共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 79 毫秒
1.
网络模式标准联盟与主导设计的产生 《科学学研究》2017,35(3):428-437
基于社会网络理论,采用纵向案例研究方法,考察了技术标准开发前技术发起者的网络模式对标准联盟及主导设计产生的影响。通过对激光光盘行业BD vs. HD DVD标准竞争的案例研究发现,网络中心性较高的技术发起者能够吸引更多潜在的技术支持者,从而有助于扩大标准联盟规模和多元性;技术发起者的网络关系特征对标准联盟规模的影响,取决于网络关系强度及标准联盟所处的不同阶段：在标准联盟演化的早期阶段,技术发起者能够吸引与之具有强联系的潜在支持者加入标准联盟;在标准联盟演化的后期阶段,随着技术标准竞争态势的变化,即使技术发起者与潜在支持者之间存在强联系,这种联结关系也可能在“赢者通吃”的标准竞争中受到机会主义行为的威胁。本文结论对于理解主导设计产生以及参与标准竞争的技术发起者具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。 相似文献
2.
3.
近年来,随着电力的快速发展,智能电网越来越普遍,而智能电能表是整个智能电网和不可缺少的一环,因此对智能电能表的研究也得到越来越多的关注。目前国际上各个国家对智能电表的定义有所不同,对于智能电表的技术标准和相关的检测方法也没有统一。本文首先对智能电表的概念做出了说明,然后介绍了对智能电能表的标准化,最后说明了智能电能表的检测方法。 相似文献
4.
共享单车是近年来快速成长并带来巨大社会影响的创新产品。 这一研究以摩拜和 ofo 两家企业的专利组合为样本, 利用其 IPC 分类信息, 通过社会网络分析方法, 研究了共享单车行业的主导设计和技术标准之争。 研究发现, ofo 的专利组合聚焦于共享单车的锁具与控制系统, 而摩拜则涵盖了从车身和轮毂设计、传动、 制动、 发电、 包含定位和网络通讯功能的智能锁、 软件系统等完整技术领域。 尽管 ofo 率先开创了互联网共享单车的商业模式, 摩拜凭借专利组合优势领先形成了共享单车的主导设计, 并进一步影响了行业技术标准的确立。 但是, 智能锁及供电系统并未形成统一标准, 可能成为共享单车下一步竞争的焦点。 这一研究为新兴行业的创新战略提供了一些新的洞见。 相似文献
5.
专利挟持存在标准化前欺骗或不披露专利信息,标准化后索要许可费;标准化后不遵守FRAND规则,索要高额许可费;标准化后专利权人滥用专利禁止令等多种表现形式。美国和欧盟均是在滥用市场支配地位的框架下规制专利挟持行为,但两者存在高低不同的违法证明标准,同时和解制度在实践中得到广泛运用。我国对专利挟持的反垄断规制,应当在滥用市场支配地位的框架下,选择低违法证明标准,充分发挥和解制度的作用。 相似文献
6.
《International Journal of Information Management》2016,36(5):748-758
The expansion of big data and the evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have played an important role in the feasibility of smart city initiatives. Big data offer the potential for cities to obtain valuable insights from a large amount of data collected through various sources, and the IoT allows the integration of sensors, radio-frequency identification, and Bluetooth in the real-world environment using highly networked services. The combination of the IoT and big data is an unexplored research area that has brought new and interesting challenges for achieving the goal of future smart cities. These new challenges focus primarily on problems related to business and technology that enable cities to actualize the vision, principles, and requirements of the applications of smart cities by realizing the main smart environment characteristics. In this paper, we describe the state-of-the-art communication technologies and smart-based applications used within the context of smart cities. The visions of big data analytics to support smart cities are discussed by focusing on how big data can fundamentally change urban populations at different levels. Moreover, a future business model of big data for smart cities is proposed, and the business and technological research challenges are identified. This study can serve as a benchmark for researchers and industries for the future progress and development of smart cities in the context of big data. 相似文献
7.
