of each arm. The index expressed the three coordination modes in the front crawl: opposition, catch-up and superposition. First, in line with the dynamic approach to movement coordination, the index of coordination could be considered as an order parameter that qualitatively captured arm coordination. Second, two coordination modes were observed: a catch-up pattern (index of coordination= -8.43%) consisting of a lag time between the propulsive phases of each arm, and a relative opposition pattern (index of coordination= 0.89%) in which the propulsive phase of one arm ended when the propulsive phase of the other arm began. An abrupt change in the coordination pattern occurred at the critical velocity of 1.8 m. s(-1), which corresponded to the 100-m pace: the swimmers switched from catch-up to relative opposition. This change in coordination resulted in a reorganization of the arm phases: the duration of the entry and catch phase decreased, while the duration of the pull and push phases increased in relation to the whole stroke. Third, these changes were coupled to increased stroke rate and decreased stroke length, indicating that stroke rate, stroke length, the stroke rate/stroke length ratio, as well as velocity, could be considered as control parameters. The control parameters can be manipulated to facilitate the emergence of specific coordination modes, which is highly relevant to training and learning. By adjusting the control and order parameters within the context of a specific race distance, both coach and swimmer will be able to detect the best adapted pattern for a given race pace and follow how arm coordination changes over the course of training. 相似文献