共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 453 毫秒
1.
Niels van Dijk 《Ethics and Information Technology》2010,12(1):57-69
Profiling technologies are the facilitating force behind the vision of Ambient Intelligence in which everyday devices are
connected and embedded with all kinds of smart characteristics enabling them to take decisions in order to serve our preferences
without us being aware of it. These technological practices have considerable impact on the process by which our personhood
takes shape and pose threats like discrimination and normalisation. The legal response to these developments should move away
from a focus on entitlements to personal data, towards making transparent and controlling the profiling process by which knowledge
is produced from these data. The tendency in intellectual property law to commodify information embedded in software and profiles
could counteract this shift to transparency and control. These rights obstruct the access and contestation of the design of
the code that impacts one’s personhood. This triggers a political discussion about the public nature of this code and forces
us to rethink the relations between property, privacy and personhood in the digital age. 相似文献
2.
The paper has two goals. The first is presenting the main results of the recent report Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles: recommendations on road safety, privacy, fairness, explainability and responsibility written by the Horizon 2020 European Commission Expert Group to advise on specific ethical issues raised by driverless mobility, of which the author of this paper has been member and rapporteur. The second is presenting some broader ethical and philosophical implications of these recommendations, and using these to contribute to the establishment of Ethics of Transportation as an independent branch of applied ethics. The recent debate on the ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) presents a paradox and an opportunity. The paradox is the presence of a flourishing debate on the ethics of one very specific transportation technology without ethics of transportation being in itself a well-established academic discipline. The opportunity is that now that a spotlight has been switched on the ethical dimensions of CAVs it may be easier to establish a broader debate on ethics of transportation. While the 20 recommendations of the EU report are grouped in three macro-areas: road safety, data ethics, and responsibility, in this paper they will be grouped according to eight philosophical themes: Responsible Innovation, road justice, road safety, freedom, human control, privacy, data fairness, responsibility. These are proposed as the first topics for a new ethics of transportation.
相似文献3.
This paper deals with intercultural aspects of privacy, particularly with regard to differences between Japanese and Western
conceptions. It starts with a reconstruction of the genealogy of Western subjectivity and human dignity as the basic assumptions
underlying Western views on privacy. An analysis of the Western concept of informational privacy is presented. The Japanese
topic of ‘‘denial of self” (Musi) as well as the concepts of Seken, Shakai and Ikai (as analyzed by the authors of the companion piece on privacy in Japan) give rise to intercultural comparisons. The paper
addresses the question of privacy in cyberspace and mass media. Finally the question of freedom of speech is related to the
Japanese concepts of Ohyake and Watakusi. 相似文献
4.
Alice E. Marwick 《Ethics and Information Technology》2017,19(3):177-191
In 2014, a large archive of hacked nude photos of female celebrities was released on 4chan and organized and discussed primarily on Reddit. This paper explores the ethical implications of this celebrity nude photo leak within a frame of gendered privacy violations. I analyze a selection of a mass capture of 5143 posts and 94,602 comments from /thefappening subreddit, as well as editorials written by female celebrities, feminists, and journalists. Redditors justify the photo leak by arguing the subjects are privileged because they are celebrities; that the celebrities are at fault for failing to appropriately protect their information; and that the only person ethically responsible for the leak is the hacker. The popular press primarily took a feminist perspective, linking the photo leak to institutionalized sexism and misogyny. I argue that the Reddit participants frame the privacy violations within a context of geek masculinity, in which references to masturbation and pornography and casually misogynist language are used to signify a normative masculine self. Privacy violations are de-emphasized when the victims are women and gender or feminist concerns are rejected. Entitlement to viewing women’s bodies and male sexual desire are prioritized over ethical concerns over privacy violations. The paper contributes to understanding how privacy violations are normatively gendered and reinforced by gender inequality. 相似文献
5.
