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1.
The authors present a perspective on emerging bilingual deaf students who are exposed to, learning, and developing two languages--American Sign Language (ASL) and English (spoken English, manually coded English, and English reading and writing). The authors suggest that though deaf children may lack proficiency or fluency in either language during early language-learning development, they still engage in codeswitching activities, in which they go back and forth between signing and English to communicate. The authors then provide a second meaning of codeswitching--as a purpose-driven instructional technique in which the teacher strategically changes from ASL to English print for purposes of vocabulary and reading comprehension. The results of four studies are examined that suggest that certain codeswitching strategies support English vocabulary learning and reading comprehension. These instructional strategies are couched in a five-pronged approach to furthering the development of bilingual education for deaf students. 相似文献
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This article examines simultaneous communication (SC) by analyzing the changes in productions of teachers who underwent a program specifically designed to address improvements in the signed modality by working with both English-based signing and American Sign Language (ASL). Based on theoretical concepts found in bilingualism, language contact situations, and conversational analysis, we focus on the process of constructing utterances by examining the teachers' spontaneous repair sequences as evidence of an active productive system. Two teachers received special instruction in SC that included both ASL and English-based signing systems as separate but equal systems. Videotapes of their use of SC, collected over four years, were analyzed for sign/speech ratio and repair sequences. Repairs were classified as repetitions, replacements, or synchronization. We found that the sign/speech ratio of both teachers increased over time. Examination of repair sequences showed that repetitions tended to occur in speech with the sign channel more completely encoded in the repair. Changes in speech tended to be accompanied by changes in sign. Errors in synchrony were relatively rare. We conclude that the simultaneous communication of both teachers was speech-driven, but error detection was largely sign-driven. The greater the automaticity of both languages, the more attention could be devoted to monitoring the coordination of the two modalities. The amount and quality of monitoring that actually occurred, however, were subject to individual differences. 相似文献
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A qualitative study was conducted that reflected an analysis of a 6-week poetry unit in a language arts classroom of 6th and 8th graders at a school for the deaf in a large city in the northeastern United States. The school served a large population of children of poverty who were of Latino and African American descent. The study was guided by 4 research questions: (a) Would students benefit from having American Sign Language (ASL) poetry as a part of the unit? (b) Would teachers' signing of poems increase students' understanding of the poems? (c) Could students analyze the meaning of poems independently? (d) Would students view writing poetry as a vehicle for expressing their feelings and ideas through themes that were important to them? The evidence provided support for affirmative answers to questions a, b, and d. 相似文献
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Buisson GJ 《American annals of the deaf》2007,152(3):331-343
Teachers of deaf and hard of hearing students must serve as language models for their students. However, preservice deaf education teachers typically have at most only four semesters of American Sign Language (ASL) training. How can their limited ASL instructional time be used to increase their proficiency? Studies involving deaf and hard of hearing students have revealed that glosses (written equivalents of ASL sentences) can serve as "bridges" between ASL and English. The study investigated whether glossing instruction can facilitate hearing students' learning of ASL. A Web site was developed in which ASL glossing rules were explained and glossing exercises provided. Posttest scores showed the experimental group improving from 39% to 71% on ASL grammar knowledge. These findings indicate that online glossing lessons may provide the means to obtain ASL skills more readily, thus preparing deaf education teachers to serve as ASL language models. 相似文献
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刘蕴秋 《外语教学理论与实践》2014,2(4):60
本文在语言学研究理论基础上,通过分析日本英语学习者书面语中的典型错误,从数、性、格、人称、时态和词序六个方面重点讨论了由于语法范畴的差异性导致的语言错误,呈现了日本英语学习者在语言学习过程中的中介语发展进程,解释了他们的中介语特征。研究结果为进一步的语言研究提供了语言事实材料,同时也加深了外语教师对语言内部结构的理解,从而探寻有效的外语教学途径。 相似文献
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Lichtenstein E 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》1998,3(2):80-134
