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1.
本文以中科院所属研究院所科研人员为主要调查对象，从跨界合作网络的视角出发，分析专利产出性别差异的社会网络机制。研究主要有3个发现：1.女性科研人员跨界合作网络规模和网络关系强度上均存在明显的欠缺；2.与企业界、其他学科领域合作网络规模和网络关系强度上的欠缺是影响专利产出性别差异的重要因素，而且网络关系强度的影响作用要大于网络规模的影响；3.性别对于跨界合作网络与专利产出关系的调节作用并不显著，即在拥有相同网络规模和网络关系强度的情况下，女性从与各类合作网络关系中获得专利产出回报的可能性与男性并无显著区别。与男性同事相比，女性的专利产出会更多地受到其他因素的影响，如职业早期的企业工作经历、单位组织的知识产权培训等。最后，在结果讨论的基础上提出在学术成果商业化新趋势下减少科技领域性别差异的政策建议。 相似文献
2.
We examined the extent to which and why early career transitions have led to women being underrepresented among faculty in the life sciences. We followed the careers of 6,336 scientists from the post-doctoral fellowship stage to becoming a principal investigator (PI) – a critical transition in the academic life sciences. Using a unique dataset that connects individuals’ National Institutes of Health funding histories to their publication records, we found that a large portion of the overall gender gap in the life sciences emerges at this transition. Women become PIs at a 20% lower rate than men. Differences in “productivity” (publication records) can explain about 60% of this differential. The remaining portion appears to stem from gender differences in the returns to similar publication records, with women receiving less credit for their citations. 相似文献
3.
《Research Policy》2022,51(1):104411
Women and men often contribute differently to research knowledge. Do differences in these contributions partially explain disparities in academic career outcomes? We explore this by looking at how gender is embodied in research language, and then ascertain whether the adoption of more gendered research language affects career outcomes beyond the researcher's attributes. We identify different forms of gendered knowledge—gender referents (explicit references to sex and gender) and gender-associated terms (words that are implicitly associated with women or men researchers)—by applying natural language processing techniques to nearly one million doctoral dissertations published in the United States between 1980 and 2010. We then determine whether employing gender referents and gender-associated terms affects the course of PhDs’ ensuing careers. We find women researchers have lower chances of securing academic positions than men in every field; explicit references to women as research subjects are modestly rewarded in comparison to references to men; and more career opportunities are afforded to research knowledge associated with men. These results suggest that academia is slowly correcting the traditional and explicit bias of studying men at the exclusion of women. Still, there remains a stronger implicit bias against knowledge associated with women scholars. We discuss relative differences between humanities and social sciences versus natural sciences, technology, engineering, and math, as well as potential treatments for offsetting bias in those fields. 相似文献
4.
This paper contributes to the literature on the observed research funding and scientific productivity gender gap in science. On the basis of very detailed information for a sample of 276 academics at the University of Turin over a ten year period, we develop a robust new model that takes into account the three main stages of the funding-productivity nexus: applying for a grant, successful fund raising and conducting the research, to investigate at which stage the gender gap emerges. In the model, we control for differences – not previously examined together - in the time allocated to teaching, administration and child care, which might moderate the gender effect. Using a Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) model we control, for selection into funding, endogeneity of career progress and endogeneity of funding success, and find, first, that researchers who apply for grants are active in teaching and administration and show persistent funding application behaviour, but find no evidence of a significant gender bias; second, when we control for application selection, the negative gender correlation with funding acquisition becomes stronger, while teaching is negatively correlated to the amount of funding raised; and, third, controlling for selection and reverse causality, we find that funding is not associated to higher research productivity. At all stages of the funding-productivity nexus we find negative, albeit insignificant, secondary gender effects associated with administrative tasks, but less so with teaching. In the research impact-quality estimations we provide evidence of a ‘motherhood penalty’ for female academics with young children who did not apply for funding (including evidence of a causal effect). In line with the literature, we find that, after controlling for children, female researchers are less productive in terms of publications, but not in terms of research quality or impact. 相似文献
5.
虽然社会文明在进步,但在科研活动中仍存在着严重的性别歧视。性别差异是否真的会影响科研成果？笔者假设女性的科研生产率可能低于男性,但在科研质量方面,男性却并没有优势。Abramo曾提出男性在科研方面的优势只存在于小部分团体中,而其他剩余的部分甚至会出现与之相反的现象。本文选取了《情报学报》2008-2011年的发文数据,采用引文分析方法对此假设和Abramo的观点进行了验证。 相似文献
6.
《Research Policy》2023,52(7):104797
We document an affiliation bias in top Chinese journals and the gender gap in the current affiliation effect. We find that papers written by researchers who are affiliated with the journals' host institutions on average receive fewer citation counts than those written by non-affiliated researchers. Moreover, we show that this affiliation bias is greater for men than for women. We propose that the current effect can be accounted for by a social capital mechanism, and we provide evidence consistent with our proposition. In addition, the results of our analyses demonstrate heterogeneity of the affiliation bias and the gender gap with regard to researcher status. We discuss alternative mechanisms of the current effect and implications of our research. 相似文献
7.
