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1.
Kevin Macnish 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(2):151-167
In this paper I critique the ethical implications of automating CCTV surveillance. I consider three modes of CCTV with respect
to automation: manual (or non-automated), fully automated, and partially automated. In each of these I examine concerns posed
by processing capacity, prejudice towards and profiling of surveilled subjects, and false positives and false negatives. While
it might seem as if fully automated surveillance is an improvement over the manual alternative in these areas, I demonstrate
that this is not necessarily the case. In preference to the extremes I argue in favour of partial automation in which the
system integrates a human CCTV operator with some level of automation. To assess the degree to which such a system should
be automated I draw on the further issues of privacy and distance. Here I argue that the privacy of the surveilled subject
can benefit from automation, while the distance between the surveilled subject and the CCTV operator introduced by automation
can have both positive and negative effects. I conclude that in at least the majority of cases more automation is preferable
to less within a partially automated system where this does not impinge on efficacy. 相似文献
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Michael Nagenborg 《Ethics and Information Technology》2014,16(1):43-49
This paper is as much about surveillance as about persuasive technologies (PTs). With regard to PTs it raises the question about the ethical limits of persuasion. It will be argued that even some forms of self-imposed persuasive soft surveillance technologies may be considered unethical. Therefore, the ethical evaluation of surveillance technologies should not be limited to privacy issues. While it will also be argued that PTs may become instrumental in pre-commitment strategies, it will also be demonstrated that the use of persuasive surveillance technologies in order to influence the users to become more compliant, to get their consent more easily or making it harder to opt out of the system does give rise to ethical issues. 相似文献
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论我国社会救助的多元化主体 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
在我国现代社会救助体系中,国家承担着第一责任主体角色。此外,由慈善机构、扶贫机构、社会救助团体等非政府组织和社会成员之间开展的社会互助是我国社会救助的又一重要主体,是对政府救助必不可少的补充。承认并确立社会救助的多元主体,给予社会互助以必要的扶持并营造其良性发展所需的社会环境,是完善我国社会救助体系的必然选择。 相似文献
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Woodgate D 《Social studies of science》2006,36(3):367-397
Veterinary surgery provides an interesting context in which to address important questions about the links between formal 'book' learning and actual, personal experience of the phenomena in question, and to examine the processes through which these links are forged. Participant observation of surgical procedures suggests that surgeons initially learn about anatomy from books, pictures and demonstrations, and become skilled 'operators' through the application of enhancement and reduction procedures that have the effect of transforming the living body into something more closely resembling anatomical pictures of it. Some of these procedures can be seen as a set of formalized 'rules' for performing operations, and like most rules, they appear to decrease in importance as a surgeon gains experience. They may, however, regain importance when a practitioner meets with an anatomical variant that he or she has not previously encountered. Other practices appear to be less formalized, requiring creative, constructive use of visual aids or language practices outside formal textbook knowledge. The links between actual bodies (and operations) and textbook representations of them are thus formed within a community of 'operators'. 相似文献
6.
Jason W. Patton 《Ethics and Information Technology》2000,2(3):181-187
While maintaining the importance of privacy for critical evaluations of surveillance technologies, I suggest that privacy also constrains the debate by framing analyses in terms of the individual. Public space provides a site for considering what is at stake with surveillance technologies besides privacy. After describing two accounts of privacy and one of public space, I argue that surveillance technologies simultaneously add an ambiguityand a specificity to public places that are detrimental to the social, cultural, and civic importance of these places. By making public places accessible to other places and/or times, surveillance technologies make these social contexts ambiguous by blurring their spatial and temporal bounds. At the same time, surveillancetechnologies valence public places in functionally specificways that are detrimental to informal civic life. To complement defensive approaches to surveillance technologies based onindividual privacy, I conclude by suggesting how sociality as a relational value or an ethics of place as a contextual value could provide a proactive line of reasoning for affirming the value ofthat which is between people and places. 相似文献
7.
