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1.
Corpus callosum morphology in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: morphometric analysis of MRI 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
G W Hynd M Semrud-Clikeman A R Lorys E S Novey D Eliopulos H Lyytinen 《Journal of learning disabilities》1991,24(3):141-146
Although behavioral evidence provides support for the notion that attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to central nervous system dysfunction, there is little direct evidence to reveal which neurometabolic systems or brain structures are involved. Recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that, compared to nondisabled controls, ADHD children may have a smaller right frontal region. Morphometric analysis of MRI scans was used in this exploratory study to determine whether correlated regional variation might exist in the corpus callosum of children with ADHD. While all MRI scans were judged to be clinically normal, morphometric analysis revealed that, compared to nondisabled controls, ADHD children had a smaller corpus callosum, particularly in the region of the genu and splenium, and in the area just anterior to the splenium. Interhemispheric fibers in these regions interconnect the left and right frontal, occipital, parietal, and posterior temporal regions. These results suggest that subtle differences may exist in the brains of children with ADHD and that deviations in normal corticogenesis may underlie the behavioral manifestations of this disorder. 相似文献
2.
孤独症儿童对道德和习俗规则的判断 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在Blair(1996)研究范式的基础上,增加了权威去道德化和泛习俗化两组问题,考察孤独症和正常儿童对道德和习俗规则的判断及其与他们心理理论的关系。结果发现,孤独症儿童错误信念理解成绩低于接受性言语匹配的正常儿童,两组儿童在道德判断上表现不同,而在习俗判断上的表现没有差异。结果提示,道德判断需要心理理解能力,而习俗判断则与训练和社会化有关。 相似文献
3.
Mark A. Sabbagh Lindsay C. Bowman Lyndsay E. Evraire Jennie M. B. Ito 《Child development》2009,80(4):1147-1162
Baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected from twenty-nine 4-year-old children who also completed batteries of representational theory-of-mind (RTM) tasks and executive functioning (EF) tasks. Neural sources of children's EEG alpha (6–9 Hz) were estimated and analyzed to determine whether individual differences in regional EEG alpha activity predicted children's RTM performance, while statistically controlling for children's age and EF skills. Results showed that individual differences in EEG alpha activity localized to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) and the right temporal–parietal juncture (rTPJ) were positively associated with children's RTM performance. These findings suggest that the maturation of dMPFC and rTPJ is a critical constituent of preschoolers' explicit theory-of-mind development. 相似文献
4.
Developmental changes in hemispheric independence 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this research, we questioned whether children's relative inability to use the 2 cerebral hemispheres independently contributes toward their difficulty with the simultaneous execution of conflicting tasks. 2 naming tasks were simultaneously presented to either 1 visual field/hemisphere combination (unilateral) or were divided between visual fields/hemispheres (bilateral). We predicted that bilateral presentation would improve performance by insulating these conflicting tasks from mutual interference and that there would be a developmental shift in the size of the advantage for bilateral presentation. This hypothesis was confirmed in a sample of 120 children (N = 40 per group). Older children (12- and 14-year-olds) named more items when they were presented bilaterally, rather than unilaterally, when conflicting inputs were directed to different hemispheres. Younger children (10-year-olds) displayed no advantage for bilateral presentation regardless of whether conflicting tasks were projected to the same hemisphere or different hemispheres. The fact that 10-year-olds did not benefit from division of conflicting inputs between the hemispheres was interpreted as a symptom of their relative inability to use the hemispheres independently. 相似文献
5.
Jamie L. Hanson Nagesh Adluru Moo K. Chung Andrew L. Alexander Richard J. Davidson Seth D. Pollak 《Child development》2013,84(5):1566-1578
Cognitive deficits have been reported in children who experienced early neglect, especially children raised in institutionalized settings. Previous research suggests that early neglect may differentially affect the directional organization of white matter in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This may be one mechanism to explain cognitive deficits associated with neglect. To test this idea, properties of white matter and neurocognitive performance were assessed in children who suffered early neglect and those raised in typical environments (n = 63, Mage = 11.75 years). As predicted, prefrontal white matter microstructure was affected, consistent with more diffuse organization, in children that suffered early neglect and this was related to neurocognitive deficits. Such findings underscore how early adversity may affect the PFC and explain cognitive deficits associated with neglect. 相似文献
6.
