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1.
Cheaper patents 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tom Nicholas 《Research Policy》2011,40(2):325-339
The 1883 Patents Act in Britain provides perspective for modern patent policy reforms because it radically changed incentives for inventors by reducing filing fees by 84 percent. Patents increased 2.5-fold after the reform, which was evenly distributed across the geography of inventors, the organization of invention and sectors. By realizing a large demand for cheaper patents the reform increased the propensity to patent and shifted inventive activity inside the patent system. It did not increase innovation as measured by changes in the distribution of high and low value patents and citations to English inventor patents in the United States. 相似文献
2.
高校专利运营是一个包括发明创造、价值增值和价值实现三个主要环节的复杂动态过程。以美国高校为样本,基于动态系统视角分析发明人专利收益分配比例对高校专利运营不同环节的影响,并针对发明人专利收入与科研经费支出对高校专利运营的影响差异进行比较分析。研究发现：近70%的样本高校中发明人专利收入与发明披露量之间不存在显著的相关性;而在发明人专利收入与发明披露量显著相关的高校中,发明人专利收益比例对高校专利运营的发明创造环节作用明显,对价值增值环节作用因样本而异,但对价值实现环节的影响微乎其微;同时,当专利收益分配基数与科研经费支出之间相差悬殊时,与通过提高发明人收益比例增加发明人专利收入相比,同比增加科研经费支出对专利运营各环节的影响更大。一刀切式地提高发明人收益比例对高校专利运营的促进作用十分有限。据此提出,高校应细化发明人收益分配方案,并综合运用多种激励方式,发挥政策协同作用。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104655
We investigate the impact of deadly terrorist attacks on inventor productivity and mobility in the U.S. During the five-year window after such events, nearby firms generate fewer and less impactful inventions. Moreover, their inventors typically exhibit a post-attack decline in their patent production, unless they move to a distant company (which some tend to do after an attack). Firms' financial constraints and inventor talent appear to provide channels underlying our productivity and mobility findings, respectively. These results provide novel insights about the impact of shocks that distort the invention process and promote the mobility and reallocation of inventors among firms. 相似文献
4.
《Research Policy》2022,51(2):104416
Do informal social ties connecting inventors across distant places promote knowledge flows between them? To measure informal ties, we use a new and direct index of social connectedness of regions based on aggregate Facebook friendships. We use a well-established identification strategy that relies on matching inventor citations with citations from examiners. Moreover, we isolate the specific effect of informal connections, above and beyond formal professional ties (co-inventor networks) and geographic proximity. We identify a significant and robust effect of informal ties on patent citations. Further, we find that the effect of geographic proximity on knowledge flows is entirely explained by informal social ties and professional networks. We also show that the effect of informal social ties on knowledge flows is greater for new entrepreneurs or ‘garage inventors’, for older or ‘forgotten’ patents, and for flows across distant technology fields. It has also become increasingly important over the last two decades. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(3):104696
How does patent scope influence licensing propensity of inventions? Prior studies have often been confined to specific industries or settings, and their results have been mixed with studies showing a positive, a negative, or even no significant relationship. Also, while some have explored moderating factors that might influence the patent scope-licensing relationship, a systematic investigation of the heterogeneous effects of patent scope on licensing at the invention level has not been undertaken. This study combines a broad sample of publicly reported patent licensing agreements and a novel methodology that captures an exogenous variation in patent scope to re-investigate the relationship between patent scope and licensing and to explore key invention and inventor characteristics that could influence this relationship. The results show that narrowed patent scope leads to a substantial decline in licensing propensity of inventions and that the effect is stronger for high-quality, science-based, and novel inventions as well as for inventions generated by small inventors. 相似文献
6.
职务发明人合理分享创新收益是实现职务发明创造转化和实施运用的有效激励手段。《专利法（修正案草案）》对此予以了明确。作为职务发明人智力成果的价值体现和促进职务发明人推动发明创造成果转化的制度激励，职务发明人合理分享创新收益具有正当性。但是，有限的“约定优先”、“合理性”标准的模糊对待、国有资产法律法规的限制性规定、职务发明相关权利的杂糅处理和单位知识产权运营能力的不足对职务发明人实现创新收益分享形成掣肘。实现职务发明人合理分享创新收益，首先应明确“合理性”的判断标准，即在程序正义的基础上根据职务发明人的创造性贡献程度和职务发明所产生的经济效益确认收益分享的合理限度。其次，职务发明创造的专利权作为一项“权利束”，应将其分而处之，明晰各参与主体间的权利边界。再次，应优化国有资产属性的职务发明创造的管理体制，探索建立以科技法律制度为核心，兼容其他各部门法律法规的无形资产管理制度。复次，在产权明晰的基础上，应鼓励单位与职务发明人之间通过约定分享收益。最后，实现单位与职务发明人的互利共赢还需要提升单位的知识产权运营能力，以实现职务发明成果的转化利用。 相似文献
7.