In this paper we discuss the social and ethical issues that arise as a result of digitization based on six dominant technologies: Internet of Things, robotics, biometrics, persuasive technology, virtual & augmented reality, and digital platforms. We highlight the many developments in the digitizing society that appear to be at odds with six recurring themes revealing from our analysis of the scientific literature on the dominant technologies: privacy, autonomy, security, human dignity, justice, and balance of power. This study shows that the new wave of digitization is putting pressure on these public values. In order to effectively shape the digital society in a socially and ethically responsible way, stakeholders need to have a clear understanding of what such issues might be. Supervision has been developed the most in the areas of privacy and data protection. For other ethical issues concerning digitization such as discrimination, autonomy, human dignity and unequal balance of power, the supervision is not as well organized. 相似文献
6.
Stephen Coleman 《Ethics and Information Technology》2006,8(1):17-27
This paper discusses privacy and the monitoring of e-mail in the context of the international nature of the modern world. Its three main aims are: (1) to highlight the problems involved in discussing an essentially philosophical question within a legal framework, and thus to show that providing purely legal answers to an ethical question is an inadequate approach to the problem of privacy on the Internet; (2) to discuss and define what privacy in the medium of the Internet actually is; and (3) to apply a globally acceptable ethical approach of international human rights to the problem of privacy on the Internet, and thus to answer the question of what is and is not morally permissible in this area, especially in light of recent heightened concerns about terrorist activities. It concludes that the monitoring of e-mail is, at least in the vast majority of cases, an unjustified infringement of the right to privacy, even if this monitoring is only aimed at preventing the commission of acts of terrorism. 相似文献
7.
David Wright 《Ethics and Information Technology》2011,13(3):199-226
This paper proposes a framework for an ethical impact assessment which can be performed in regard to any policy, service,
project or programme involving information technology. The framework is structured on the four principles posited by Beauchamp
and Childress together with a separate section on privacy and data protection. The framework identifies key social values
and ethical issues, provides some brief explanatory contextual information which is then followed by a set of questions aimed
at the technology developer or policy-maker to facilitate consideration of ethical issues, in consultation with stakeholders,
which may arise in their undertaking. In addition, the framework includes a set of ethical tools and procedural practices
which can be employed as part of the ethical impact assessment. Although the framework has been developed within a European
context, it could be applied equally well beyond European borders. 相似文献
8.
Clare Thornley Stuart Ferguson John Weckert Forbes GibbAuthor vitae 《International Journal of Information Management》2011,31(6):546-555
This paper provides an analysis of the current and potential ethical implications of RFID technology for the library and information professions. These issues are analysed as a series of ethical dilemmas, or hard-to-resolve competing ethical obligations, which the librarian has in relationship to information objects, library users and the wider social and political environment or state. A process model of the library is used as a framework for the discussion to illustrate the relationship between the different participants in the library system and it is argued that ethical analysis should involve the identification of future developments as well as current issues. The analysis shows that RFIDs do currently pose some dilemmas for librarians in terms of the conflicts between efficient service, privacy of users and an obligation to protect the safety of society as a whole, and that these are likely to become more problematic as the technology develops. This paper is part 2 of a series of papers on RFIDs and the library and information professions. 相似文献
9.
Dara J. Glasser Kenneth W. Goodman Norman G. Einspruch 《Ethics and Information Technology》2007,9(2):101-109
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems identify and track objects, animals and, in principle, people. The ability to
gather information obtained by tracking consumer goods, government documents, monetary transactions and human beings raises
a number of interesting and important privacy issues. Moreover, RFID systems pose an ensemble of other ethical challenges
related to appropriate uses and users of such systems. This paper reviews a number of RFID applications with the intention
of identifying the technology’s benefits and possible misuses. We offer an overview and discussion of the most important ethical
issues concerning RFID, and describes and examine some methods of protecting privacy.
Norman G. Einspruch serves as a consultant to several high-technology companies, one of which is in the RFID components and
systems business. 相似文献
10.