This paper uses a unique survey to examine the nature and extent of knowledge flows that result from the international mobility of researchers whose initial education was in small island countries. Current migrants produce substantially more research than similar-skilled return migrants and non-migrants. Return migrants have no greater research impact than individuals who never migrate but are the main source of research knowledge transfer between international and local researchers. Our results contrast with previous claims in the literature that too few migrant researchers ever return home to have much impact, and that there is no productivity gain to researchers from migration. 相似文献
8.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2003,17(1):52-62
The Endemic Genera of SeedPlants of ChinaThe Endemic Genera of SeedPlants of China is a monographcompiled and written by a group ofresearchers headed by Prof. YingJunsheng (Tsun-shen Ying) of theCAS Institute of Botany. For thefirst time in the world, it gives acomprehensive exposition of theendemic genera of spermatophytes(seed plants) native to China. It de-fines the concept and types of en-demic genera, analyzes theproperties, characteristics, originat-ing dates in geological chroni… 相似文献
9.
Adding to the literature on the recognition and spread of ideas, and alongside the bias against novelty view documented in prior research, we introduce the perspective that articles compete for the attention of researchers who might build upon them. We investigate this effect by analyzing more than 5.3 million research publications from 1970 to 1999 in the life sciences. In support of our competition for attention perspective, we show that articles covering rarely addressed topics tend to receive more citations and have a higher chance of being breakthrough papers as compared to articles on more popular topics. We also explore conditions under which these effects might vary by using decade subsamples, home- versus foreign-field forward citations, as well as short-, medium- and long-term time windows. Finally, we also find evidence consistent with the previously documented bias against novelty and show that both mechanisms can work simultaneously. 相似文献
10.
Return mobility and scientific productivity of researchers working abroad: The role of home country linkages 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Through an analysis of 497 foreign researchers in Italy and Portugal we verify the impact of home linkages on return mobility choices and scientific productivity. We consider the presence of several different types of linkages of the researchers working abroad with their country of origin and control for the most relevant contextual factors (age, research area, position in the host country, etc.). The probability of return to their home country and scientific productivity in the host country are both higher for researchers that maintain home linkages. We conclude that the presence of home linkages directly benefits both countries in addition to the indirect benefit of expanding the scientific networks. Policy implications and suggestions for further research are discussed. 相似文献
11.
《International Journal of Information Management》2016,36(3):433-440
Instant messaging is a beneficial tool in the workplace that aids communication and decision-making, yet it’s widely accepted that productivity suffers due to frequent interruptions. Previous research conducted with surveys and atypical IM interactions support such claims; however, prior research demonstrated with a systematic study and behavioral measures that IM-ing is not detrimental to quality and timeliness of work. The current study expands the research literature by examining the effects of frequent IM-ing on productivity, quality of work, and time on-task in a laboratory setting. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and independent samples t-tests for group and IM type. Data demonstrated little performance differences between those who received IMs and those who did not. This research appears to suggest that IM-ing has some impact on overall task completion time but IM-ers productivity time was faster. Therefore, it may be more harmful to resort to the commonly held notion that all off-task behavior equates negative effects and unproductive employees. Future directions for researchers and managers are discussed. 相似文献
12.
论控制偏见的编辑制度革命———关于预注册遏制可重复性危机的机理研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(4):594-601
预注册的新型编辑制度革命能够控制可重复性危机,关键是承认偏见、注册偏见和能够重复偏见,并建构从科研想法到论文发表的全数据链。预注册制度遏制如下四个科研流程的偏见：一,注册上传试点数据和实验计划,构建保存和揭示确证偏见的数据基础;正式发表论文要求包括试点数据,提升了正式实验前的数据可重复性;二,增量注册所有事后发现能够控制后见之明偏见,提供重复事后发现的数据基础;三,第二次同行评议还须评估执行先前注册的数据统计方法程度,以控制地板效应、P值效应等选择性报告偏见;四,预注册制度允许发表无效结果,控制了发表偏见。 相似文献
13.
企业女工程技术人员发展现状问题及对策 《科学学研究》2022,40(12):2238-2245
女性工程技术人员是促进我国科技与经济社会发展的重要力量。为反映企业女工程技术人员发展现状、破除她们在职业发展过程中面临的困难和阻碍,本研究采用定量与定性研究相结合的方式开展调研。研究发现,女性在工程技术领域所占的比例持续提升,且发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而女性工程技术人员队伍仍需进一步发展,她们在职业发展上评价较低、专业能力发挥不足、仍面临不公平的对待。国家和组织层面对女性工程技术人员政策关注不足,男性对女性存在能力、性格和成就偏见,养育和家务劳动的社会分工,女性退休年龄的设定,社会激励不足等均是制约女工程技术人员发展的重要原因。针对以上问题和原因分析,结合女工程技术人员的呼声,本研究提出了七点改善建议。 相似文献
14.