This research project investigated the relationships between various working memory (WM) recoding processes and English language skills in a sample of 86 prelingually deaf college students from varied educational backgrounds. Part 1 reports the results of a short-term memory (STM) experiment and a Recoding Strategies questionnaire. The STM results suggested that, for most deaf students, neither the speech, sign, or visual codes are as efficient as the speech code of hearing persons for the purpose of maintaining English linguistic information in WM. However, the ability to use speech-based recoding processes was positively correlated with WM capacity, and the use of sign recoding was found to decrease as the ability to make efficient use of a speech recoding strategy increased. In addition, the questionnaire data suggested that neither the speech nor sign recoding systems provide the majority of students with a complete internal representation of English surface structure grammatical information in WM. There was no evidence that the use of sign language in education interfered with the ability to develop a speech recoding strategy, or that knowledge of American Sign Language (ASL) negatively influenced the acquisition of English skills. The overall pattern of results suggested that WM processes and recoding strategies may be influencing grammatical processes, and the acquisition of English skills, in distinctive ways. 相似文献
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A reading program utilizing five components--a shortcut to phonemic awareness, Adapted Dolch words, Bridge lists and the Bridging process, reading comprehension, and American Sign Language development/language experience stories--was administered to 48 elementary school students at a residential school for the deaf. Data analyses reveal dramatic gains in students' reading levels and academic behavior, teachers' growth in reflective sign skills, and students' and teachers' overall growth in ASL skills, resulting in a more organized, consistent approach to linguistic input and usage. 相似文献
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Nonstandard grammatical forms are often present in the writing of deaf students that are rarely, if ever, seen in the writing of hearing students. With the implementation of Strategic and Interactive Writing Instruction (SIWI) in previous studies, students have demonstrated significant gains in high-level writing skills (e.g., text structure) but have also made gains with English grammar skills. This 1-year study expands on prior research by longitudinally examining the written language growth (i.e., writing length, sentence complexity, sentence awareness, and function words) of 29 deaf middle-school students. A repeated-measures analysis of variance with a between-subjects variable for literacy achievement level was used to examine gains over time and the intervention's efficacy when used with students of various literacy levels. Students, whether high or low achieving, demonstrated statistically significant gains with writing length, sentence complexity, and sentence awareness. Subordinate clauses were found to be an area of difficulty, and follow up strategies are suggested. An analysis of function word data, specifically prepositions and articles, revealed different patterns of written language growth by language group (e.g., American Sign Language users, oral students, users of English-based sign). 相似文献
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Berent GP Kelly RR Schmitz KL Kenney P 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》2009,14(2):190-204
This study explored the efficacy of visual input enhancement, specifically essay enhancement, for facilitating deaf college students' improvement in English grammatical knowledge. Results documented students' significant improvement immediately after a 10-week instructional intervention, a replication of recent research. Additionally, the results of delayed assessment documented students' significant retention of that improvement five and a half months beyond the instructional intervention period. Essay enhancement served to highlight, via a coding procedure, students' successful and unsuccessful production of discourse-required target grammatical structures. The procedure converted students' written communicative output into enhanced input for inducing noticing of grammatical form and, through essay revision, establishing form-meaning connections leading to acquisition. With its optimal design characteristics supported by theoretical and empirical research, essay enhancement is a highly effective methodology that can be easily implemented as primary or supplementary English instruction for deaf students. The results of this study hold great promise for facilitating deaf students' English language and literacy development and have broad implications for second-language research, teaching, and learning. 相似文献
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There are at least two languages (American Sign Language [ASL], English) and three modalities (sign, speech, print) in most deaf individuals' lives. Mixing of ASL and English in utterances of deaf adults has been described in various ways (pidgins, diglossia, language contact, bilingualism), but children's mixing usually is treated as the 'fault' of poor input language. Alternatively, how might language mixing serve their communication goals? This article describes code variations and adaptations to particular situations. Deaf children were seen to exhibit a wide variety of linguistic structures mixing ASL, English, Spanish, signing, and speaking. Formal lessons supported a recoding of English print as sign and speech, but the children who communicated English speech were the two who could hear speech. The children who communicated ASL were those who had deaf parents communicating ASL or who identified with deaf houseparents communicating ASL. Most language produced by the teacher and children in this study was mixed in code and mode. While some mixing was related to acquisition and proficiency, mixing, a strategy of many deaf individuals, uniquely adapts linguistic resources to communication needs. Investigating deaf children's language by comparing it to standard English or ASL overlooks the rich strategies of mixing that are central to their communication experience. 相似文献
