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1.
Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
For a person undertaking regular exercise, any fluid deficit that is incurred during one exercise session can potentially compromise the next exercise session if adequate fluid replacement does not occur. Fluid replacement after exercise can, therefore, frequently be thought of as hydration before the next exercise bout. The importance of ensuring euhydration before exercise and the potential benefits of temporary hyperhydration with sodium salts or glycerol solutions are also important issues. Post-exercise restoration of fluid balance after sweat-induced dehydration avoids the detrimental effects of a body water deficit on physiological function and subsequent exercise performance. For effective restoration of fluid balance, the consumption of a volume of fluid in excess of the sweat loss and replacement of electrolyte, particularly sodium, losses are essential. Intravenous fluid replacement after exercise has been investigated to a lesser extent and its role for fluid replacement in the dehydrated but otherwise well athlete remains equivocal. 相似文献
2.
There is little information on the impact of hydration status on the psychological response to exercise despite potential implications for adherence to an exercise programme and for overall health and fitness. We investigated initial hydration status, fluid balance, and psychological responses associated with a typical recreational exercise session in healthy adults. Fifty-two participants performed a freely chosen gymnasium-based exercise session at a fitness centre, with ad libitum access to fluids. Urine samples were collected on arrival for analysis of osmolality. Sweat loss was estimated from the change in body mass after correction for fluid intake and urinary losses. Subjective psychological ratings were recorded before and after exercise. Pre-exercise urine osmolality was above 900 mOsmol · kg(-1) (used as a threshold for hypohydration) in 37% of participants. Fluid intake during exercise was 390 ± 298 mL, while estimated sweat loss was 794 ± 391 mL. The percentage change from pre-exercise body mass was -0.62 ± 0.20%. Physically active adults who arrived to take part in exercise hypohydrated reported more negative changes in psychological affect in response to their subsequent freely chosen recreational exercise session than those classified as euhydrated prior to exercise (-0.2 ± 0.7 vs. 0.8 ± 0.7; P < 0.005). 相似文献
3.
Rapid and complete restoration of fluid balance after exercise is an important part of the recovery process, especially in hot, humid conditions, when sweat losses may be high. Rehydration after exercise can only be achieved if the electrolytes lost in sweat, as well as the lost water, are replaced. However, the amount of electrolytes lost in sweat is highly variable between individuals and although the optimum drink may be achieved by matching drink electrolyte intake with sweat electrolyte loss, this is virtually impossible in sport settings. The composition of sweat varies considerably not only between individuals, but also with time during exercise and it is further influenced by the state of acclimatization. A moderate excess of salt intake would appear to be beneficial as far as hydration status is concerned, without any detrimental effects on health, provided that fluid intake is in excess of sweat loss and that renal function is not impaired. To achieve effective rehydration following exercise in the heat, the rehydration beverage should contain moderately high levels of sodium (at least 50 mmol l -1 ), and possibly also some potassium. The addition of substrate is not necessary for rehydration, although a small amount of carbohydrate (< 2%) may improve the rate of intestinal uptake of sodium and water. The volume of beverage consumed should be greater than the volume of sweat lost to provide for the ongoing obligatory urine losses. Therefore, the palatability of the beverage is important. Many individuals may lose substantial amounts of sweat and will therefore have to consume large amounts of replacement fluids and this is more likely to be achieved if the taste is perceived as being pleasant. Water alone is adequate for rehydration purposes when solid food is consumed, as this replaces the electrolytes lost in sweat. However, there are many situations where intake of solid food is not possible or is deliberately avoided and, in these instances, the inclusion of electrolytes in rehydration beverages is essential. Where a second exercise bout has to be performed, replacement of sweat losses is an essential part of the recovery process. Exercise performance will be impaired if complete rehydration is not achieved. 相似文献
4.
