共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
中国心理学研究的现状与展望 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
现代心理科学的发展历史只有一百多年，其许多理论已成为某些高新
技术的重要知识基础，有多名心理学家获得了诺贝尔奖。在近二十多年的发展中，我国心理\\r
学
在认知心理学和认知神经科学、生物心理学、发展与教育心理学、组织管理心理学等领域中
，基础与应用研究都取得了一定的成就。展望21世纪，可以预见到中国的心理学可以为国家
知识创新工程、为我国的经济和社会发展做出贡献。 相似文献
2.
Prpić K 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2011,20(6):733-750
This paper finds that the Croatian public's and the social elites' perceptions of science are a mixture of scientific and technological optimism, of the tendency to absolve science of social responsibility, of skepticism about the social effects of science, and of cognitive optimism and skepticism. However, perceptions differ significantly according to the different social roles and the wider value system of the observed groups. The survey data show some key similarities, as well as certain specificities in the configuration of the types of views of the four groups--the public, scientists, politicians and managers. The results suggest that the well-known typology of the four cultures reveals some of the ideologies of the key actors of scientific and technological policy. The greatest social, primarily educational and socio-spatial, differentiation of the perceptions of science was found in the general public. 相似文献
3.
This paper explores institutional and organizational influences on creativity in scientific research. Using a method for identifying creative scientific research accomplishments in two fields of science (nanotechnology and human genetics) in Europe and the US, the paper summarizes results derived from twenty case studies of highly creative research accomplishments, focusing on contextual patterns at the group, organizational, and institutional levels. We find that creative accomplishments are associated with small group size, organizational contexts with sufficient access to a complementary variety of technical skills, stable research sponsorship, timely access to extramural skills and resources, and facilitating leadership. A potential institutional threat to creative science is the increase in competitive research council funding at the expense of flexible institutional sponsorship. Implications for research management and research policy are considered. 相似文献
4.
《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104627
Large-scale projects in fundamental science, such as major particle colliders, radio telescopes, synchrotron light sources are promoted by scientific communities in the first place, mainly funded by governments, and ultimately by taxpayers. Little is known, however, about preferences of the latter except in the form of qualitative social attitudes survey. We suggest that understanding taxpayers' preferences in the form of their willingness to pay (a money metric) for fundamental science is feasible and informative. We have designed a contingent valuation (CV) experiment about public support of science as reflected in the preferences of Swiss taxpayers for particle physics research at CERN, the laboratory where the Higgs boson has been discovered in 2012. Differently from a previous study on the attitudes of French citizens, in this paper we propose a novel methodological framework by a dual repeated bidding mechanism where sub-samples of respondents are respectively given/not given the information on the implicit tax they already pay to support CERN in the first place. We find clear convergence of results between the groups and discuss why such a finding has policy and methodological implications for research on government funding of basic research. We compare findings in Switzerland and France. The experiment is replicable in different countries and scientific fields and opens the way to a new empirical research avenue on the public support to science. 相似文献
5.
团队思维方式影响团队科学创造力的过程机理 《科学学研究》2019,37(11):1933-1943
团队思维方式如何影响团队科学创造力,既是创新驱动发展战略背景下科学创造力领域的新兴课题,也是“新工科”建设背景下高校创新教育面临的重要议题。本研究以理工科大学生科技创新团队为样本,借鉴创造力成分、社会认知等理论,构建了一个有调节的链式中介模型。实验研究发现,团队思维方式对团队科学创造力具有显著正向影响。问卷调研显示,团队思维方式分别通过团队创新效能感和团队认知灵活性的中介及二者的链式中介作用于团队科学创造力;开放式沟通分别调节了团队思维方式与团队创新效能感、团队认知灵活性、团队科学创造力的关系。研究发现对团队科技创新具有理论启示和实践意义。 相似文献
6.
《Research Policy》2021,50(10):104362
Producing actionable science to improve social and environmental well-being enables the scientific enterprise to uphold expectations that accompany public funding for science. While innovations in the management of science funding may help overcome institutional hurdles to generating actionable science, the role of program managers in implementing such changes is relatively underexamined. Using sustainability science and related fields as a case, this study examines program documents (n = 33) and interviews of program management staff (n = 61) from public science funding programs in the United States and Europe. The results illuminate program management perspectives on the changing relationship between science and society and their own role in shaping it. In many instances, program managers in both regions are actively experimenting with practices that may strengthen links between knowledge and action. In certain contexts, program manager discretion may also amount to a form of science policy formation. However, program managers may still be limited in their ability to enact changes due to capacity constraints and still prevalent norms expressed by the research community. These results provide a window, and basis for future research, into the contemporary practice of science funding program management and its implications for sustainability and the social contract for science. 相似文献
7.
