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1.
This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the privacy rights dilemma surrounding radio frequency identification (RFID) technology.
As one example of ubiquitous information system, RFID has multitudinous applications in various industries and businesses
across society. The use of this technology will have to lead to a policy setting dilemma in that a balance between individuals’
privacy concerns and the benefits that they derive from it must be drawn. After describing the basic RFID technology some
of its most prevalent uses, a definition of privacy is derived in the context of information systems. To illustrate current
attempts at controlling the undesirable side effects of RFID, Lessig’s cyberspace framework is presented. It is found that
each of Lessig’s components is inadequate at preventing individual privacy violations in RFID. The main focus within this
framework is on the norms of society. The social norm mechanism that addresses privacy issues in cyberspace is the Fair Information
Practices Principles (FIPP). After an analysis of these principles, it is posited that the FIPP only deal with procedural
justice issues related to data collection and omit distributive and interactional justice reasoning related to the actual
beneficial and detrimental outcomes to the individuals whose data is being obtained. Thus, RFID is presented in the context
of the tension between the many benefits that are provided by the technology in social exchanges, and the risk it carries
of the loss of privacy. The new, expanded framework recognizes both sides of the issue with the ultimate goal of providing
a greater understanding of how privacy issues can be addressed with RFID technology. 相似文献
2.
Clare Thornley Stuart Ferguson John Weckert Forbes GibbAuthor vitae 《International Journal of Information Management》2011,31(6):546-555
This paper provides an analysis of the current and potential ethical implications of RFID technology for the library and information professions. These issues are analysed as a series of ethical dilemmas, or hard-to-resolve competing ethical obligations, which the librarian has in relationship to information objects, library users and the wider social and political environment or state. A process model of the library is used as a framework for the discussion to illustrate the relationship between the different participants in the library system and it is argued that ethical analysis should involve the identification of future developments as well as current issues. The analysis shows that RFIDs do currently pose some dilemmas for librarians in terms of the conflicts between efficient service, privacy of users and an obligation to protect the safety of society as a whole, and that these are likely to become more problematic as the technology develops. This paper is part 2 of a series of papers on RFIDs and the library and information professions. 相似文献
3.
通用模型是近年来人工智能发展的重要方向之一。随着模型研发应用的增多，模型的社会和伦理影响受到广泛关注。文章从通用模型的特性出发、分析了模型在算法、数据和算力3个层面潜在的伦理挑战，包括不确定性、真实性、可靠性，偏见、毒性、公平、隐私及环境问题。进一步从技术哲学的视角分析了数据驱动的模型在人与世界关系中的中介性作用及所产生的“镜像”效应问题和透明性问题，提出了人与世界关系的新形态是以模型（数据）为中介的，即“人-模型（数据）-世界”关系。最后，从治理技术和治理机制两方面反思了当前的应对措施及局限性。建议建立开放式、全流程、价值嵌入的伦理规约机制，保障通用模型在合规、合伦理的框架下发展。 相似文献
4.
Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, is a technology which has been receiving considerable attention as of late. It is
a fairly simple technology involving radio wave communication between a microchip and an electronic reader, in which an identification
number stored on the chip is transmitted and processed; it can frequently be found in inventory tracking and access control
systems. In this paper, we examine the current uses of RFID, as well as identifying potential future uses of the technology,
including item-level tagging, human implants and RFID-chipped passports, while discussing the impacts that each of these uses
could potentially have on personal privacy. Possible guidelines for RFID’s use, including Fair Information Principles and
the RFID Bill of Rights are then presented, as well as technological solutions to personal privacy problems, such as tag killing
and blocker tags, as well as simple aluminum foil shields for passports. It is then claimed, though, that guidelines and technological
solutions will be ineffective for privacy protection, and that legislation will be necessary to guard against the threats
posed by the RFID. Finally, we present what we believe to be the most important legislative points that must be addressed.
Vance Lockton has recently completed the M.Sc. program at the University of British Columbia, majoring in Computer Science.