Ramadan fasting, involving abstinence from fluid and food from sunrise to sundown, results in prolonged periods without nutrient intake and inflexibility with the timing of eating and drinking over the day. Dietary choices may also change due to special eating rituals. Although nutrition guidelines are specific to the sport, to the periodized training and competition calendar, and to the individual, many promote the consumption of carbohydrate and fluid before and during exercise, and consumption of protein, carbohydrate, and fluids soon after the session is completed. Failing to meet overall nutritional needs, or to provide specific nutritional support to a session of exercise, is likely to impair acute performance and reduce the effectiveness of training or recovery. Muslim athletes who fast during Ramadan should use overnight opportunities to consume foods and drinks that can supply the nutrients needed to promote performance, adaptation, and recovery in their sports. Because of the benefits of being able to consume at least some of these nutrients before, during or after an exercise session, the schedule of exercise should be shifted where possible to the beginning or end of the day, or during the evening when some nutritional support can be provided. 相似文献
5.
Nimmo MA Ekblom B;International Association of Athletics Federations 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(Z1):S93-102
Adequate nutrition before, during, and after training and competition is a key element to maintaining health. During both sprint and endurance exercise, the availability of glycogen is fundamental to performance and any deficit will lead to early fatigue. In addition, strategies to offset the negative effects of the products of metabolism are presented. Although nutritional strategies can attenuate the immunosuppressive effects of exercise, there remains a period of susceptibility to infection after a hard exercise session and when this is repeated without sufficient recovery an athlete can enter a period of "overtraining" during which performance deteriorates. The aetiology and identification of this state is not clear and some current ideas are discussed. Finally, gastrointestinal problems during running can negate any training benefits and we propose some suggestions to reduce this problem. 相似文献
6.
Lewis J. James Emma J. Stevenson Penny L. S. Rumbold Carl J. Hulston 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(1):40-48
AbstractPost-exercise recovery is a multi-facetted process that will vary depending on the nature of the exercise, the time between exercise sessions and the goals of the exerciser. From a nutritional perspective, the main considerations are: (1) optimisation of muscle protein turnover; (2) glycogen resynthesis; (3) rehydration; (4) management of muscle soreness; (5) appropriate management of energy balance. Milk is approximately isotonic (osmolality of 280–290?mosmol/kg), and the mixture of high quality protein, carbohydrate, water and micronutrients (particularly sodium) make it uniquely suitable as a post-exercise recovery drink in many exercise scenarios. Research has shown that ingestion of milk post-exercise has the potential to beneficially impact both acute recovery and chronic training adaptation. Milk augments post-exercise muscle protein synthesis and rehydration, can contribute to post-exercise glycogen resynthesis, and attenuates post-exercise muscle soreness/function losses. For these aspects of recovery, milk is at least comparable and often out performs most commercially available recovery drinks, but is available at a fraction of the cost, making it a cheap and easy option to facilitate post-exercise recovery. Milk ingestion post-exercise has also been shown to attenuate subsequent energy intake and may lead to more favourable body composition changes with exercise training. This means that those exercising for weight management purposes might be able to beneficially influence post-exercise recovery, whilst maintaining the energy deficit created by exercise. 相似文献
7.
Katherine Elizabeth Black Alistair David Black Dane Baker Kirsty Fairbairn 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(8):1049-1057
There is limited research studying fluid and electrolyte balance in rugby union players, and a paucity of information regarding the test–retest reliability. This study describes the fluid balance of elite rugby union players across multiple squads and the reliability of fluid balance measures between two equivalent training sessions. Sixty-one elite rugby players completed a single fluid balance testing session during a game simulation training session. A subsample of 21 players completed a second fluid balance testing session during an equivalent training session. Players were weighed in minimal clothing before and after each training session. Each player was provided with their own drinks which were weighed before and after each training session. More players gained body weight (9 (14.8%)) during training than lost greater than 2% of their initial body mass (1 (1.6%)). Pre-training body mass and rate of fluid loss were significantly associated (r?=?0.318, p?=?.013). There was a significant correlation between rate of fluid loss in sessions 1 (1.74?±?0.32?L?h?1) and 2 (1.10?±?0.31?L.?h?1), (r?=?0.470, p?=?.032). This could be useful for nutritionists working with rugby squads to identify players with high sweat losses. 相似文献
8.