知识元素网络搜索与突破性技术发明形成 《科学学研究》2021,39(5):794-804
突破性技术发明在企业参与全球技术和市场竞争中的作用已经得到广泛认可,但如何通过知识搜索和重组形成突破性技术发明仍是学术界和企业界关注的热点问题。本文基于知识搜索重组视角和社会网络理论,考察知识元素网络搜索与突破性技术发明形成的关系,并基于团队学习理论揭示发明人团队特征的调节作用。然后,利用美国专利商标局（USPTO）1995-2010年纳米技术领域6132条授权发明专利进行实证检验,结果发现：（1）知识元素的网络中心度越低,占据结构洞位置越少,突破性技术发明形成的概率越高。（2）与合作发明人相比,单独发明人搜索网络中心度较低和结构洞较少的知识元素创造产生突破性技术发明的概率更高。（3）发明人团队技术经验越丰富,搜索网络中心度较低和结构洞较少的知识元素创造产生突破性技术发明的概率越高。本研究从知识元素网络和发明人团队视角系统揭示了突破性技术发明的形成机制,对企业面向突破性技术发明的发明人团队构建及知识组合战略实施具有重要启示。 相似文献
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Inventing is a recombinant process that involves searching and recombining different streams of knowledge. The value of invention is associated with not only how many prior inventions are considered, but also how they are related to each other. We introduce social network analysis broadly used in the social capital theory, and extend the dimension of analysis for the evaluation of patent value. This study employs U.S. pharmaceutical patent data and investigates whether the network characteristic of backward citations have significant effect on the future patent value. The empirical results suggest that the network features of backward citations measured by constraint, cohesion, and efficiency have statistically significant implication on the value of invention in both level and depreciation rate. The study also provides empirical evidence that the exploration strategy is more significantly and positively correlated with the future value of invention compared to the exploitation strategy of inventors. 相似文献
9.
Does it matter where patent citations come from? Inventor vs. examiner citations in European patents
Paola Criscuolo 《Research Policy》2008,37(10):1892-1908
This paper addresses the question of whether patent citations are useful indicators of technology flows. We exploit the distinction between citations added by inventors and patent examiners. We use information from the search reports of European Patent Office patent examiners to construct our dataset of patenting activity in Europe and the US, and apply various econometric models to investigate what determines the probability that a citation is added by the inventor rather than the examiner. Contrary to previous work which uses US Patent and Trademark Office data, we find that geographical distance is a factor that strongly diminishes the probability of knowledge flows. We find other significant effects of such factors as cognitive distance, time and strategic factors on citing behaviour. 相似文献
10.
Reconsidering the Bayh-Dole Act and the Current University Invention Ownership Model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 provided U.S. universities with the right to commercialize employees’ inventions made while engaged in government-funded research. This paper argues that the current university invention ownership model, in which universities maintain de jure ownership of inventions, is not optimal either in terms of economic efficiency or for advancing the social interest of rapidly commercializing technology and encouraging entrepreneurship. We argue that this model is plagued by ineffective incentives, information asymmetries, and contradictory motivations for the university, the inventors, potential licensees, and university technology licensing offices (TLOs). These structural uncertainties can lead to delays in licensing, misaligned incentives among parties, and obstacles to the flow of scientific information and the materials necessary for scientific progress. The institutional arrangements within which TLOs are embedded have encouraged some of them to become revenue maximizers, rather than facilitators of technology dissemination for the good of the entire society.We suggest two alternative invention commercialization models as superior alternatives. The first alternative is to vest ownership with the inventor, who could choose the commercialization path for the invention. For this privilege the inventor would provide the university an ownership stake in any returns to the invention. The inventor would be free to contract with the university TLO or any other entity that might assist in commercialization. The second alternative is to make all inventions immediately publicly available through a public domain strategy or, through a requirement that all inventions be licensed non-exclusively. Both alternatives would address the current dysfunctional arrangements in university technology commercialization. 相似文献
11.
《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103774
We explore the impact of migrant inventors on patent quality in Europe and the United States between 1990 and 2010. Drawing on a large sample of patent applications filed at the European Patent Office with a corresponding Patent Cooperation Treaty extension, we select inventor teams whose members reside in the countries of interest, but whose nationality may vary. In keeping with the literature, we find that migrant inventors are associated with higher quality patents via increased diversity at the team level, in addition to increased diversity at both the company and local level. This positive relationship with diversity persists after conditioning for the presence of migrants in the team, which is suggestive of cultural, and not merely functional, diversity. 相似文献
12.