Richard S. Rosenberg is a professor emeritus in the Department of Computer Science at the University of British Columbia;
the third edition of his book, “The Social Impact of Computers”, was published by Elsevier Academic Press in 2004. 相似文献
5.
6.
With the continuous development of comprehensive technologies in various fields, the cyber-physical systems has been successfully applied in many fields in a large scale. The privacy and security issues in the system have gradually become the focus of attention. This article focuses on privacy protection issues in the area of Internet of Vehicles (IoV). IoV has developed rapidly and come into public consciousness quickly. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is a safe and reliable sensor data processing system, which is widely used in IoV. However, RFID system often suffers some risks of privacy disclosure. For example the owners are reluctant to disclose their private information such as their precise location information to the public network. Faced with those security risks, it is of great importance for the RFID system applied to IoV to protect private information. In this paper, we propose a cloud-based mutual authentication protocol aiming at ensuring efficient privacy preserving in IoV system, which enables people the efficiently and intelligently travel mode while protecting their privacy from divulging. Moreover, that the anonymity of tag is implemented not only protects the privacy data of the owners, but also prevents the malicious tracking from outside attackers. As to the proposed scheme, the proof based on BAN logic indicates it is of logic security. Security analysis and performance evaluation show that the scheme can be a good security solution for IoV with the feature of good safety and reliability. 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACTHigher education institutions have started using big data analytics tools. By gathering information about students as they navigate information systems, learning analytics employs techniques to understand student behaviors and to improve instructional, curricular, and support resources and learning environments. However, learning analytics presents important moral and policy issues surrounding student privacy. We argue that there are five crucial questions about student privacy that we must address in order to ensure that whatever the laudable goals and gains of learning analytics, they are commensurate with respecting students' privacy and associated rights, including (but not limited to) autonomy interests. We address information access concerns, the intrusive nature of information-gathering practices, whether or not learning analytics is justified given the potential distribution of consequences and benefits, and issues related to student autonomy. Finally, we question whether learning analytics advances the aims of higher education or runs counter to those goals. 相似文献
8.
人工智能在深刻影响人类社会生产生活方式的同时,也引发诸多伦理困境与挑战,建立新的科技伦理规范以推动人工智能更好服务人类,成为全社会共同关注的主题。本文从科技伦理的视角,围绕机器人、算法、大数据、无人驾驶等人工智能领域所出现的伦理主体、责任分担、技术安全、歧视与公平性、隐私与数据保护等问题,以及人工智能技术的伦理治理,对国内外相关研究成果进行回顾分析,并提出未来需要在中国情境下伦理原则与治理体系的建立、人工智能伦理研究的跨学科合作、理论分析与实践案例的融合、多元主体伦理角色分工与协作等方面进行进一步研究。 相似文献
9.
作为一项为企业带来巨大价值的信息技术,RFID在我国企业中的采纳受哪些因素影响是一个重要的研究问题。本文以技术接受模型为基础,结合RFID的特征,建立了包含技术、组织和制度与外部环境三方面因素的企业RFID技术采纳模型。实证研究发现:我国目前企业RFID的应用水平还很低;有用性认知、易用性认知、强制性压力、相互信任和客户对隐私的关注都对企业采纳RFID的行为意向产生了显著影响;同时,易用性认知和高级管理层的支持还通过有用性认知对行为意向产生了间接影响;然而,高级管理层的支持、信息系统基础设施、正规化压力和模仿竞争力对企业采纳RFID的行为意向影响不显著。 相似文献
10.
