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1.
This article investigates how actors positioned in a network can evolve as knowledge brokers, as well as how they act to develop new brokerage roles. Our focus is on actor's behaviour while previous studies concentrate more on the structural and positional determinants of brokerage roles. This research combines brokerage roles with a broker's functions in an exploratory study of a small Italian comics publishing house. Over 20 years, the firm played different brokerage roles involving different actors at national and international levels. We find that if all brokerage roles involve transcoding functions, the ability to overcome transcoding obstacles, through the use of shared imprinting with receiving partners, could be useful for developing any brokerage role. Moreover, heterogeneity in the competences and industry experience of hired members of the management team could support the development of new brokerage roles, with differentiated effects on various brokers’ functions. If a brokerage role involves new actors with no previous allegiance, the status of the broker, signalled through network relations, can have significant impacts by indirectly communicating its superior knowledge. The proposed, emerging theoretical framework has direct implications for studies of knowledge brokers and innovation in social networks, as well as for entrepreneurship research.  相似文献   

2.
Coopetition, i.e., cooperation between competing actors, has become a pervasive strategy for innovative firms. The primary focus of studies investigating coopetition centers on inter-firm relationships, highlighting the benefits, limits and configurational patterns of cooperative relationships between competing firms. Only a small, emerging group of studies seeks to extend the concept to the intra-firm level, stressing the existence and effects of competition and cooperation between units that are part of the same organization. This paper contributes to this latter group by investigating the effects of internal coopetition on knowledge and innovation sharing and highlighting the fundamental role of knowledge brokers in managing the resulting tensions. Based on a qualitative case study of the video game publisher Ubisoft, we stress how the tensions raised by internal coopetitive settings limit knowledge sharing between units, and we analyze the mechanisms through which the knowledge broker helps to overcome these limits. We identify three main functions of this knowledge broker that allow the promotion of knowledge and innovation transfer to occur between coopeting units: (1) protecting the unit’s competitive advantage by introducing a lagging principle in the transfer process, (2) reducing sharing costs by standardizing innovative solutions, and (3) enhancing awareness of and trust in innovative solutions by centralizing knowledge diffusion.  相似文献   

3.
In this paper, we provide an empirical analysis of evolving knowledge networks of successful patent collaboration at national level in 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. All countries are classified into main knowledge creators (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) group) and main knowledge users (non-OECD group) in order to distinguish specific characteristics of knowledge interactions within groups and between groups. The analyses are carried out from four aspects, i.e., the overall distribution of knowledge interactions among countries, the countries’ ability to inhabit and facilitate the knowledge flows among others with the help of flow betweenness measures, the countries’ bridgeness between two groups with the recently developed Q-measures, and the most important bilateral knowledge interactions. Results show that although most of the international knowledge interactions still take place within the OECD group, the non-OECD countries have improved their performance significantly. They participate much more in international patenting and collaborations and play much more important roles in facilitating knowledge interactions among others. Among them, China and Taiwan are two most dazzling new stars according to their performance in international knowledge interactions. Considering together with their rapidly improved world competitiveness, the findings indicate that the wide and deep participation in international knowledge interactions may have great contribution to the economic competitiveness.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the processes involved in transferring knowledge into action. Obviously an interesting subject of research, it is worthwhile delving into the role played by knowledge brokers in bridging the gap between research and practice. This paper investigates the relationship between organizational climate and brokers’ knowledge transfer activities. The structural equation model was tested, using survey data from 301 respondents who primarily carry out their professional activities in health services, such as knowledge brokers. The results suggest two major findings: first, that the organizational climate as a multidimensional concept has a direct positive impact on the brokers’ knowledge transfer activities; secondly, that the organizational climate, characterized by the autonomy granted to brokers and a cooperative climate play an indirect role in affecting the knowledge transfer activities through the mediation of the organizational support provided to brokers.  相似文献   

5.
The article examines the process of innovation and knowledge sharing from a perspective that focuses on the influence that local circumstances can have. In particular, it looks at the problems of knowledge sharing between groups of professionals. It presents a comparative analysis of two studies, one involving two groups of IT professionals; the other a network of healthcare professionals. The data was collected in two sets. The first set consisted of the results from two earlier, independent studies; the second was collected specifically for this article. We investigate the role played by boundary objects and brokers. Through an analysis of the interplay between boundary object and broker, we uncover the dynamics of the innovation process and show that the role played by the broker can be political. We identify two strategies that are used by brokers in the selection of a boundary object. The first is directed towards achieving a balance between the actors involved and the second is directed towards controlling their activities. We conclude by suggesting that other researchers should also consider the interplay between broker and boundary object when examining cross-boundary knowledge sharing.  相似文献   