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D A Stewart 《American annals of the deaf》1990,135(3):205-210
A Midwest school district established a demonstration Total Communication Project. Its goal was for teachers to become consistent in their role modeling of English and American Sign Language (ASL). English was the primary language of the classroom and ASL was used as an intervention tool. There has been little research on the effectiveness of ASL in the classroom. By implementing an ASL intervention program this project is a first step in establishing an environment conducive to investigating the effectiveness of ASL intervention for teaching deaf students. This paper describes: (a) techniques used for identifying classroom situations that call for the use of ASL; (b) discourse situations that influence the use of different language codes in total communication classrooms; and (c) guidelines for code-switching between English and ASL. 相似文献
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教材语料的选择对大学英语教学的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
英语学习要实用化，必须要使所学与所用联系在一起，这样才能调动学生的积极性，构建互动课堂。大学生现阶段教材语料的选择有一定的局限性，从而影响了学生学习的效果，对英语教学也提出了新的挑战。文章主要从大学英语教材核心语料的选择、辅助性扩延语料的选择、交际性视听说语料的选择三个方面进行论述，从而提出辅助于教材的中国英语语料库建立的必要性及其如何有效地促进大学英语教学。 相似文献
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分层教学能照顾绝大多数学生的英语差异,并最大程度地保护不同学生的学习利益。根据重庆文理学院大学英语分层教学的改革实践证明,分层教学对学生的学,教师的教都有极大的促进作用。提出了合理疏导学生与教师面临的分层压力;独立设置教务系统解决排课、成绩录入难问题;多开展互动教学,使学生尽快融入新班级等改进措施。 相似文献
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Susan Goldin-Meadow Rachel I. Mayberry 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2001,16(4):222-229
Reading requires two related, but separable, capabilities: (1) familiarity with a language, and (2) understanding the mapping between that language and the printed word (Chamberlain & Mayberry, 2000; Hoover & Gough, 1990). Children who are profoundly deaf are disadvantaged on both counts. Not surprisingly, then, reading is difficult for profoundly deaf children. But some deaf children do manage to read fluently. How? Are they simply the smartest of the crop, or do they have some strategy, or circumstance, that facilitates linking the written code with language? A priori one might guess that knowing American Sign Language (ASL) would interfere with learning to read English simply because ASL does not map in any systematic way onto English. However, recent research has suggested that individuals with good signing skills are not worse, and may even be better, readers than individuals with poor signing skills (Chamberlain & Mayberry, 2000). Thus, knowing a language (even if it is not the language captured in print) appears to facilitate learning to read. Nonetheless, skill in signing does not guarantee skill in reading—reading must be taught. The next frontier for reading research in deaf education is to understand how deaf readers map their knowledge of sign language onto print, and how instruction can best be used to turn signers into readers. 相似文献
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中学英语新课改注重培养学生综合语言运用能力,激发学生的学习动机,创造良好的学习环境以及培养学生的创造性思维能力,这对英语教师的教学策略设计能力提出了挑战。该研究在昆明城郊一所中学高一年级进行了为期一学期的教学研究,研究表明,建构主义教学策略的运用改变了实验教师的教学策略和促进了教学效能感,数据统计结果和对学生的访谈也表明了实验班班的学生学习效能感高于对照班。 相似文献
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The ability to access and understand the meaning of multi-morphemic words is essential for age-appropriate literacy growth as well as for achievement in other participants, such as science and social studies, which are so print-dependent. This paper provides a theoretical basis for focusing on the morphology of English when teaching students who are deaf or hard of hearing to read through a review of the literature on the role of morphology in reading for both hearing students and those with a hearing loss. In addition, the authors review the empirical literature on Signing Exact English (SEE), a system of signing English constructed in which the morphology of words is made visible to children who might not be able to hear them. The authors propose that students' use of SEE can provide a bridge to developing the morphemic awareness so necessary for age-appropriate reading development and achievement. 相似文献
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ICT与外语课程的整合代表了外语教学的发展趋势,它对推动外语教学改革和提高学生的语言运用能力具有重大意义。文章采用问卷方法,调查了重庆地区高校的硬件基础设施、ICT资源、教师ICT技能等与大学英语整合具有密切关系的部分因子的现状,并针对分析结论提出相关建议。 相似文献
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《校园英语(教研版)》2015,(31):14-15
The introduction and development of schema models plays a significant role in second language reading.It has a profound impact on the field.Of course,schema approach has its own aspects that it is good at dealing with. These aspects may have a number of advantages both for students and teachers such as raising awareness of the importance of cultural differences,background knowledge,giving guidelines to students' learning and teachers' teaching of vocabulary and grammatical knowledge.By considering the limitations of their application to TESOL,and by evaluating the good points,some directions about second language teaching will be suggested. 相似文献