The proliferation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) into all aspects of life poses unique ethical challenges
as our modern societies become increasingly dependent on the flawless operation of these technologies. As we increasingly
entrust our privacy, our well-being and our lives to an ever greater number of computers we need to look more closely at the
risks and ethical implications of these developments. By emphasising the vulnerability of software and the practice of professional
software developers, we want to make clear the ethical aspects of producing potentially flawed software. This paper outlines
some of the vulnerabilities associated with software systems and identifies a number of social and organisational factors
affecting software developers and contributing to these vulnerabilities. Scott A. Snook’s theory of practical drift is used as the basis for our analysis. We show that this theory, originally developed to explain the failure of a military
organisation, can be used to understand how professional software developers “drift away” from procedures and processes designed
to ensure quality and prevent software vulnerability. Based on interviews with software developers in two Norwegian companies
we identify two areas where social factors compel software developers to drift away from a global set of rules constituting
software development processes and methods. Issues of pleasure and control and difference in mental models contribute to an uncoupling from established practices designed to guarantee the reliability of software and thus diminish
its vulnerability. 相似文献
11.
Anonymity 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Kathleen A. Wallace 《Ethics and Information Technology》1999,1(1):21-31
Anonymity is a form of nonidentifiability which I define as noncoordinatability of traits in a given respect. This definition broadens the concept, freeing it from its primary association with naming. I analyze different ways anonymity can be realized. I also discuss some ethical issues, such as privacy, accountability and other values which anonymity may serve or undermine. My theory can also conceptualize anonymity in information systems where, for example, privacy and accountability are at issue. 相似文献
12.
13.
In this study, a 20-item questionnaire was used to elicit undergraduates’ (N = 93) ethical judgment and behavioral intention regarding a number of behaviors involving computers and internet usage. Machiavellianism
was found to be uncorrelated with both ethical judgment and behavioral intention. Gender was found to be negatively correlated
with both ethical judgment and behavioral intention, such that females judged the behaviors as being less ethical than males,
and were less likely to engage in the behaviors than males. A disconnect was found between ethical judgment and behavioral
intention, for both males and females, such that the ethical judgment mean for a number of issues was significantly lower
(towards the “unethical” end of the continuum) than the behavioral intention mean (towards the “more likely to engage in”
end of the continuum). The study raises questions regarding ethical awareness of technology-related issues, and the authors
make suggestions for future research. 相似文献
14.
Utpal Bose 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(1):17-26
As business environments become more complex and reliant on information systems, the decisions made by managers affect a growing
number of stakeholders. This paper proposes a framework based on the application of normative theories in business ethics
to facilitate the evaluation of IS related ethical dilemmas and arrive at fair and consistent decisions. The framework is
applied in the context of an information privacy dilemma to demonstrate the decision making process. The ethical dilemma is
analyzed using each one of the three normative theories—the stockholder theory, stakeholder theory, and social contract theory.
The challenges associated with the application of these theories are also discussed. 相似文献
15.
Edward J. O'Boyle 《Ethics and Information Technology》2002,4(4):267-277
Our comments focus on the ACMCode of Ethics and situate the Code within ageneral ethical decision-making process tospecify the five steps which logically precedehuman action in ethical matters and determinethat action, and the individual differencetraits in these five steps which bear upon theresolution of an ethical problem and lead tomorally responsible action. Our main purpose isto present a cognitive moral processing modelwhich computing professionals can use to betterunderstand their professional rights andduties. It is clear that the Code providessubstantial guidance in the areas ofintellectual property rights, unauthorizedentry into computing systems, and privacy. Inother areas, such as obscenity onbulletin-board systems, the Code is silent. Aninteractive software program which allows theuser to see the ways in which the Code isintegrated and instructive in the six-stepmoral decision-making process is accessible viathe internet. Our secondary purpose is toreformulate the Code as a set of questionswhich allow the computing professional to seepractices which diminish the human person asunethical and those which enhance the humanperson as ethical. 相似文献
16.