This article addresses some of the most important legal and ethical issues posed by robot companions. Firstly, we clarify that robots are to be deemed objects and more precisely products. This on the one hand excludes the legitimacy of all such considerations involving robots as bearers of own rights and obligations, and forces a functional approach in the analysis. Secondly, pursuant to these methodological considerations we address the most relevant ethical and legal concerns, ranging from the risk of dehumanization and isolation of the user, to privacy and liability concerns, as well as financing of the diffusion of this—still expensive—technology. Solutions are briefly sketched, in order to provide the reader with sufficient indications on what strategies could and should be implemented, already in the design phase, as well as what kind of intervention ought to be favored and expected by national and European legislators. The recent Report with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics of January 24, 2017 by the European Parliament is specifically taken into account. 相似文献
11.
[目的/意义]大数据时代,美国情报机构监视恐怖嫌疑分子数据作为维护美国国家安全的重要方面,效果显著。然而,实践中出现"国家安全"和"个人数据安全""个人隐私权"相冲突的问题,对之研究具有重要的镜鉴价值。[方法/过程]以美国《涉外情报监控法》第702条为研究样本,实证分析了个人隐私被侵犯的原因,如即情报搜集工作监督不严、问责不力等。规范分析了平衡"国家安全"和"个人数据安全""个人隐私权"之间的法律对策。[结果/结论]研究认为,设立情报监督机构,规制数据使用目的和范围,加大问责力度是平衡国家安全和公民个人数据隐私权的积极面向。 相似文献
12.
[目的/意义]人工智能是美国情报界正在推动的重要技术之一,无论是学界还是官方都进行了大量的研究和讨论,分析人工智能融入美国情报体系的现状和发展困境,对未来正确运用人工智能、合理有效规避风险有重要的借鉴价值。[方法/过程]从美国情报界运用人工智能的相关报告和研究成果出发,探究人工智能在不同情报手段中的运用现状,并分析其融入情报界所面临的问题和挑战。[结果/结论]美国情报界对人工智能的研究与运用居于世界前列,不能否认人工智能在情报工作中有较好的应用,但也必须重视其带来的一系列伦理和技术问题。 相似文献
13.
精准医学在数据安全与共享、隐私保护、临床应用和服务的操作程序及监督规范、遗传咨询这四方面提出了伦理监管挑战。本研究以基因检测为例,运用政策文本分析方法,分析我国基因检测伦理监管的政策法规现状与精准医学伦理监管内在要求之间的差距。基于政策文本分析结果,本研究提出为应对精准医学所带来的伦理挑战,我国的基因检测伦理监管应首先在现有政策法规基础上进行适当扩展及修正,并在这一过程中注重基因检测伦理监管政策法规的适应性、灵活性、敏感性。此外,本研究还建议我国应加强对相关从业人员的精准医学伦理培训。 相似文献
14.
Anonymity 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Kathleen A. Wallace 《Ethics and Information Technology》1999,1(1):21-31
Anonymity is a form of nonidentifiability which I define as noncoordinatability of traits in a given respect. This definition broadens the concept, freeing it from its primary association with naming. I analyze different ways anonymity can be realized. I also discuss some ethical issues, such as privacy, accountability and other values which anonymity may serve or undermine. My theory can also conceptualize anonymity in information systems where, for example, privacy and accountability are at issue. 相似文献
15.
Luay Tahat Mohammad I. Elian Nabeel N. Sawalha Fuad N. Al-Shaikh 《Ethics and Information Technology》2014,16(3):241-249
This paper aims at investigating comparatively the ethical orientation of information technology (IT) professionals in the Middle East and the United States. It tests for attitudes toward and awareness of ethically-related issues, namely intellectual property, privacy and other general ethical IT aspects. In addition, through a comparison between the two regions, this paper intends to examine whether differences in IT professional demographics and characteristics, including gender and academic level, have any impact on attitudes to business ethics. A t test is used to establish significant differences between the targeted samples, while an ANOVA F-test is conducted to determine significant differences among the sample countries on a group basis. The results show a general awareness of ethical issues concerning information technology, and no significant differences are found between the two samples. However, different ethical attitudes are reported among respondents in terms of their reactions to the targeted IT ethical aspects. On an individual sample basis, the results about gender support the claim that male and female respondents are different, while mixed results are revealed for the influence of academic level on attitudes towards IT ethics. For intellectual property, the results are significant regarding ethical attitude differences between Middle-Eastern professionals and their counterparts in the US, while no significance differences are reported in terms of privacy. 相似文献
16.