6.
Complexity, networks and knowledge flow   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
Because knowledge plays an important role in the creation of wealth, economic actors often wish to skew the flow of knowledge in their favor. We ask, when will an actor socially close to the source of some knowledge have the greatest advantage over distant actors in receiving and building on the knowledge? Marrying a social network perspective with a view of knowledge transfer as a search process, we argue that the value of social proximity to the knowledge source depends crucially on the nature of the knowledge at hand. Simple knowledge diffuses equally to close and distant actors because distant recipients with poor connections to the source of the knowledge can compensate for their limited access by means of unaided local search. Complex knowledge resists diffusion even within the social circles in which it originated. With knowledge of moderate complexity, however, high-fidelity transmission along social networks combined with local search allows socially proximate recipients to receive and extend knowledge generated elsewhere, while interdependencies stymie more distant recipients who rely heavily on unaided search. To test this hypothesis, we examine patent data and compare citation rates across proximate and distant actors on three dimensions: (1) the inventor collaboration network; (2) firm membership; and (3) geography. We find robust support for the proposition that socially proximate actors have the greatest advantage over distant actors for knowledge of moderate complexity. We discuss the implications of our findings for the distribution of intra-industry profits, the geographic agglomeration of industries, the design of social networks within firms, and the modularization of technologies.  相似文献   

7.
As a significant source of knowledge, virtual communities have stimulated interest in knowledge management research. Nonetheless, very few studies to date have examined the demand-side knowledge perspective such as knowledge acquisition in virtual communities. In order to explore the knowledge acquisition process within virtual communities, this study proposes the cognitive selection framework of knowledge acquisition strategy in virtual communities. The proposed framework takes a cognitive perspective, to identify how knowledge recipients select their strategy for acquiring specialized knowledge, emphasizing their cognitive goals (e.g., cognitive replication and innovation) and cognitive motivators (e.g., virtual community self-efficacy, heightened enjoyment, and time resources). Our results suggest that knowledge recipients’ cognitive motivators differentially influence their cognitive goals (cognitive replication and innovation), which, in turn, are related to their selection of knowledge acquisition strategy (static and dynamic acquisition strategy), respectively.  相似文献   

8.
Xu Jiang  Yuan Li 《Research Policy》2009,38(2):358-368
This paper examines firm-level performance implications of strategic alliances by employing knowledge management practices as intermediaries. Unlike previous research which focuses on partner firm factors, this study investigates how alliance characteristics (i.e., alliance scope and governance) affect interfirm knowledge sharing and creation, and how these two practices and their interaction in turn affect innovative performance. These questions are examined in a sample of 127 German partnering firms. Results show that joint ventures as opposed to contractual alliances are more effective and influential in facilitating knowledge sharing and creation. In contrast, the scope of alliance activities, while positively associated with knowledge sharing, has no direct relationship with knowledge creation. In addition to these results, the study also finds that knowledge sharing, knowledge creation and their interaction significantly contribute to partner firms’ innovative performance.  相似文献   

9.
Fostering positive attitudes and increasing knowledge are key success factors for enterprise systems. Training can improve knowledge, but little research has investigated the effects of domain-relevant knowledge on salient cognitive beliefs and attitude in technology acceptance. We highlight the critical role of domain-relevant knowledge in the formation of beliefs and the shaping of attitude by developing a model of informed technology acceptance. We hypothesize the positive effects of multi-dimensional enterprise resource planning (ERP) knowledge on salient cognitive beliefs (i.e., ERP self-efficacy, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness) and general affective attitude toward an ERP system. Using survey data from gamified ERP training of 248 professionals from three different organizations, results support the proposed model, suggesting that ERP knowledge is an important antecedent of ERP self-efficacy, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and attitude. We find that ERP knowledge exhibits both direct and indirect effects on attitude. Moreover, we find that gamified training is an effective means of improving ERP knowledge.  相似文献   