本研究利用“一带一路”沿线国家跨国PCT专利合作申请信息构建5个技术领域科技合作网络,采用社会网络分析方法从网络可视图、网络整体结构指标和网络中心性指标三方面进行对比分析。研究结果表明,一方面,各技术领域科技合作网络中节点国家的合作广度和合作强度均表现出明显的不均衡性,网络均呈现网络规模较大、网络密度低、平均距离短的特征,网络中核心国家基本上都是经济较发达的国家;另一方面,5个技术领域科技合作网络中的大节点及高频合作国家对有所区别,网络分属不同类型,网络中核心国家的分布与排序亦有所不同。上述研究结果对沿线各国制定适合的科技合作政策、开展各具特色的跨国科技合作有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
8.
Public bioethics and publics: consensus, boundaries, and participation in biomedical science policy.
Susan E Kelly 《Science, technology & human values》2003,28(2):339-364
Public bioethics bodies are used internationally as institutions with the declared aims of facilitating societal debate and providing policy advice in certain areas of scientific inquiry raising questions of values and legitimate science. In the United States, bioethical experts in these institutions use the language of consensus building to justify and define the outcome of the enterprise. However, the implications of public bioethics at science-policy boundaries are underexamined. Political interest in such bodies continues while their influence on societal consensus, public debate, and science policy remains ambiguous. This article presents a theoretical discussion of public bioethics bodies as boundary organizations and examines them in terms of relationship to the moral and cognitive authority of science and other forms of expertise, mechanisms for public participation in controversial science policy, and the deployment of consensus models. The theoretical discussion is examined in the case of the U.S. Human Embryo Research Panel. 相似文献
9.
Kelly SE 《Science, technology & human values》2003,28(3):339-364
Public bioethics bodies are used internationally as institutions with the declared aims of facilitating societal debate and providing policy advice in certain areas of scientific inquiry raising questions of values and legitimate science. In the United States, bioethical experts in these institutions use the language of consensus building to justify and define the outcome of the enterprise. However, the implications of public bioethics at science-policy boundaries are underexamined. Political interest in such bodies continues while their influence on societal consensus, public debate, and science policy remains ambiguous. This article presents a theoretical discussion of public bioethics bodies as boundary organizations and examines them in terms of relationship to the moral and cognitive authority of science and other forms of expertise, mechanisms for public participation in controversial science policy, and the deployment of consensus models. The theoretical discussion is examined in the case of the U.S. Human Embryo Research Panel. 相似文献
10.
我国科技创新政策体系建设主要进展及对政策方向的思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
当前,新一轮科技革命和产业变革同我国发展方式转变历史性交汇,国内外经济环境发生深刻变化,面向跻身创新型国家前列和世界科技强国的战略目标,亟需完善我国科技创新政策体系,提升国家创新体系效能,支撑现代化经济体系建设和高质量发展。本文对改革开放以来我国科技体制改革发展历程进行了概要回顾,提出科技创新政策体系的八部分构成,总结了我国科技创新政策在强化要素、加强主体、完善机制、培育产业、集聚区域、优化环境、扩大开放等方面取得的进展和成效,并立足国家战略发展需求和国内外科技创新发展趋势,提出未来一段时期我国完善科技创新政策体系的思考和建议,包括加强基础研究和原始创新、改进评价制度、完善科研人员激励政策、提升科技治理能力、推动高水平开放创新、营造公平竞争的创新环境等。 相似文献
11.
“重理轻文”是长期以来积攒的科研弊病，那么从科研技术效率的角度来看是否如此呢？本文以2009-2014年中国大陆31个省高校科研活动为研究对象，采用随机前沿分析方法对中国大陆高校理工农医类与人文社科类科研技术效率进行测算与比较分析。研究发现：理工农医类的科研技术效率要明显高于人文社科类，且差距随着时间的推移而不断扩大；初始拥有较多科研资源的东部地区理工农医类与人文社科类的科研技术效率均较高，但后期被中西部地区赶超；不同省市的科研技术效率差异较大，少数省市依然存在“重理轻文”科研观念。因此，合理配置不同地域科研资源，实现不同学科的均衡发展，是今后一段时期内科研领域的工作重点。 相似文献
12.
摘要：20世纪初的公共政策制定走向了一条科学化和理性化的道路。但后常规时代的科学往往无力提供政策制定所需的那种明确答案,因而也无法减少决策中日益增加的风险与不确定性。当前,科学与政策领域兴起了诸如“知识生产的模式2”、“知识分工”与“公民参与科学”等新兴概念,它们共同指向了专业知识生产的民主化趋势--必须重新开放科学的认知承诺,以一种与传统科学生产模式不同的、强调非职业化与情境化的知识范式去重新理解科学、知识生产与决策,以适应高度复杂与高度不确定性情境下的政策争端。这意味着突破专业知识的规范性承诺和前提性预设,赋予公民智慧与科学专家以能力上的平等地位,在开放、多元的参与情境中实现公众与专家的共同磋商。在科学领域,专业知识的民主化导向的是科学的认知转型;在政策领域,它将突破决策科学化与民主化的两难困境,导向一种更为扩大化的公民参与。 相似文献
13.
科研不端行为的纠偏模式初探 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
科研不端行为在国内外皆存在。产生科研不端行为的原因在于科学认知过程的复杂性及社会、文化环境的影响。对科研不端行为的纠偏应采取认知控制、社会控制及文化控制等方式。 相似文献
14.