Children''s Housework and Psychosocial Functioning: The Mediating Effects of Parents'' Sex-Role Behaviors and Attitudes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Susan M. McHale W. Todd Bartko Ann C. Crouter Maureen Perry-Jenkins 《Child development》1990,61(5):1413-1426
We examined sex-typed housework of children from dual- and single-earner families and its implications for children's adjustment as a function of congruencies between children's work and parents' sex-role behaviors and attitudes. Participants were 152 firstborn 9-12-year-olds (85 girls, 67 boys) and their parents. All fathers and 50% of mothers were employed. In home interviews parents rated their sex-role attitudes, and children rated their competence, stress, and parent-child relationships. In 7 nightly telephone interviews, children and parents described their household tasks for that day. Analyses revealed sex and earner-status differences in children's and parents' involvement in traditionally feminine and masculine tasks. Correlations between levels of parents' and children's task involvement were significant only in the case of fathers and sons in single-earner families. Regarding the connections between task performance and child adjustment, we found that incongruency between boys' sex-typed tasks and their fathers' sex-role behaviors and attitudes was linked to poorer psychosocial functioning, a pattern that did not hold for girls. 相似文献
7.
Neuropsychological Correlates of Early Symptoms of Autism 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Geraldine Dawson rew N. Meltzoff Julie Osterling Julie Rinaldi 《Child development》1998,69(5):1276-1285
Both the medial temporal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have been implicated in autism. In the present study, performance on two neuropsychological tasks—one tapping the medial temporal lobe and related limbic structures, and another tapping the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex—was examined in relation to performance on tasks assessing autistic symptoms in young children with autism, and developmentally matched groups of children with Down syndrome or typical development. Autistic symptoms included orienting to social stimuli, immediate and deferred motor imitation, shared attention, responses to emotional stimuli, and symbolic play. Compared with children with Down syndrome and typically developing children, children with autism performed significantly worse on both the medial temporal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal tasks, and on tasks assessing symptoms domains. For children with autism, the severity of autistic symptoms was strongly and consistently correlated with performance on the medial temporal lobe task, but not the dorsolateral prefrontal task. The hypothesis that autism is related to dysfunction of the medial temporal lobe and related limbic structures, such as the orbital prefrontal cortex, is discussed. 相似文献
8.
Peter Collins Michael Hogan Liam Kilmartin Michael Keane Jochen Kaiser Kurt Fischer 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2010,4(4):208-218
One likely mechanism in learning new skills is change in synchronous connections between distributed neural networks, which can be measured by coherence analysis of electroencephalographic patterns. This study examined coherence changes during the learning of two tasks, a word association task and a figure association task. Although learning curves were similar for both tasks, distinct patterns of coherence change were observed. Coherence tended to increase as learning progressed in the figure association task. In contrast, coherence tended to decrease in the word association task, especially within hemisphere. Word learning was coupled with negative intrahemispheric and positive interhemispheric performance–coherence relations in the gamma frequency. Unique to the figure learning task was an increase in the number of positive coherence–performance relations in both delta and theta frequencies across blocks. Results are discussed in light of ongoing efforts to identify the mechanisms that coordinate distributed brain activities during the process of learning. Further research is needed to define patterns of coherence change for different tasks, goals, and brain regions. 相似文献
9.
孟迎芳 《宁波大学学报(教育科学版)》2008,30(6):48-53
提取成功和提取努力是情节记忆提取过程中所包含的两个重要加工成分。以往研究表明,在提取过程中所一致激活的脑区包括内例颞叶、前额皮层和后顶皮层,其中内侧颞叶与后顶皮层主要负责成功提取,而前额皮层与提取努力的联系更为密切一些。但不同脑区的不同部位可能对提取加工有着不同的贡献,未来研究将进一步细化它们的具体功能。 相似文献
10.