Background: To determine athletes perceived and measured indices of fluid balance during training and the influence of hydration strategy use on these parameters. Methods: Thirty-three professional rugby union players completed a 120 minute training session in hot conditions (35°C, 40% relative humidity). Pre-training hydration status, sweat loss, fluid intake and changes in body mass (BM) were obtained. The use of hydration assessment techniques and players perceptions of fluid intake and sweat loss were obtained via a questionnaire. Results: The majority of players (78%) used urine colour to determine pre-training hydration status but the use of hydration assessment techniques did not influence pre-training hydration status (1.025?±?0.005 vs. 1.023?±?0.013?g.ml?1, P?=?.811). Players underestimated sweat loss (73?±?17%) to a greater extent than fluid intake (37?±?28%) which resulted in players perceiving they were in positive fluid balance (0.5?±?0.8% BM) rather than the measured negative fluid balance (?1.0?±?0.7% BM). Forty-eight percent of players used hydration monitoring strategies during exercise but no player used changes in BM to help guide fluid replacement. Conclusion: Players have difficulty perceiving fluid intake and sweat loss during training. However, the use of hydration monitoring techniques did not affect fluid balance before or during training. 相似文献
9.
目的探讨足球运动对6~12岁儿童下肢本体感觉与平衡控制能力的影响及本体感觉、肌肉力量、平衡能力和运球能力间的关系。方法选取6~12岁的小学足球班学生38人(男女各19人)和同年级普通班学生19人(男10人、女9人)分别进行足球运动和一般性身体锻炼干预,使用运动加速度计监测锻炼强度,并在运动干预前后进行下肢本体感觉、肌肉力量、平衡能力和变向运球测试。结果 (1)2组学生下肢本体感觉的性别差异不显著,20周干预后,足球班学生的踝、膝、髋关节本体感觉要显著优于普通班学生(P<0.01);(2)2组学生下肢力量和平衡能力的性别差异不显著,20周干预后,足球班学生的平衡能力提高更多(P<0.01);(3)平衡能力的改善同下肢本体感觉和力量的提升正相关(P<0.05),运球能力的提高同本体感觉和平衡能力的提高正相关(P<0.05)。结论对于6~12岁儿童,同一般性锻炼相比,足球运动在提高下肢力量的同时还能更为全面地提高踝、膝、髋关节本体感觉,从而更好地改善平衡能力。性别差异对儿童本体感觉和平衡能力的影响不显著。同时,加强下肢本体感觉和平衡能力锻炼,可能会更好地提升运球能力。 相似文献
10.
11.
R.J. Maughan 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(1):31-34
Exercise‐induced muscle cramp has been considered to result from disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance resulting from excessive sweat loss. Serum biochemical and haematological measurements were made on 82 male marathon runners before and after a 42.2‐km race. Fifteen (18%) of the runners reported an attack of muscle cramp which occurred after 35 ± 6 km (mean±s.d.) had been covered. These subjects were not different from the others in terms of racing performance or training status. Serum electrolyte concentrations, including sodium and potassium, were not different between those suffering from cramp and those not so affected either before or after the race, although a significant (P< 0.001) increase in serum sodium concentration occurred in both groups. Serum bicarbonate concentrations fell to the same extent (from 28 to 24 mmol 1‐1) in both groups. Significant decreases in plasma volume, calculated from the changes in circulating haemoglobin and haemotocrit, occurred in both groups of subjects, but there was no difference in the extent of the haemoconcentration. The results suggest that exercise‐induced muscle cramp may not be associated with gross disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance. 相似文献
12.