15.
社会资本对科学家科研绩效的影响研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(2):288-296
本文从结构维、认知维和关系维出发,研究科研合作网络中的社会资本对科学家科研绩效的影响。我们从web of science上收集了化学领域26.74万篇论文,基于这些论文作者合作数据构建了科学家合作网络,并从上述三个方面对其中的社会资本进行了测度。研究结果显示,认知维社会资本和关系维社会资本在一定程度上对科研绩效具有显著的促进作用,而结构维社会资本对科研人员的科研绩效具有显著的非线性关系。本文为建立积极有效的科研合作网络,高效利用合作网络中的社会资本为科学家更好地开展科研活动提供了一定借鉴。 相似文献
16.
国家自然科学基金在基础研究和科学前沿探索、支持人才和团队建设、增强源头创新能力起着重要的科研资助作用,基金资助情况是依托单位的基础科研水平的重要体现。公安工作是较有特色的科研创新与技术应用领域,随着公安科技创新能力的大幅提升以及向科技要警力的现实需求,公安领域科研工作者参与国家自然科学基金项目申报的热情逐年升高。依据国家自然科学基金委发布的权威数据,针对参与国家自然科学基金申报的公安院校及科研院所进行申报及资助情况的对比分析,并与相关行业代表性研究机构进行比较,为公安或相关科技领域的一线科研及科研管理人员提供借鉴,为决策者提供数据参考。 相似文献
17.
This paper deals with information needs, seeking, searching, and uses within scholarly communities by introducing theory from the field of science and technology studies. In particular it contributes to the domain-analytic approach in information science by showing that Whitley’s theory of ‘mutual dependence’ and ‘task uncertainty’ can be used as an explanatory framework in understanding similarity and difference in information practices across intellectual fields. Based on qualitative case studies of three specialist scholarly communities across the physical sciences, applied sciences, social sciences and arts and humanities, this paper extends Whitley’s theory into the realm of information communication technologies. The paper adopts a holistic approach to information practices by recognising the interrelationship between the traditions of informal and formal scientific communication and how it shapes digital outcomes across intellectual fields. The findings show that communities inhabiting fields with a high degree of ‘mutual dependence’ coupled with a low degree of ‘task uncertainty’ are adept at coordinating and controlling channels of communication and will readily co-produce field-based digital information resources, whereas communities that inhabit fields characterised by the opposite cultural configuration, a low degree of ‘mutual dependence’ coupled with a high degree of ‘task uncertainty’, are less successful in commanding control over channels of communication and are less concerned with co-producing field-based digital resources and integrating them into their epistemic and social structures. These findings have implications for the culturally sensitive development and provision of academic digital resources such as digital libraries and web-based subject portals. 相似文献
18.
高端科普智库的内涵治理体系与建设路径 《科学学研究》2023,41(2):317-324
当前,科学技术与公共政策的紧密结合对发挥科普咨政建言作用提出了时代呼唤,建设高端科普智库成为新发展阶段的必然要求。从服务科学决策、团结引领社会公众参与民主决策、强化舆论引导等方面探讨了建设高端科普智库的重要意义,界定了高端科普智库的内涵,从目标、内容、对象、动力等方面剖析了高端科普智库的基本特征。探讨了当前高端科普智库建设面临的问题和困境。从治理体系、产品生产、影响力三个维度构建了高端科普智库建设路径的分析框架,并对国内外13家高端智库和科技智库的建设经验进行了比较分析,基于此总结提出高端科普智库的建设路径,包括建立科学的智库治理体系、优化智库产品生产机制、提升智库决策影响力等。 相似文献
19.
本文从美国国家科学政策及其历史发展的角度,简要介绍了V.布什作为二战后美国科学政策的制定者和信息时代的预言家的生平事迹。文中也对一些与科学政策和社会发展相关的文献进行了简要的介绍和评价,并对它们在一些方面对中国可能的启示进行了讨论。 相似文献
20.
科技政策是国家为了实现特定时期的科技发展目标而制定的方针、政策及其相关规定,其核心主要涉及如何为科学行为分配配套的资源,以实现最佳服务于公众利益的目标。本文在结合国内相关研究基础上,基于Web of Science 数据库间70多年(1947-2018)的研究文献,综合利用文献计量学工具和自研系统,全面定量展示了科技政策研究领域的现状、热点及前沿趋势。结果表明,截至2018年该领域研究尚处于成长期,成熟度为3091%;期间共有136个国家（地区）参与该领域研究,排名前5的国家为美国、英国、德国、荷兰和加拿大;6197个相关研究机构中,萨塞克斯大学（英国）、曼彻斯特大学(美国)、乔治亚理工学院（美国）、麻省理工学院（美国）、阿姆斯特丹大学（荷兰）等作品丰富且影响力较大;以“开放创新、企业、生物科技、技术转移、知识产权、专利、三螺旋结构、纳米科技”等突现词代表了该领域的前沿研究方向,值得高度关注。 相似文献