The rapid development of information communication technology has led towards the emergence of the “connected world” characterised by the pervasive embeddedness of smart technologies. Smart technologies have a transformative impact on different domains of life. The application of smart technologies redefines the way people live, interact and conduct business. To date, the attention of the scholarly community has been paid primarily to smart cities, smart manufacturing and smart homes. However, despite numerous studies discussing the benefits of advanced technologies in the workplace, there is a lack of research on smart offices and how they affect productivity and employee well-being. This opinion paper argues that office spaces constitute a distinctive type of space, and research on smart homes or manufacturing does not suffice to capture its essence. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose a research agenda that can advance the current literature on smart and information communication technologies in relation to workplace spaces and the potential implications these could have on productivity. 相似文献
8.
9.
While there are several partial solutions to model some aspects of cities (e.g. transportation or energy), there is no framework allowing modelling of a complex system such as a city. This paper aims on providing a solution that can be used by practitioners to model impact of different scenarios and smart city projects encapsulating different subsystems, such as transportation, energetics or, for example, eGovernment. The term “smart cities” is classified into Systems Theory, particularly focusing on Cyber-Physical Systems. This classification is further elaborated to define a new term, so-called Smart City Agent (SCA). The SCA is considered as the main building block for modelling smart cities. The approach within this paper however stresses the interconnection of different systems within a city. Its’ strength is in better exchange of data and among heterogeneous agents. This information management approach is the missing key in the growing market of partial smart city solutions as it will allow simulation of solutions in complex systems such as a city. The suitability of usefulness of the proposed approach is demonstrated on a use case dealing with charging of electrical vehicles. The results show that the approach is suitable for modelling of dynamic behaviour. 相似文献
10.
随着新兴市场国家在国际经贸、政治和科技领域扮演着越来越重要的角色,以标准的形式参与全球创新竞争的实践引发了国际社会的关注。印度和南非的标准与创新互动赶超实践,揭示了不同类型标准下的不同创新模式及各自不同的赶超路径。这为包括中国在内的新兴市场国家提升创新与标准化能力,理解和参与全球价值链的分工与治理提供了理论支撑和有益的借鉴。在实证分析印度和南非的标准化与创新互动赶超案例的基础上,总结了印度疫苗业最低质量安全标准、南非酒业的品类削减标准,以及医疗信息业的兼容及接口标准,分别通过证明、规模和协调模式来推动创新。在互动赶超路径上,印度疫苗业在识别出发展中国家基础疫苗短缺这一机会的基础上,将国际采购视作技术学习和创新的需求工具,并通过标准化将国际采购标准内化成国家产业政策;南非酒业是通过削减品种、科学种植、现代工艺酿造、严格酒标管理;而南非医疗信息业则是通过创造一个吸引子,构建一套自适应系统的层级结构型标准体系,并利用网关来克服基础设施的异构性。研究发现,在标准化与创新的互动赶超过程中,政府、企业、科研机构、行业协会等各主体扮演着不同,且协同的角色;协同之外,政府和行业协会的合作支撑尤为重要;企业的创新战略重点,取决于标准化在互动创新中的机制定位。 相似文献
11.
The analysis of the importance of different types of regional innovation systems must take place within a context of the actual knowledge base of various industries in the economy, as the innovation processes of firms are strongly shaped by their specific knowledge base. In this paper, we shall distinguish between two types of knowledge base: analytical and synthetic. These types indicate different mixes of tacit and codified knowledge, codification possibilities and limits, qualifications and skills, required organisations and institutions involved, as well as specific competitive challenges from a globalising economy, which have different implications for different sectors of industry, and, thus, for the kind of innovation support needed. The traditional constellation of industrial clusters surrounded by innovation supporting organisations, constituting a regional innovation system, is nearly always to be found in contexts of industries with a synthetic knowledge base (e.g. engineering-based industries), while the existence of regional innovation systems as an integral part of a cluster will normally be the case of industries-based on an analytical knowledge base (e.g. science-based industries, such as IT and bio-tech). In the discussion of different types of regional innovation systems five empirical illustrations from a Nordic comparative project on SMEs and regional innovation systems will be used: the furniture industry in Salling, Denmark; the wireless communication industry in North Jutland, Denmark; the functional food industry in Scania, Sweden; the food industry in Rogaland, Norway and the electronics industry in Horten, Norway. We argue that in terms of innovation policy the regional level often provides a grounded approach embedded in networks of actors acknowledging the importance of the knowledge base of an industry. 相似文献
12.
