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汉语“站立”义词的现状与历史 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
表示站立意义的词属于人类语言的基本词。本文描述汉语站立义词的现实分布和历时演变,并尝试对两者的关系作出解释。现代方言中表站立义的主导词有3个:站、立、徛。它们的分布特点是:站分布最广,大多数北方方言说站,此外还散见于非官话区的部分方言点;徛密集分布于东南部的吴语、徽语、赣语、湘语、客家话、广西平话、粤语、闽语地区;立则呈零散分布,散落在官话、晋语、吴语、赣语、湘语、湖南乡话和广西平话各区。这3个词在汉语史上的情况大致是:立从有文字记载的上古早期起一直是影响最大的通语词,直到明代以后才在大部分北方地区被站替换;徛(倚)用作站立义始见于战国,历史上可能作为一个方言词一直存在于南部广大地区;站始见于唐代,明代以后在广大的官话区逐渐取代立成为新的通语词。站很可能是所谓的长江型词,即兴起于江淮流域而后往北扩散。 相似文献
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Takahito Iga Hiroyuki Nunome Shinya Sano Nahoko Sato Yasuo Ikegami 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2018,17(4):477-493
To assess ball impact force during soccer kicking is important to quantify from both performance and chronic injury prevention perspectives. We aimed to verify the appropriateness of previous models used to estimate ball impact force and to propose an improved model to better capture the time history of ball impact force. A soccer ball was fired directly onto a force platform (10 kHz) at five realistic kicking ball velocities and ball behaviour was captured by a high-speed camera (5,000 Hz). The time history of ball impact force was estimated using three existing models and two new models. A new mathematical model that took into account a rapid change in ball surface area and heterogeneous ball deformation showed a distinctive advantage to estimate the peak forces and its occurrence times and to reproduce time history of ball impact forces more precisely, thereby reinforcing the possible mechanics of ‘footballer’s ankle’. Ball impact time was also systematically shortened when ball velocity increases in contrast to practical understanding for producing faster ball velocity, however, the aspect of ball contact time must be considered carefully from practical point of view. 相似文献
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Koyama H Muraki Y Ae M 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2006,5(2):139-153
We investigated the immediate effects of the combined use of inclined and raised flat boards on the take-off motion of the long jump. Eight male long jumpers were videotaped with two high-speed video cameras (250 Hz) set perpendicular to the runway. The athletes jumped with three modified take-off boards: upward-inclined boards of two different inclinations (2.5 and 5.0 degrees), and a raised flat board (50 mm high). The jumpers performed pre- and post-jumps using their own techniques before and after use of the boards to test their effects. The post- jump revealed significantly less reduction in the horizontal velocity during the take-off than the pre-jump, and the effectiveness of converting the velocity from horizontal to vertical increased significantly in the post-jump. The post-jump demonstrated significantly less knee flexion of the take-off leg during take-off. The reduced knee flexion and slower extension velocity of the take-off leg in the second phase of the post-jump contributed to increasing the knee extension torque in the second phase and resulted in the increases in vertical ground reaction force and vertical velocity. These results suggest that the combined use of the inclined and raised flat boards induced immediate effective changes in the kinematics and kinetics of the take-off motion and represent appropriate training tools for take-off techniques of the long jump. 相似文献
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Toshiaki Miyamoto Hiroyuki Kamada Akira Tamaki Toshio Moritani 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1104-1110
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-intensity exercise training using belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy subjects. Nineteen healthy subjects were allocated into control or intervention groups; in both groups the participants kept regular physical activity while the intervention group underwent 30 min B-SES training at 3–4 METs for four weeks. Knee extensor muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance during incremental exercise test were measured at baseline and after four weeks for all participants. The relative change of knee extensor muscle strength in the intervention group was significantly higher than control group (p?p?相似文献
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Eating, drinking, locomotion, and rearing activities of rats, maintained under a 12:12-h dark:light cycle, were measured continuously over 24 h a day for 40 days in the KGbox-24. For 20 days, beginning on Day 11, the shocks were given through the grid floor of the box 1 h after the beginning of the dark phase (at 2100 h). The daily food and water intake decreased, and there was no further gain in body weight after the introduction of shocks. The 2100-h shocks had some associative effects: (1) Suppression of ingestion developed during the period of 2000–2100 h; (2) acceleration of general activity developed during the period of 2000–2012 h; (3) anticipatory suppression of eating developed toward the end of the light phase. The 2100-h shocks also had suppressive aftereffects upon eating and drinking, especially during the early stage of the 20-day shock phase. Compensatory drinking was observed during the light phase, but no such effect was found for eating. Some findings which are not usually obtained in short-session experiments remain to be explained. References to two timing systems are made. 相似文献
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Hiroyuki Nunome Yasuo IkegamI Rumi Kozakai Tommy Apriantono Shinya Sano 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):529-541
Abstract Detailed time-series of the resultant joint moments and segmental interactions during soccer instep kicking were compared between the preferred and non-preferred kicking leg. The kicking motions of both legs were captured for five highly skilled players using a three-dimensional cinematographic technique at 200 Hz. The resultant joint moment (muscle moment) and moment due to segmental interactions (interaction moment) were computed using a two-link kinetic chain model composed of the thigh and lower leg (including shank and foot). The mechanical functioning of the muscle and interaction moments during kicking were clearly illustrated. Significantly greater ball velocity (32.1 vs. 27.1 m · s?1), shank angular velocity (39.4 vs. 31.8 rad · s?1) and final foot velocity (22.7 vs. 19.6 m · s?1) were observed for the preferred leg. The preferred leg showed a significantly greater knee muscle moment (129.9 N · m) than the non-preferred leg (93.5 N · m), while no substantial differences were found for the interaction moment between the two legs (79.3 vs. 55.7 N · m). These results indicate that the highly skilled soccer players achieved a well-coordinated inter-segmental motion for both the preferred and non-preferred leg. The faster leg swing observed for the preferred leg was most likely the result of the larger muscle moment. 相似文献
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Mapping novel nouns and verbs onto dynamic action events: are verb meanings easier to learn than noun meanings for Japanese children? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The present research examined how 3- and 5-year-old Japanese children map novel nouns and verbs onto dynamic action events and generalize them to new instances. Studies 1 to 3 demonstrated that although both 3- and 5-year-olds were able to map novel nouns onto novel objects, only 5-year-olds could generalize verbs solely on the basis of the sameness of the action. Study 4 showed that the difficulty young children experience in learning verbs lies mainly in mapping the appropriate element to a verb rather than in encoding and remembering an action itself. The results of this research are related to a long-debated issue of whether noun learning is privileged over verb learning. 相似文献
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This paper explores the determinants of R&D cooperation in Japanese start-ups. Using a sample from an original survey conducted in 2008, we examine the effects of founder-, firm-, and industry-specific characteristics on R&D cooperation by type of partners. Our findings indicate that founder-specific characteristics such as educational background, prior innovation output, and affiliation to academic associations are fairly important in determining R&D cooperation with academic institutes (universities and public research institutes). We also provide evidence that founders’ prior innovation output and work experience have positive and significant effects on R&D cooperation with business partners. With respect to firm-specific characteristics, it is found that firms investing more in R&D tend to engage in R&D cooperation, regardless of the type of partners. Furthermore, it is found that independent firms are less likely to cooperate in R&D with academic institutes than subsidiaries and affiliated firms. 相似文献