Ethical issues in web data mining 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Web mining refers to the whole of data miningand related techniques that are used toautomatically discover and extract informationfrom web documents and services. When used in abusiness context and applied to some type ofpersonal data, it helps companies to builddetailed customer profiles, and gain marketingintelligence. Web mining does, however, pose athreat to some important ethical values likeprivacy and individuality. Web mining makes itdifficult for an individual to autonomouslycontrol the unveiling and dissemination of dataabout his/her private life. To study thesethreats, we distinguish between `content andstructure mining' and `usage mining.' Webcontent and structure mining is a cause forconcern when data published on the web in acertain context is mined and combined withother data for use in a totally differentcontext. Web usage mining raises privacyconcerns when web users are traced, and theiractions are analysed without their knowledge.Furthermore, both types of web mining are oftenused to create customer files with a strongtendency of judging and treating people on thebasis of group characteristics instead of ontheir own individual characteristics and merits(referred to as de-individualisation). Althoughthere are a variety of solutions toprivacy-problems, none of these solutionsoffers sufficient protection. Only a combinedsolution package consisting of solutions at anindividual as well as a collective level cancontribute to release some of the tensionbetween the advantages and the disadvantages ofweb mining. The values of privacy andindividuality should be respected and protectedto make sure that people are judged and treatedfairly. People should be aware of theseriousness of the dangers and continuouslydiscuss these ethical issues. This should be ajoint responsibility shared by web miners (bothadopters and developers), web users, andgovernments. 相似文献
17.
Dag Elgesem 《Ethics and Information Technology》2002,4(3):195-203
In the analysis of the ethicalproblems of online research, there is much tobe learned from the work that has already beendone on research ethics in the socialsciences and the humanities. I discuss thestructure of norms in the Norwegian ethicalguidelines for research in the social scienceswith respect to their relevance for the ethicalissues of Internet research. A four-stepprocedure for the ethical evaluation ofresearch is suggested. I argue that eventhough, at one level, the problems of onlineresearch are very similar to those we find intraditional areas of social scientificresearch, there still are some issues that areunique to research online. A general model forthe analysis of privacy and data protection issuggested. This model is then used tocharacterize the special problems pertaining tothe protection of privacy in online contexts,and to argue that one cannot assume a simpledistinction between the private and the publicwhen researching in such contexts. 相似文献
18.
1986年美国管理信息科学专家梅森经过长期研究提出信息时代的4个主要伦理议题信息隐私权、信息准确性、信息产权、信息资源存取权。本文对网络时代下梅森PAPA信息伦理理论中出现的新问题信息隐私权和信息共享之间的冲突,信息的准确性与信息道德风险问题,信息产权与市场交易,信息资源存取权与信息公平进行了新的探讨。 相似文献
19.
This essay examines some ethical aspects of stalkingincidents in cyberspace. Particular attention is focused on the Amy Boyer/Liam Youens case of cyberstalking, which has raised a number of controversial ethical questions. We limit our analysis to three issues involving this particular case. First, we suggest that the privacy of stalking victims is threatened because of the unrestricted access to on-linepersonal information, including on-line public records, currently available to stalkers. Second, we consider issues involving moral responsibility and legal liability for Internet service providers (ISPs) when stalking crimesoccur in their `space' on the Internet. Finally, we examine issues of moral responsibility for ordinary Internet users to determine whether they are obligated to inform persons whom they discover to be the targets of cyberstalkers. 相似文献
20.
Lynsey Dubbeld 《Ethics and Information Technology》2003,5(3):151-162
At the most mundane level, CCTV observes bodies, and as such attaches great importance to the specific features of the human
body. At the same time, however, bodies tend to disappear, as they are represented electronically by the camera monitors and,
in the case of image recording, by the computer systems processing data. The roles of bodies(either as targets of surveillance
or as translations into flows of disembodied information), however, are not unimportant or inconsequential, but may in fact
give rise to a number of tangible ethical dilemmas. Firstly, the virtual representation of the embodied actor is not a neutral,
unproblematic process. Body representation techniques such as CCTV produce constructions of the subject that involve judgmental,
discriminatory processes of categorisation and are based on asymmetrical relations between observers and observed. Secondly,
the `data doubles' are not inconsequential: the representations of the body produced by CCTV can have palpable consequences
for the embodied self and its life chances. The widespread use of CCTV could therefore give rise to individual as well as
social issues, and possibly in a different manner than previous surveillance technologies. This fact signals the need for(re-)conceptualisations
of moral values (such as privacy) applicable to the case of CCTV which take into account the importance of bodily protections.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献