Fluids and electrolytes (sodium) are consumed by athletes, or recommended to athletes, for a number of reasons, before, during, and after exercise. These reasons are generally to sustain total body water, as deficits (hypohydration) will increase cardiovascular and thermal strain and degrade aerobic performance. Vigorous exercise and warm/hot weather induce sweat production, which contains both water and electrolytes. Daily water (4-10 L) and sodium (3500-7000 mg) losses in active athletes during hot weather exposure can induce water and electrolyte deficits. Both water and sodium need to be replaced to re-establish "normal" total body water (euhydration). This replacement can be by normal eating and drinking practices if there is no urgency for recovery. But if rapid recovery (<24 h) is desired or severe hypohydration (>5% body mass) is encountered, aggressive drinking of fluids and consuming electrolytes should be encouraged to facilitate recovery for subsequent competition. 相似文献
13.
Exercise in the heat poses a formidable challenge to the body's ability to control its internal environment due to the high rates of metabolic heat production and heat gain by physical transfer from the environment. In an attempt to restrict the rise in core temperature, an increased rate of sweat secretion onto the skin is invoked. This may limit the rise in core temperature, and can prolong the time before a limiting temperature is attained, but it does so at the cost of a loss of body water and electrolytes. The effects of the diminished blood volume are offset to some extent by cardiovascular adaptations, including an increased heart rate and an increased peripheral resistance, but these are insufficient to maintain functional capacity when blood volume is reduced. Prior dehydration will impair performance in both prolonged exercise and short-term high-intensity exercise. Athletes living and training in the heat may experience chronic hypohydration due to inadequate replacement of fluid losses. The negative consequences of exercise in the heat are attenuated to some extent by a period of adaptation, and by the ingestion of water or other appropriate fluids. Optimum fluid replacement strategies will depend on the exercise task, the environmental conditions and the individual physiological characteristics of the athlete. Manipulation of pre-exercise body temperature can also influence exercise performance and may be a strategy that can be used by athletes competing in stressful environments. 相似文献
14.
目的:观察悬吊核心稳定训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能的影响。研究方法:选择符合治疗条件的20例患者随机分成A组和B组各10例,A组采用常规康复训练,包括Bobath技术、运动再学习疗法,按照预先设计好的方法进行训练,每天60min,B组按照A组相同训练计划每天训练30min,加用悬吊运动疗法进行训练30min,持续治疗20个工作日,分别对2组患者治疗前治疗后采用Berg平衡功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡量表进行评估。结果:治疗后,2组患者Berg平衡功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡量表评分均较治疗前明显提高;并且B组Berg平衡功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡量表评分提高幅度较A组显著。结论:悬吊核心稳定训练结合常规康复训练可以改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的平衡功能。 相似文献
15.
Exercise in the heat poses a formidable challenge to the body's ability to control its internal environment due to the high rates of metabolic heat production and heat gain by physical transfer from the environment. In an attempt to restrict the rise in core temperature, an increased rate of sweat secretion onto the skin is invoked. This may limit the rise in core temperature, and can prolong the time before a limiting temperature is attained, but it does so at the cost of a loss of body water and electrolytes. The effects of the diminished blood volume are offset to some extent by cardiovascular adaptations, including an increased heart rate and an increased peripheral resistance, but these are insufficient to maintain functional capacity when blood volume is reduced. Prior dehydration will impair performance in both prolonged exercise and short-term high-intensity exercise. Athletes living and training in the heat may experience chronic hypohydration due to inadequate replacement of fluid losses. The negative consequences of exercise in the heat are attenuated to some extent by a period of adaptation, and by the ingestion of water or other appropriate fluids. Optimum fluid replacement strategies will depend on the exercise task, the environmental conditions and the individual physiological characteristics of the athlete. Manipulation of pre-exercise body temperature can also influence exercise performance and may be a strategy that can be used by athletes competing in stressful environments. 相似文献
16.