高景芳 《科学．经济．社会》2011,29(2):63-68,75
职业自由的价值可以从伦理、经济和社会三个向度上展开。对职业自由加以伦理评价,旨在判断职业自由自身固有的目的性价值。职业自由不但本身就是价值目标,它还有助于促进人的谋生能力的拓展,有助于维护个人的人格尊严。职业自由的经济价值,是指职业自由对于经济发展所具有的积极意义。职业自由是市场经济的必然要求,与经济发展相互促进有利于人力资源市场配置的扩展和深化。职业自由的社会价值,就是职业自由对社会进步需要的满足。职业自由有助于个人融入社会,有助于促进社会稳定,有助于社会结构的变迁。 相似文献
17.
通用模型是近年来人工智能发展的重要方向之一。随着模型研发应用的增多，模型的社会和伦理影响受到广泛关注。文章从通用模型的特性出发、分析了模型在算法、数据和算力3个层面潜在的伦理挑战，包括不确定性、真实性、可靠性，偏见、毒性、公平、隐私及环境问题。进一步从技术哲学的视角分析了数据驱动的模型在人与世界关系中的中介性作用及所产生的“镜像”效应问题和透明性问题，提出了人与世界关系的新形态是以模型（数据）为中介的，即“人-模型（数据）-世界”关系。最后，从治理技术和治理机制两方面反思了当前的应对措施及局限性。建议建立开放式、全流程、价值嵌入的伦理规约机制，保障通用模型在合规、合伦理的框架下发展。 相似文献
18.
合成生物学的伦理争论:根源维度与走向 《科学学研究》2022,40(4):577-585
合成生物学对生命现象的探讨从认知转向合成,研究对象从自然生命转向合成生命,由此引发大量伦理问题与争论。目前学术界对此的探讨涉及多个维度,但对不同维度特点与关系,以及各维度争论与合成生物学发展阶段内在关联的讨论相对薄弱。本文梳理合成生物学的伦理争论,归纳得出伦理争议发生的五个主要维度及其特点,具体包括：制造生命有机体的正当性问题,技术发展对宗教文化的挑战,生物安全性的伦理问题,利益风险分配的公平问题,行动自由与伦理监管的冲突。同时本文从合成生物学发展阶段出发,分析不同维度的伦理争论渐次展开并相互影响的内在逻辑。本文的探讨有助于厘清合成生物学伦理研究的混乱状态,深化理解合成生物学伦理争论中不同伦理立场的核心主张及其根据,进而明晰合成生物学伦理治理要解决的关键问题。 相似文献
19.
Gloria González Fuster 《Ethics and Information Technology》2010,12(1):87-95
The accuracy principle is one of the key standards of informational privacy. It epitomises the obligation for those processing
personal data to keep their records accurate and up-to-date, with the aim of protecting individuals from unfair decisions.
Currently, however, different practices being put in place in order to enhance the protection of individuals appear to deliberately
rely on the use of ‘inaccurate’ personal information. This article explores such practices and tries to assess their potential
for privacy protection, giving particular attention to their legal implications and to related ethical issues. Ultimately,
it suggests that the use of ‘inaccurate’ data can potentially play a useful role to preserve the informational autonomy of
the individual, and that any understandings of privacy or personal data protection that would tend to unduly limit such potential
should be critically questioned. 相似文献
20.
Michael Nagenborg 《Ethics and Information Technology》2014,16(1):43-49
This paper is as much about surveillance as about persuasive technologies (PTs). With regard to PTs it raises the question about the ethical limits of persuasion. It will be argued that even some forms of self-imposed persuasive soft surveillance technologies may be considered unethical. Therefore, the ethical evaluation of surveillance technologies should not be limited to privacy issues. While it will also be argued that PTs may become instrumental in pre-commitment strategies, it will also be demonstrated that the use of persuasive surveillance technologies in order to influence the users to become more compliant, to get their consent more easily or making it harder to opt out of the system does give rise to ethical issues. 相似文献