10.
Research on social networks and innovation emphasizes that individuals spanning structural holes and crossing institutional boundaries have more opportunities for knowledge recombination and innovation involvement. However, transforming the potential knowledge and resources available through personal networks to attain innovation can be difficult for the focal individual. Using an ego-network approach, this study examines whether and to what extent an individual strategic orientation to cooperation (i.e. tertius iungens) contributes to strengthening the relation between two personal network properties (structural and institutional separation) and involvement in innovation. Our analysis is conducted in the context of biomedicine, where research networks are particularly relevant for science and innovation achievements. Our findings advance social network theory by decoupling social network mechanisms from individual strategic networking behavior as factors influencing knowledge generation processes. Results also provide original evidence on an overlooked phenomenon: the moderating role of a tertius iungens orientation in the relationship between multiple social network properties and innovation. Finally, our research sheds new light on the distinct sources of knowledge recombination in networks and the role of individual networking strategies to facilitate mobilization of resources for innovation.  相似文献   

11.
由于企业自身知识和能力的局限性,创新搜索是其获得所需资源、推动创新发展的有效方式。现有研究表明,企业所采取的创新搜索策略会对其创新成果有显著的影响。采取开放式创新模式能够使企业接触到原本难以获得的资源,并对内部创新的驱动因素产生影响,促进创新的绩效。另外,对企业认知过程的研究也指出了创新搜索广度在消除其认知偏误方面的重要性。当面对创新风险带来的不确定性时,企业可以通过增加创新搜索的广度来有效应对。除了拥有多个创新目标之外,企业也可以通过增加创新信息来源数量来提升创新成功的可能性。本文以创新目标、信息来源与创新成功之间的关系为切入点,主要探讨了创新搜索广度对创新成功的影响程度,检验了创新搜索的"广种"效应。本研究主要回答以下三个问题:首先,企业的创新目标广度是否会提升其创新成功可能性?其次,企业的创新信息来源广度是否会提升其创新成功可能性?另外,创新搜索广度(包括创新目标广度与创新信息来源广度)与企业创新成功之间的关系是否会受到单一依赖性的影响?针对这三个问题,本文通过经济学与统计学相结合的理论分析建立了理论框架,并运用2008年中国企业创新调查数据进行了大样本(共包括30个制造业细分行业的870家企业信息)的实证分析,对创新搜索广度、创新信息来源广度对企业创新成功可能性的作用以及单一依赖性的影响进行了检验,发现并总结出关于我国制造业企业创新搜索"广种"效应的规律。研究发现:企业的创新目标广度与其创新成功可能性正向相关,即企业的创新目标越多,其创新成功可能性越大;企业的创新信息来源广度与其创新成功可能性正向相关,即企业的创新信息来源越多,其创新成功可能性越大;另外,企业的单一信息来源依赖性会负向调节信息来源广度对创新成功可能性的正向作用,但并不会完全抵消其正向影响。替换变量、分组回归等稳定性检验的结果进一步支持了本研究结论的正确性与可靠性。研究结论证明,我国制造业企业中创新搜索确实存在"广种"正效应,无论是增加创新目标还是扩展创新信息来源都对企业创新活动的成功有着显著的正向影响;同时,若企业对于少数创新信息来源依赖性过高,这种单一信息来源依赖性会削弱信息来源广度的正向作用,减小创新搜索的"广种"正效应。  相似文献   

12.
企业间竞争日趋激烈,所有的企业都希望通过创新来提升竞争力.针对技术创新扩散问题,运用复杂网络方法构建技术创新级联扩散非线性模型;对ER随机网络、BA无标度网络、SW小世界网络分别进行仿真分析,阐述网络结构对技术创新扩散的影响,通过调节感知效用再分配系数可以更好地达到控制扩散的效果.  相似文献   

13.
Knowledge sharing is a critical step for successful knowledge management. However, sharing knowledge not only requires time and effort of a knowledge worker but also reduces the unique value or power that the worker enjoys in the organization. Therefore, for successful knowledge sharing, a reward system is used to compensate knowledge sharing activities. In this paper, we consider a situation where there exists measurement inaccuracy in the actual amount of knowledge shared by risk-averse workers. We analyze the optimal reward system for knowledge sharing and the optimal investment to address measurement inaccuracy. Through the analysis, a simple optimal reward system is derived. This system is linear in the amount of knowledge sharing and compensates for the workers’ costs of knowledge sharing and risk-bearing. Additionally, the optimal investment to improve measurement accuracy is characterized by balancing the investment cost against the workers’ risk-bearing cost. Finally, a comparative statics analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of changes in exogenous factors on the optimal reward system, the amount of knowledge sharing, and the amount of optimal investment. Insights from our analysis can contribute to the better management of knowledge sharing through reward systems and the effective implementation of a knowledge management system.  相似文献   