《Information processing & management》2023,60(3):103289
Anomalous event recognition requires an instant response to reduce the loss of human life and property; however, existing automated systems show limited performance due to considerations related to the temporal domain of the videos and ignore the significant role of spatial information. Furthermore, although current surveillance systems can detect anomalous events, they require human intervention to recognise their nature and to select appropriate countermeasures, as there are no fully automatic surveillance techniques that can simultaneously detect and interpret anomalous events. Therefore, we present a framework called Vision Transformer Anomaly Recognition (ViT-ARN) that can detect and interpret anomalies in smart city surveillance videos. The framework consists of two stages: the first involves online anomaly detection, for which a customised, lightweight, one-class deep neural network is developed to detect anomalies in a surveillance environment, while in the second stage, the detected anomaly is further classified into the corresponding class. The size of our anomaly detection model is compressed using a filter pruning strategy based on a geometric median, with the aim of easy adaptability for resource-constrained devices. Anomaly classification is based on vision transformer features and is followed by a bottleneck attention mechanism to enhance the representation. The refined features are passed to a multi-reservoir echo state network for a detailed analysis of real-world anomalies such as vandalism and road accidents. A total of 858 and 1600 videos from two datasets are used to train the proposed model, and extensive experiments on the LAD-2000 and UCF-Crime datasets comprising 290 and 400 testing videos reveal that our framework can recognise anomalies more effectively, outperforming other state-of-the-art approaches with increases in accuracy of 10.14% and 3% on the LAD-2000 and UCF-Crime datasets, respectively. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2009,23(2):92-97
Addressing major S＆T issues of strategic importance to China＇s socioeconomic growth, national security and development sustainability, the key projects of CAS during the period of the 11th Five-year Plan （2006-2010） are large-scale research initiatives with an expectation to give rise to S＆T breakthroughs. In accordance with the national mid- and long-term planning for S＆T development, they are designed in a top-down approach to make full use of CAS advantages in disciplinary studies by widely pooling resources across the country. So far the first batch of 13 such projects has been initiated. The following is a brief introduction to some of them. 相似文献
10.
全球气候变化背景下,由贸易隐含碳失衡导致的"碳泄漏"问题引发了世界各国的普遍关注.本文利用非竞争型投入产出表,构建贸易隐含碳失衡模型,对2000-2011年中日贸易隐含碳失衡规模进行测算.结果显示:①中国各行业完全碳排放系数均高于日本,并且绝大多数行业差距巨大;②总体上,虽然中国处于对日贸易的逆差方,但是在贸易隐含碳方面却一直处于顺差地位,即中国同时处于对日贸易及贸易隐含碳的"双失衡"局面;③从行业来看,中国各行业对日贸易隐含碳均处于失衡状态.其中,纺织业,电气机械/光学设备制造业贸易隐含碳失衡规模最大.在此基础上,采用SDA法建立因素分解模型,对中日贸易隐含碳失衡变化的影响因素进行分析.结果表明,出口规模,中国中间投入结构效应是推动中日贸易隐含碳失衡规模进一步扩大的主要因素,而中国碳排放强度和进口规模效应则主要起到抑制作用.因此,中国应加大推广低碳生产技术力度,降低生产的碳排放强度;同时优化生产以及贸易结构,以缓解中日贸易隐含碳失衡,促进对外贸易及环境保护的协调发展. 相似文献
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):247-264
In response to the growth of the environment movement and increasing citizen concern for the environment, the Commonwealth and the Australian states moved to set up government departments of environment, or Environment Protection Agencies, in the early 1970s. At first the issues which engaged the public were 'green' ones, involving land and marine degradation, biodiversity (a term not then in use), and activities such as logging, mining and the generation of hydro-electric power. These were soon joined on the public agenda, however, by concerns over 'brown' issues such as chemical pollution and the management of hazardous chemicals and chemical wastes, but these were less well understood by the general public than the more visible 'green' issues. At this time, also, Australian governments took significant steps to achieve nationally consistent regulation through the work of ministerial councils, notably the Australian Environment Council (AEC) and subsequently the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC). A further wave of environmentalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s, coupled with further development of the federalism model for environmental regulation that flowed from high-level inter-government meetings that were formalised as the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), gave rise to the formation of the National Environment Protection Council (NEPC). This body, while not giving more power to the Commonwealth, achieves national harmonisation of regulations through slightly more coercive processes than are available to the older-style ministerial councils. These continue to exist, however, operating in parallel with NEPC. For chemicals coming into use, there are national schemes under which the Commonwealth, states and territories regulated industrial, agricultural and veterinary chemicals, therapeutic substances, and food additives. Most 'brown' issues, however, remain with the successor to ANZECC, the Environment Protection and Heritage Council, as part of which NEPC continues to develop national approaches. In both periods of rapid change, there was a coincidence of environmentalism and federalism, but international developments were also important--in the first phase the United Nations' first 'environment' meeting, held in 1972 in Stockholm, and in the second the developments flowing from the so-called 'Earth Summit' held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Although public environmentalism continues to be mainly concerned with 'green' issues, the 'brown' issues remain a focus for governments and some non-government organisations. 相似文献
12.