The patterns of brain activation during norm-referenced and criterion-referenced feedback were compared, using the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-two healthy right-handed individuals performed a series of perceptual judgment tasks while their brain activity was recorded. The participants responded to a performance-approach goal survey and performed practice trials prior to scanning, during which their perceived competence toward the novel task was manipulated with bogus performance information. During scanning, the participants received either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced feedback after each performance. The brain regions associated with negative affect including the posterior cingulate cortex, the medial frontal gyrus, and the inferior parietal lobule were recruited during norm-referenced feedback only among the low-competence participants. In contrast, significant activation was observed in the identical cortical areas involved in negative affect during criterion-referenced feedback only among the high-competence participants. Regardless of the level of perceived competence, performance-approach goal scores correlated positively with activation in the brain areas implicated in the negative emotion during norm-referenced feedback. The present findings provide insight into the potential costs and benefits of normative assessment. 相似文献
11.
[目的]探讨原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(PACNS)的临床与影像学表现,提出诊断及鉴别诊断要点.[方法]对2例疑诊PACNS的病例进行常规MR I、MRA扫描,分析常规MR I病变部位、信号特点、强化特征及MRA情况.[结果]2例均有头痛症状,无语言障碍,表现为肢体轻度无力,体检左肢肌力5级减,轻度中枢性面瘫.MR I显示病灶位于单侧,主要位于白质内,可累及灰质,分布以额叶、顶叶为主,小脑、胼胝体、丘脑亦受累,T1呈略低信号,T2呈略高信号,增强后两例均有多发斑片状或脑回样强化.MRA 2例均正常.1例腰穿CSF-OB(+)、CSF-24 h IgG鞘内合成率增高,1例脑脊液髓鞘碱性蛋白增高,未见寡克隆区带,24 h IgG合成率正常.1例免疫全套:抗组蛋白抗体及抗核抗体筛检试验阳性,以上提示病变与自身免疫性相关,但不具有特异性.2例ANCA均正常.[结论]PACNS临床和影像学表现多样,MR I、MRA、DSA对诊断有一定价值. 相似文献
12.
This study investigated the phonological processing skills of 29 children with prelingual, profound hearing loss with 4 years of cochlear implant experience. Results were group matched with regard to word-reading ability and mother's educational level with the performance of 29 hearing children. Results revealed that it is possible to obtain a valid measure of phonological processing (PP) skills in children using CIs. They could complete rhyming tasks and were able to complete sound-based tasks using standard test materials provided by a commercial test distributor. The CI children completed tasks measuring PP, but there were performance differences between the CI users and the hearing children. The process of learning phonological awareness (PA) for the children with CIs was characterized by a longer, more protracted learning phase than their counterparts with hearing. Tests of phonological memory skills indicated that when the tasks were controlled for presentation method and response modality, there were no differences between the performance of children with CIs and their counterparts with hearing. Tests of rapid naming revealed that there were no differences between rapid letter and number naming between the two groups. Results yielded a possible PP test battery for children with CI experience. 相似文献
13.
Neurocognitive function and joint attention ability in young children with autism spectrum disorder versus developmental delay 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Dawson G Munson J Estes A Osterling J McPartland J Toth K Carver L Abbott R 《Child development》2002,73(2):345-358
Studies have shown that young children with autism are not impaired on prefrontal tasks relative to what would be expected for their mental age, raising questions about the executive dysfunction hypothesis of autism. These studies did not include ventromedial prefrontal tasks, however. The present study examined whether young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are impaired on ventromedial prefrontal tasks, and whether performance on such tasks is correlated with a core autism symptom, joint attention ability. Seventy-two 3- to 4-year-old children with ASD, 34 3- to 4-year-old developmentally delayed children, and 39 12- to 46-month-old typically developing children, matched on mental age, were administered ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal tasks and joint attention tasks. Children with ASD performed similarly to comparison groups on all executive function tasks, indicating that at this early age, there is no autism-specific pattern of executive dysfunction. Ventromedial, but not dorsolateral, prefrontal task performance was strongly correlated with joint attention ability, however. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is hypothesized to play a role in the development of joint attention and possibly some aspects of the autistic syndrome. 相似文献
14.
Dina Tirosh Pessia Tsamir Esther Levenson Michal Tabach Ruthi Barkai 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2013,83(2):309-322
This article reports on young children’s self-efficacy beliefs and their corresponding performance of mathematical and nonmathematical tasks typically encountered in kindergarten. Participants included 132 kindergarten children aged 5–6 years old. Among the participants, 69 children were identified by the social welfare department as being abused and/or neglected. Individual interviews were conducted where children were asked to assess their self-efficacy regarding sorting tasks, mathematics tasks, and reciting the alphabet. Children were then requested to perform each of the tasks. Results revealed that no significant differences were found between the abused and neglected children and their peers regarding their self-efficacy beliefs and performances for any of the tasks. For some of the tasks, children were able to correctly assess their performance, while for other tasks, children overestimated their performance. Possible reasons for these outcomes are discussed. 相似文献
15.