By using a sample of 793 inventors drawn from the PatVal-EU dataset, this paper explores three aspects of patent production at the individual inventor level: (1) the number of EPO patents that the inventors produce; (2) the average value of their inventions; (3) the production of the most valuable patents. By jointly estimating the three equations we find that the inventors’ level of education, employment in a large firm, and involvement in large-scale research projects positively correlate with quantity. Yet, apart from the size of the research project, none of these factors directly influence the expected value of the inventions. They do, however, have an indirect influence, as we find that the number of patents explains the probability of producing a technological hit (the maximum value). Also, there is no regression to the mean in the invention process at an individual level, as the number of inventions that an inventor produces is not correlated with the average value. 相似文献
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How team composition exactly influences innovation outcomes remains a complex and unsolved puzzle in the literature on creativity and innovation. Our study differentiates two types of team technology-related diversity—technological dissimilarity and technological variety, and investigates their influences on the impact of an invention created by a team. Analyses of over half million U.S. utility patents in the 1991–2005 period invented by teams reveal that technological variety of team inventors has a positive effect on invention impact, and that technological dissimilarity between team inventors plays both positive and negative roles, eliciting an inverted U-shaped effect. In addition, we find that the positive effect of dissimilarity is significantly reduced after controlling for variety. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. 相似文献
15.
由于知识具有扩散效应,团队合作逐渐成为多数技术领域进行知识生产的主要方式,描述科学合作的特征与模式也成为国内外学者的研究重点。但是,合作研究是否可以产生更高质量的专利,需要进一步的检验。基于1975-2017年中国及其他七个经济体在USPTO授权的专利数据,对比分析了各个经济体的专利质量及演变趋势,并运用泊松模型实证分析了专利发明人合作对我国专利质量的影响效果。研究发现,首先,相比于不合作,专利发明人合作能有效提高专利质量,但专利发明人的国际合作对专利质量的提升作用显著高于国内合作。其次,中国和美国的发明人合作对专利质量的提升作用最明显,和日本、德国合作的正向贡献较小,而和台湾地区的合作对专利的前向引用具有明显的促进作用。最后,企业-大学、企业-研发机构的合作对提升专利质量有较大的积极影响,企业间的合作能有效促进专利的前向引用数量,但对增加权利要求数量具有抑制作用。大学、研发机构的两两合作及“产学研”合作对专利质量的提高无显著影响。 相似文献
16.
Guan-Cheng Li Ronald Lai Alexander D’Amour David M. Doolin Ye Sun Vetle I. Torvik Amy Z. Yu Lee Fleming 《Research Policy》2014
Research into invention, innovation policy, and technology strategy can greatly benefit from an accurate understanding of inventor careers. The United States Patent and Trademark Office does not provide unique inventor identifiers, however, making large-scale studies challenging. Many scholars of innovation have implemented ad-hoc disambiguation methods based on string similarity thresholds and string comparison matching; such methods have been shown to be vulnerable to a number of problems that can adversely affect research results. The authors address this issue contributing (1) an application of the Author-ity disambiguation approach (0170 and 0175) to the US utility patent database, (2) a new iterative blocking scheme that expands the match space of this algorithm while maintaining scalability, (3) a public posting of the algorithm and code, and (4) a public posting of the results of the algorithm in the form of a database of inventors and their associated patents. The paper provides an overview of the disambiguation method, assesses its accuracy, and calculates network measures based on co-authorship and collaboration variables. It illustrates the potential for large-scale innovation studies across time and space with visualizations of inventor mobility across the United States. The complete input and results data from the original disambiguation are available at (http://dvn.iq.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/patent); revised data described here are at (http://funglab.berkeley.edu/pub/disamb_no_postpolishing.csv); original and revised code is available at (https://github.com/funginstitute/disambiguator); visualizations of inventor mobility are at (http://funglab.berkeley.edu/mobility/). 相似文献
17.
《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104631
This paper studies the relationship between migration and the productivity of high-skilled workers, as captured by inventors of international patent applications. Using machine learning techniques to uniquely identify inventors across patents, we are able to track the migration patterns of nearly one million individual inventors across countries. Migrant inventors account for more than nine percent of inventors in our sample. The econometric analysis seeks to explain the recurring finding in the literature that migrant inventors are more productive than non-migrant inventors. We find evidence that migrant inventors become about twenty-three percent more productive after having migrated. The disambiguated inventor data are openly available. 相似文献
18.
US faculty patenting: Inside and outside the university 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In a sample of 5811 patents with US faculty as inventors, 26% are assigned solely to firms rather than universities as dictated by US university employment policies and Bayh-Dole. We relate assignment to patent characteristics, university policy, and inventor field. Patents assigned to firms (whether established or start-ups with inventor as principal) are less basic than those assigned to universities suggesting firm assigned patents result from faculty consulting. Assignment to inventor-related start-ups is less likely the higher the share of revenue inventors receive from university-licensed patents. Firm assignment also varies by inventor field and whether the university is public or private. 相似文献
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):333-348
Inasmuch as the efforts of independent inventors are appreciated at all, it is commonly argued that greater benefit would ensue from their inventions if the inventors possessed a more realistic understanding of the innovative process, and if the world were generally more sympathetic. There is sense in this view, but perhaps some consideration should be given to the impact such changes might have on the essential creativity of the independent inventor. It seems likely that this creativity is in part a product of adversity and might well be extinguished if conditions were made more conducive to the activities of the independent inventor. 相似文献