14.
When multiple agencies respond to a disease outbreak (i.e., H1N1 and SARS), the coordination of actions is complex and evolves over time. There has not been any systematic empirical study of the dynamics of emerging coordination behaviour and knowledge transfer process during a disease outbreak. In this paper, we first introduce our approach for the analysis of multi-agency intervention during a disease outbreak using the study of social networks. Using social networks and its analytic framework, we explore questions such as: How does the multi-agency coordination emerge for supporting the complex knowledge transfer process during different phases of disease outbreak? How effective are these formal and informal coordination mechanisms in achieving a robust outcome in response coordination through effective knowledge transfer process during the outbreak? What are the key lessons learned by studying the emerging coordination and knowledge transfer process during past disease outbreak in improving the multi-agency preparedness for dealing with future outbreaks? The discussion is supported by a qualitative study of the implementation of the results of the analysis. We reveal that profound understanding of social network behaviour and emerging coordination concepts are pivotal to the optimisation of knowledge transfer process which is a prerequisite for successful outbreak intervention. We look qualitatively at how Hunter New England Area Health Services applied these concepts to lead a successful coordination plan during an H1N109 endemic.  相似文献   

15.
Context Open Source Software (OSS) development is a knowledge focused activity which relies heavily on contributors who can be volunteers or paid workers and are geographically distributed. While working on OSS projects contributors acquire project related individualistic knowledge and gain experience and skills, which often remains unshared with others and is usually lost once contributors leave a project. All software development organisations face the problem of knowledge loss as employees leave, but this situation is exasperated in OSS projects where most contributors are volunteers with largely unpredictable engagement durations. Contributor turnover is inevitable due to the transient nature of OSS project workforces causing knowledge loss, which threatens the overall sustainability of OSS projects and impacts negatively on software quality and contributor productivity.ObjectiveThe objective of this work is to deeply and systematically investigate the phenomenon of knowledge loss due to contributor turnover in OSS projects as presented in the state-of-the-art literature and to synthesise the information presented on the topic. Furthermore, based on the learning arising from our investigation it is our intention to identify mechanisms to reduce the overall effects of knowledge loss in OSS projects.MethodologyWe use the snowballing methodology to identify the relevant literature on knowledge loss due to contributor turnover in OSS projects. This robust methodology for a literature review includes research question, search strategy, inclusion, exclusion, quality criteria, and data synthesis. The search strategy, and inclusion, exclusions and quality criteria are applied as a part of snowballing procedure.Snowballing is considered an efficient and reliable way to conduct a systematic literature review, providing a robust alternative to mechanically searching individual databases for given topics.ResultKnowledge sharing in OSS projects is abundant but there is no evidence of a formal strategy or practice to manage knowledge. Due to the dynamic and diverse nature of OSS projects, knowledge management is considered a challenging task and there is a need for a proactive mechanism to share knowledge in the OSS community for knowledge to be reused in the future by the OSS project contributors. From the collection of papers found using snowballing, we consolidated various themes on knowledge loss due to contributor turnover in OSS projects and identified 11 impacts due to knowledge loss in OSS projects, and 10 mitigations to manage with knowledge loss in OSS projects.ConclusionIn this paper, we propose future research directions to investigate integration of proactive knowledge retention practices with the existing OSS practices to reduce the current knowledge loss problem. We suggest that there is insufficient attention paid to KM in general in OSS, in particular there would appear to an absence of proactive measures to reduce the potential impact of knowledge loss. We also propose the need for a KM evaluation metric in OSS projects, similar to the ones that evaluate health of online communities, which should help to inform potential consumers of the OSS of the KM status on a project, something that is not existent today.  相似文献   

16.
In this paper, we study the algebraic connectivity of directed complex networks with scale-free property. Algebraic connectivity of a directed graph is the eigenvalue of its Laplacian matrix whose real part is the second smallest. This is known as an important measure for the diffusion speed of many diffusion processes over networks (e.g. consensus, information spreading, epidemics). We propose an algorithm, extending that of Barabasi and Albert, to generate directed scale-free networks, and show by simulations the relations between algebraic connectivity and network size, exponents of in/out-degree distributions, and minimum in/out degrees. The results are moreover compared to directed small-world networks, and demonstrated on a specific diffusion process, reaching consensus.  相似文献   