如何正确使用SCI标准评价基础科学 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
近年来,SCI论文成为评价一个单位、一个研究人员基础理论研究水平高低的重要指标;同时,有些单位在制定科研成果奖励时,也对SCI论文给予较高奖励。对SCI论文应有一个客观公正的认识,SCI论文水平并不一样,也不是所有SCI论文的水平都非常高。据此,试图给出在评价基础理论研究成果时,如何正确使用SCI标准,并对SCI标准的滥用给我国基础理论研究带来的负面影响进行分析。 相似文献
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We defend public anonymity in the light of the threat posed by digital technology. Once people could reasonably assume that they were fairly anonymous when they left the house. They neither drove nor walked around with GPS devices; they paid their highway tolls in cash; they seldom bought on credit; and no cameras marked their strolls in the park or their walks down the street. Times have changed. We begin with a brief discussion of the concept of anonymity. We then argue that public anonymity helps promote privacy in public. Next, we argue that public anonymity is worth protecting insofar as it promotes autonomy. After that we attempt to show how digital technology threatens public anonymity in the context of CCTV and GPS devices. We argue for a significant scaling back of public surveillance. We close with some thoughts on what we take to be the gratuitous costs imposed on those who would attempt to preserve their anonymity in public. 相似文献
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Thomas C. Anderson 《Ethics and Information Technology》2000,2(3):153-158
Many who speak glowingly about the possibilities for human relations in cyberspace, or virtual communities, laud them precisely because such communities are to a great extent free of the real spatial-temporal restrictions rooted in the limitations of our bodies. In this paper I investigate the importance of the body in establishing and maintaining human relations by considering the thought of the twentieth century French philosopher Gabriel Marcel. Because Marcel emphasized the central importance of the body in one's personal self-identity as well as in initiating and maintaining intersubjective bonds in human communities, he is able to offer some interesting reflections on the character of virtual communities. I suggest that a number of the features of cyberspace and its communities that make it attractive to many are precisely the characteristics that Marcel would consider detrimental to establishing intimate lasting human communities. I conclude by indicating why I think that Marcel would be concerned that certain trends in our high tech culture may well lead many to prefer ``living' in virtual, rather than real communities. 相似文献
16.
延展心灵论题是涉身认知的一种内在蕴涵,理解这两者之间的关系是涉身认知科学研究的一个重要问题。威尔逊和克拉克的研究策略,是把涉身认知转换为认知延展的形式。为此,威尔逊用个体与社会文化环境的支架关系,支持认知的延展。他主张群体也有心灵,个体在组成群体的时候才具有某些心理状态,这就意味着认知的外在和内在资源对等,心灵的意向操作事实上整合了这两种资源。他的社会延展思想,重新阐释了认知主体,为我们理解涉身性的认知加工提供了新视角。 相似文献
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我国科技管理体系,因其实施主体为公权部门即政府职能机构,诸多体制性因素影响到科技创新发展。探索科技管理多元化模式,结合国外经验和国内现状,引入以第三部门作为承接项目评审、技术评价、绩效评估等公共科技服务的主体,在政府宏观管理下,建立多元化的管理体系,将智力资源与政策机制有效融合,既充分体现学术组织的技术权威性、独立性和创新性,又有利于提高科技管理与公共科技服务的公平与公正。关键在于提升学术决策权重,明确职能,厘清关系,发挥优势,强化监督措施。 相似文献
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农业高校中技术创新问题分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
农业高校是农业技术创新中的重要主体之一,但在技术创新过程中存在了众多问题如农业科研项目重复,科研成本较大;基础研究、应用研究和试验发展比例失调;农产品加工研究薄弱等,为发挥农业高校在技术创新中的作用,必须有效解决存在的问题。 相似文献
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基于投入产出法提出直接碳排放系数、完全碳排放系数及出口贸易隐含碳的计算方法,以中国的制造业为例,测算2000—2010年各部门的直接碳排放系数、完全碳排放系数及出口贸易隐含碳,并利用结构分解法将制造业出口贸易隐含碳变化量分解为:技术效应、结构效应、规模效应。得到以下结论:(1)各制造业部门的直接碳排放系数和完全碳排放系数都有所下降,说明各部门的节能减排取得了较好的效果;(2)2000—2007年间制造业出口隐含碳占二氧化碳排放总量的百分比超过了50%,说明超过一半左右的二氧化碳排放量是由中国的贸易伙伴国的进口需求引起的;(3)各制造业部门的出口隐含碳总量呈上升趋势,应提高主要出口隐含碳部门的生产技术,或选取恰当的可替代品进行生产并出口,以有效减少因出口而增加的国内碳排放;(4)规模效应对出口贸易隐含碳排放的增加起到正向作用,而技术效应对其有负向作用。最后提出相应的政策建议。 相似文献
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Engineering nano-materials & their impact on human health or environmental security constitute a newly emerging R&D hot spot and a key problem now urgently waiting for its solution in supporting the sustainability of China’s nano-science and related technology development. At present, water bodies in Chinese cities have been seriously polluted by metallic nano-particles (MNPs) while related monitoring data are found woefully lacking throughout the country. Based on the above understanding, this article gives a round-up explanation on distributive characteristics of MNPs in the river mouths or water bodies of Chinese cities, their ecological hazards as well as our research in this regard, providing some inspiring ideas and data for control over this scourge. In addition, our exploration probes the discharge traits of MNPs themselves and the mechanism underlying its impact on water pollution. 相似文献