Abstract In this study, we investigated the effect of eccentric exercise on position sense and reaction angle of the elbow and knee flexors. Twelve males underwent two eccentric exercise sessions involving a randomized crossover design. In the first session participants used their elbow flexors and in the other session their knee flexors. Muscle damage indices, position sense, and joint reaction angle to release of the elbow and knee flexors were measured before, immediately after, and up to 7 days after exercise. Exercise induced greater muscle damage in the elbow flexors than knee flexors. Exercise disturbed position sense of the elbow and knee joint. For both limbs, the participants adopted a more extended position than the reference angle. The elbow and knee joint reaction angles to release increased after exercise for both the elbow and knee flexors. The disturbances in position sense and reaction angle after exercise were greater in the elbow flexors than knee flexors. The elbow flexors remained more accurate and faster than the knee flexors at all time points. These results may be explained by the higher density of muscle spindles and the lower innervation ratio of the elbow flexors compared with the knee flexors, as well as the fact that the arms are more accustomed than the legs to perform fast and accurate movements. 相似文献
17.
文章通过纵向观察3个月太极拳训练组和本体感觉训练组研究太极拳训练对中老年人平衡能力的影响,同时还分别进行平衡能力简单测试方法,如闭目原地踏步、强化Romberg检查、闭目单足站立、前庭步测试。动态平衡仪感觉整合能力平衡总分、闭目原地踏步、强化Romberg检查、闭目单足站立结果表明太极拳训练组要比本体感觉训练组明显好（P〈0.05,P〈0.001）。研究结果表明：太极拳锻炼对延缓和改善中老年人的平衡能力具有积极作用。 相似文献
18.
瘦素与运动 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
潘志军 《西安体育学院学报》2003,20(6):29-32
瘦素是由脂肪组织分泌的具有增加能量消耗、减少食物摄取、减少体脂、控制体重和调节能量平衡的一种激素,与体脂含量密切相关,其分泌受多种因素影响。急性运动对血中瘦素的影响有不变和下降的不同结果;长期运动训练可降低血瘦素的含量,这是由于体脂量的下降所致。运动对血瘦素的效应存在着延时性。 相似文献
19.
目的：针对超重肥胖老年人进行循环训练运动干预设计,探讨循环训练对超重肥胖老年人下肢肌力及平衡能力的影响。方法：以34名老年女性为受试者,分为超重组和对照组,均坚持12周循环训练干预,比较干预前后两组受试者双侧下肢膝踝屈伸等速肌力、静动态平衡能力、计时"起立-行走"时间和Berg平衡量表得分情况。结果：运动干预12周后,两组下肢膝踝屈伸肌标准化峰值力矩、屈伸肌肌力比值和双侧肌力比值、静态与动态平衡能力、Berg平衡量表得分及计时"起立-行走"时间均有显著提高;且超重组的右膝伸肌标准化峰值力矩的提高程度明显高于对照组。结论：循环训练可以显著提高老年人的下肢肌力和平衡能力,且对提高超重肥胖老年人下肢伸肌肌力有更明显的改善效果,是预防老年人跌倒的有效运动方法。 相似文献
20.
Chia-Lun Lee I-Hua Chu Bo-Jhang Lyu Wen-Dien Chang 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(22):2575-2582
Warm-up is an essential component for optimizing performance before an exercise session. This study investigated that the immediate effects of vibration rolling (VR), nonvibration rolling (NVR), and static stretching as a part of a warm-up regimen on the flexibility, knee joint proprioception, muscle strength, and dynamic balance of the lower extremity in young adults. Compared with the preintervention, VR induced the range of motion of knee flexion and extension significantly increased by 2.5% and 6%, respectively, and isokinetic peak torque and dynamic balance for muscle strength and dynamic balance increased by 33%–35% and 1.5%, respectively. In the three conditions, most outcomes between VR and NVR were comparable; however, the participants had a significantly higher knee joint reposition error after NVR than after VR, indicating that NVR would have a hampering knee joint proprioception effect. In particular, compared with static stretching, VR significantly increased the quadriceps muscle strength by 2-fold and dynamic balance by 1.8-fold. These findings suggest that athletic professionals may take VR into account for designing more efficient and effective preperformance routine to improve exercise performances. VR has high potential to translate into an on-field practical application. 相似文献