Career progress in centralized academic systems: Social capital and institutions in France and Italy
We analyze the role of social capital in academic careers. We distinguish between ties with reputed scientists and laboratories (scientific and technical human capital) and ties with influential actors with respect to recruitment/promotion decisions (political capital). We use institution-wise bibliometric indicators to measure separately the two types of capital for a large sample of French and Italian academic physicists between 2000 and 2003/2005. Controlling for scientific productivity, seniority and gender issues, career progress is explained by: the scientist's affiliation to important public research organizations (scientific and technical human capital - France); his/her social ties with senior members of the discipline, who exercise control over careers (political capital - Italy), and the commitment to work with senior colleagues in his/her own university (political capital - Italy). Significant differences exist between the two countries also with respect to the importance of productivity, seniority, and gender. 相似文献
15.
近年来,高校毕业生在择业时面临的性别工资差异现象越来越严重。本文基于麦可思2011中国应届大学毕业生就业调查数据,应用Mincer模型对影响高校男、女毕业生工资的各因素进行分析,并采用Oaxaca分解法对性别工资差异进行分解。结果表明,个人特征变量和工作特征变量的群体差异不能完全解释性别工资差异。性别工资差异中不可解释的部分高达86.2%,说明高校毕业生在初次就业时存在比较严重的性别工资歧视现象。 相似文献
16.
《Research Policy》2023,52(6):104766
We analyze whether journal editors exhibit home bias in their acceptance decisions towards researchers affiliated with institutions in the editor's home country. Our results show that the fraction of articles accepted by authors affiliated with European civil-law countries increase by 33 % when an editor from the same country serves in the journal. We analyze various possible reasons for this phenomenon and conclude that a likely explanation for the bias is that, in civil-law countries, there is greater emphasis on individuals' solidarity with institutions. We also document that this bias extends to the European Union as a whole. Importantly, articles that are potentially subject to editorial home bias have 10 % lower impact than similar articles. Overall, the findings are consistent with the idea that cultural values potentially foster editorial-biased behavior and hinder scientific progress. 相似文献
17.
基于ESI的中国农业大学植物与动物科学学科竞争力分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于ESI数据,以计量学理论为基础研究了进入ESI前1%(top1%)的中国农业大学植物与动物科学论文数、总引用量及其排名变化和高被引论文情况,并与国内外部分研究机构进行对比分析。从学科生产力、学科影响力、学科发展力、学科创新力四个方面对中国农业大学植物与动物科学的学科竞争力进行了定量分析与客观评价。结果表明,中国农业大学植物与动物科学的学科生产力、学科影响力水平较高,处于快速提升的阶段;学科发展力、学科创新力处于低水平,还需大幅提升。总体来看,中国农业大学植物与动物科学的学科竞争力已经初步形成并处于继续提升中,有望成为世界一流学科。 相似文献
18.
农民工劳动权益的性别差异研究——基于珠三角3000多位农民工的调查 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文基于珠江三角洲地区3000多位农民工的实证调查数据,考察了农民工劳动权益的性别差异及其原因.结果表明,农民工,不管是男性还是女性,在企业打工期间并没有获得理应获得的劳动权益,而且他们在工资、工资拖欠、技能培训、辞工自由、日常福利、人身权利等劳动权益的获得方面存在较为明显的性别差异.进一步分解导致农民工在上述劳动权益方面存在的性别差异的原因,本文发现,性别歧视可能是导致当前我国农民工劳动权益的性别差异的一个最为重要的原因,此外,人力资本因素和组织制度因素也为这种性别差异提供了较强的解释力. 相似文献
19.
《Research Policy》2023,52(9):104865
This study investigates a unique incentive-based affirmative action program in Germany’s academic labor market. By analyzing a sample of business administration professors, we document that the probability that a newly tenured professor is female increases at universities that participate in this government program compared to universities that do not. By delving deeper into the mechanisms of the program, we show that program universities lowered the entry barrier for tenured professorships regarding publication records for new female professors. While favoring women, we show that the program had no harmful effects on male professors regarding the entry barrier to tenured professorships. Overall, we provide evidence of the effectiveness of financial incentives as a means of reducing female underrepresentation in academic labor markets. 相似文献
20.
本文基于《中文社会科学引文索引》（1999），以发表学术论文为指标，对我国社会科学生产力及其结构、分布作了系统研究。给出了我国社会科学生产力的学科结构、地区结构、机构结构，以及学科－机构分布和地区－学科分布。最后对我国社会科学生产力作了较为深入的分析。 相似文献