The relations between changes in the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and the development of the ability to perform successfully 2 cognitive tasks attributed to frontal lobe functioning were examined in 13 infants from 7 to 12 months of age. Infants successful in performing the A-not-B task with increasingly longer delays across the second half of the first year of life showed changes in power in scalp-recorded brain electrical activity in the frontal region and an increase in anterior/posterior EEG coherence. Infants with rapid mastery of object retrieval did not differ in frontal EEG development from infants who exhibited the normal developmental progression in object retrieval performance. In a task examining inhibition of reaching to a novel toy, there were no differences in frontal EEG as a function of performance. Results from a cross-sectional sample revealed similar findings. These data confirm work with nonhuman primates on the importance of maturation of frontal cortex in the successful performance on certain tasks (A-not-B), but do not confirm nonhuman primate data on the importance of frontal cortex for other tasks (object retrieval). The data also suggest that the electroencephalogram may be useful as a noninvasive measure of central nervous system development during the first year of life. 相似文献
16.
Young children show significant changes in their mental-state understanding as marked by their performance on false-belief tasks. This study provides evidence for activity in the prefrontal cortex associated with the development of this ability. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded as adults ( N = 24) and 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children ( N = 44) reasoned about reality and the beliefs of characters in animated vignettes. In adults, a late slow wave (LSW), with a left-frontal scalp distribution, was associated with reasoning about beliefs. This LSW was also observed for children who could correctly reason about the characters' beliefs but not in children who failed false-belief questions. These findings have several implications, including support for the critical role of the prefrontal cortex for theory of mind development. 相似文献
17.
聋人和普通人在唇读的过程中大脑的很多区域都会得到激活。本文主要回顾和分析了国外运用功能性核磁共振（fMRI）技术对唇读大脑机制所做的相关研究,结果发现,唇读激活了大脑的视觉中枢、运动中枢、听觉中枢和语言中枢。大脑两半球在唇读中所起的作用也不一样,主要取决于不同唇读任务的需要。 相似文献
18.
Relations between physiological and cognitive regulatory systems: infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aim of this report was to investigate the prospective links between infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning (EF). The authors assessed sleep regulation through a parent sleep diary when children were 12 and 18 months old (N = 60). Child EF was assessed at 18 and 26 months of age. Higher proportions of total sleep occurring at night time, at both 12 and 18 months, were related to better performance on executive tasks, especially those involving a strong impulse control component. Most relations held above family socioeconomic status, prior mental development and concurrent verbal ability. These findings add to previous results with school-age children in suggesting that sleep favors the development of higher order cognitive functions requiring prefrontal cortex involvement. 相似文献
19.
20.
Development of cortical circuitry and cognitive function 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
P S Goldman-Rakic 《Child development》1987,58(3):601-622
Recent functional and anatomical studies in nonhuman primates have elucidated the basic neural circuitry underlying delayed-response function in adult nonhuman primates. Thus circuitry includes connections of the principal sulcus with other areas of parietal association and limbic cortex and projections to the caudate nucleus, superior colliculus, and other premotor centers. Anatomical tracing in primate fetuses and in monkeys at various stages of postnatal development indicates that these various classes of cortical connections begin to form by the second trimester of pregnancy. Electromicroscopic studies of the principal sulcus and other areas of cerebral cortex show that the number and density of synapses in the cortex increase rapidly, reaching and maintaining higher than normal adult values between 2 and 4 months postnatally, before slowly declining over a period of years to stable adult levels. The capacity to perform delayed-response and/or AB at short delays emerges around 4 months of age, coinciding with the end of the period of highest synaptic density in the principal sulcus. These findings suggest that a critical mass of cortical synapses is important for the emergence of this cognitive function, and that fully mature capacity may depend upon the elimination of excess synapses that occurs during adolescence and young adulthood. Knowledge of the neural basis of normal cognitive development may prove useful both to social and educational purposes as well as to understanding developmental disorders of cognition. 相似文献