17.
Exploring the factors that affect the market performance of paid knowledge products is of great importance for knowledge payment platforms. Drawing on the sensations-familiarity framework and social capital theory, this study investigates how knowledge differentiation between paid and free knowledge impacts market performance, along with the moderating effect of knowledge providers’ social capital. Technically, a neural network-based text mining model is utilized to transform free and paid knowledge to semantic vectors, whose dissimilarity is calculated as knowledge differentiation. Empirical analysis on a real dataset reveals the positive (or negative) effect of knowledge differentiation on sales (or eWOM, electronic word of mouth), which will be more prominent with the increase of social capital. The results are reinforced with robustness checks regarding alternative knowledge-differentiation measures, more control variables and alternative regression methods. The present study extends our understanding of knowledge payment and free-to-paid consumption, and offers practical implications for content design and product management.  相似文献   

18.
This study aims to find out how different processes of knowledge management and patterns of social networking affect team performance. Our data on teams originate from a sample of different organizations from a variety of both public and private industries in Finland (76 teams; 499 employees). One of the main deficiencies in the current literature on knowledge and networks is that they tend to concentrate on specific types of teams in a single organization context. Our aim was to put the team phenomenon into an everyday context by analysing the interplay of knowledge creation and social networks in teams which function on a permanent basis in a variety of industry contexts. Both knowledge creation and social networking contributed to performance, but the results showed that whereas team members see the knowledge conversion processes as central to performance, top management emphasize the importance of social networks in value creation. In our examination, lively interaction between team members, combined with team leaders’ intra-organizational networks, contributed to team performance.  相似文献   

19.
Knowledge graph representation learning (KGRL) aims to infer the missing links between target entities based on existing triples. Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been introduced recently as one of the latest trendy architectures serves KGRL task using aggregations of neighborhood information. However, current GNN-based methods have fundamental limitations in both modelling the multi-hop distant neighbors and selecting relation-specific neighborhood information from vast neighbors. In this study, we propose a new relation-specific graph transformation network (RGTN) for the KGRL task. Specifically, the proposed RGTN is the first pioneer model that transforms a relation-based graph into a new path-based graph by generating useful paths that connect heterogeneous relations and multi-hop neighbors. Unlike the existing GNN-based methods, our approach is able to adaptively select the most useful paths for each specific relation and to effectively build path-based connections between unconnected distant entities. The transformed new graph structure opens a new way to model the arbitrary lengths of multi-hop neighbors which leads to more effective embedding learning. In order to verify the effectiveness of our proposed model, we conduct extensive experiments on three standard benchmark datasets, e.g., WN18RR, FB15k-237 and YAGO-10-DR. Experimental results show that the proposed RGTN achieves the promising results and even outperforms other state-of-the-art models on the KGRL task (e.g., compared to other state-of-the-art GNN-based methods, our model achieves 2.5% improvement using H@10 on WN18RR, 1.2% improvement using H@10 on FB15k-237 and 6% improvement using H@10 on YAGO3-10-DR).  相似文献   

20.
《Research Policy》2023,52(8):104849
Knowledge spillovers across economic agents are central to the process of technological innovation. Yet, the mechanisms by which spillovers travel and manifest as innovation are poorly understood. To fill that gap, we study how knowledge spillovers emanating from other cities (knowledge pools) diffuse and get absorbed. We refine the notion of connectedness by comparing three mechanisms through which knowledge spillovers occur between cities (geographically, technologically, and socially via social media links). We also examine how local psychological openness facilitates this diffusion and absorption process. Using 360 U.S. cities as our empirical context, we find geographically mediated and socially mediated (but not technologically mediated) knowledge spillovers to show positive relationships with the rate of patenting. Moreover, results confirm a positive moderation effect of psychological openness on the relationship between socially mediated knowledge spillovers and the rate of patenting. By providing a more comprehensive test of knowledge spillover mechanisms, our study indicates that the often-quoted physical proximity to knowledge pools remains a robust driver. However, a city's virtual connection to knowledge pools (e.g., via social media links between people) also matter, particularly if that city is psychologically more open. This catalyst of local openness might occur because open populations better absorb inflowing knowledge and utilize it more effectively via key innovators. We discuss implications for research and policy with a particular focus on virtual human (vs. geographically bounded) connectedness and psychological openness as intertwined key areas of a new human geography of innovation.  相似文献   

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