Smart cities employ information and communication technologies to improve: the quality of life for its citizens, the local economy, transport, traffic management, environment, and interaction with government. Due to the relevance of smart cities (also referred using other related terms such as Digital City, Information City, Intelligent City, Knowledge-based City, Ubiquitous City, Wired City) to various stakeholders and the benefits and challenges associated with its implementation, the concept of smart cities has attracted significant attention from researchers within multiple fields, including information systems. This study provides a valuable synthesis of the relevant literature by analysing and discussing the key findings from existing research on issues related to smart cities from an Information Systems perspective. The research analysed and discussed in this study focuses on number of aspects of smart cities: smart mobility, smart living, smart environment, smart citizens, smart government, and smart architecture as well as related technologies and concepts. The discussion also focusses on the alignment of smart cities with the UN sustainable development goals. This comprehensive review offers critical insight to the key underlying research themes within smart cities, highlighting the limitations of current developments and potential future directions. 相似文献
13.
Smart cities are developing at increasing speed. Smart cities rely on the deployment of information and communication technology (ICT) that is digitally transforming our habitats. Digital transformation affects several areas from transportation, energy, government to the environment. But, primarily, it affects citizens. Therefore, the adoption of all areas of the smart city holds great research potential. The purpose of this paper is thus to provide an insight into millennials’ adoption of autonomous vehicles (AV), which are at the forefront of future transport. Millennials are an important focus group for smart city concepts since they are keen to adopt technology and new transport modes. Our research focuses on technology adoption, perception of the benefits, security, safety, mobility-related efficiencies and concerns as the key AV adoption factors. The impact of these factors is empirically tested with structural equation modelling using data from 382 millennials. We confirm the perceived benefits of AV are vital factors for AV adoption whereas the perceived safety of AV significantly reduces the influence of various concerns regarding AV. 相似文献
14.
James G. Taylor 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1981,311(3):151-170
New important battle-outcome-prediction conditions are developed for combat between two homogeneous military forces modelled by variable-coefficient Lanchester-type equations for area fire. Such conditions are very significant in modern operations research for developing important insights into the dynamics of combat. However, similar differential-equation models do arise in other fields of science and technology such as mathematical ecology and epidemiology, and consequently our new mathematical results may also find application there. These new important “simple approximate” battle-outcome-prediction conditions depend on not only the combat-attrition model but also the battle-termination model, and they are developed for two different types of battle-termination conditions (fixed-force-level-breakpoint battles and fixed-force-ratio-breakpoint battles). They are sufficient (but not necessary) to determine the outcome of battle without having to explicitly compute the force-level trajectories, and a generalization of Lanchester’s famous linear law to variable-coefficient combat is involved in their development. Certain integrability properties of the Lanchester attrition-rate coefficients figure prominently in these results, and an important physical interpretation (relating to logistics considerations) is given for these properties. 相似文献
15.
本文借鉴库恩科学范式的思想,界定了产业技术范式内涵,刻画了产业技术范式变革过程中技术标准的作用机理。运用专利计量方法定量化描述了传统汽车技术体系形成到新能源汽车技术范式变革的过程,研究表明,传统汽车技术已经经历了完整的范式周期,新能源汽车处于范式发展期且新的技术体系正在形成,进而展示了汽车产业技术变革期技术标准从技术规范到与知识产权相结合的标准体系的演进路径,揭示了技术标准在汽车产业范式演进过程中的规范、桥梁和转化作用,以期为我国新能源汽车产业尽快形成有竞争力的技术标准体系提供理论参考。 相似文献
16.
Cornelia Storz 《Research Policy》2008,37(9):1480-1491
In contrast to the US and recently Europe, Japan appears to be unsuccessful in establishing new industries. An oft-cited example is Japan's practical invisibility in the global business software sector. Literature has ascribed Japan's weakness - or conversely, America's strength - to the specific institutional settings and competences of actors within the respective national innovation system. It has additionally been argued that unlike the American innovation system, with its proven ability to give birth to new industries, the inherent path dependency of the Japanese innovation system makes innovation and establishment of new industries quite difficult. However, there are two notable weaknesses underlying current propositions postulating that only certain innovation systems enable the creation of new industries: first, they mistakenly confound context specific with general empirical observations. And second, they grossly underestimate - or altogether fail to examine - the dynamics within innovation systems. This paper will show that it is precisely the dynamics within innovation systems - dynamics founded on the concept of path plasticity - which have enabled Japan to charge forward as a global leader in a highly innovative field: the game software sector. 相似文献
17.
利用2004-2012年中国车辆标准数据和442家汽车企业专利数据，采用结构方程模型，实证检验了企业双元创新如何在标准联盟组合的关系资本与高技术产业主导设计间发挥中介作用。结果表明：在标准联盟组合的商业关系与高技术产业主导设计间，企业探索式创新和利用式创新均起到部分中介作用；在标准联盟组合的政治关系与高技术产业主导设计间，企业探索式创新起到部分中介作用，而利用式创新的中介作用不显著。研究结论为主导设计与网络组织理论提供了新的经验和证据，为国家和企业推动高技术产业主导设计的确立提供了理论指导。 相似文献
18.
Sanjay Jain 《Research Policy》2012,41(9):1643-1654
Technology standards refer to the specifications that provide users and vendors with a common platform and ensure compatibility between components of a technological system. These technical “rules of the game” are being increasingly set in standards development organizations (SDOs). In this paper, I ask the question: how do actors operating in these venues address the challenges posed by the anticipatory and collective nature of the specifications they are establishing? Through an in-depth analytic narrative of the Ethernet LAN (local area network) standard, I indicate how actors engage in an ongoing process of extension generation, ratification and incorporation. In imagining alterations to a specification, approving timely modifications and crafting an identity for a rule even as it changes, they manifest “pragmatic agency” in these contexts. In exercising such agency, SDO's substantially increase the functionality of an existing standard as well as boost its long-term competitive viability. 相似文献
19.
Modern cities currently face numerous challenges related to mobility, waste management, access to resources, etc. Smart Cities integrate information and communication technologies (ICT) to develop innovative solutions that can solve such challenges and create a higher quality of life for their citizens. Two elements need to be considered for smart cities to be successful. First, citizens must participate in the design of the smart city to take advantage of their ideas so that the smart city answers their real needs. Secondly, each city has its own unique characteristics that need to be considered to design a citizen participation strategy truly tailored and adapted to their respective context. In line with these two considerations, the goal of this paper is to identify the context factors that impact citizen participation strategies in smart cities. In order to reach that goal, we performed a qualitative case study of two cities that strive to be smart: Namur (Belgium) and Linköping (Sweden). This analysis allows us to understand how participation is implemented in two different cases and to infer the context factors that impact the respective strategies. Five context-factors have been identified in this study: the smart city consideration, the drivers for participation, the degree of centralization, the legal requirements, and the citizens’ characteristics. By identifying these factors, we can derive context-dependent recommendations about citizen participation for smart cities. These recommendations are then applied to the case of Brussels in Belgium. 相似文献
20.
将技术的社会建构理论运用于标准政策分析中,通过对制度层面、政治层面和技术层面的深入分析,将标准制定过程中不同影响因素加以整合。指出除要重视标准原则的指导作用,发挥完善标准制定程序的保障作用外,还要重视标准制定过程中的不同参与主体的作用;同时,要对标准中的知识产权问题给予关注。 相似文献