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1.
This article describes the changing face of institutions of higher education in Russia in comparison with other countries. It is shown that the ratios of funding sources for higher education in Russia are similar in structure to those in other countries. However, the absolute amounts of funding from these sources are three times less in Russia than the level of the OECD countries. We analyze the following two strategies that Russian universities have used to cope with reduced public funding: diversification of sources of income and changing the structure of expenses. These strategies have been borrowed from the experience of foreign universities that have reformed their financial management. We identify the following main trends in the financing of Russian higher education: concentration of support on leading universities, reliance on public support for higher education as a main source of funding, and the weak use of public-private partnership mechanisms as well as endowment funds. We provide an assessment of the impact of these trends on the economic position of universities. 相似文献
2.
For many years the Portuguese Ministry of Education used a funding formula to allocate the State budget to public higher education institutions. Some of its major objectives were higher enrolments and allocation equity. As the expenditure on salaries was a major component of the budget, the formula was supposed to force convergence to established standard staff/student ratios. This article analyses the evolution of staff numbers in Portuguese public universities to assess how successful the funding formula has been in forcing convergence to standard staff numbers. 相似文献
3.
4.
James M. Ferris 《Higher Education》1992,24(4):503-516
In an effort to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of higher education, some governments have redefined their funding relationships with universities as contracts rather than grants in order to develop stronger incentives for university performance. This paper explores this approach, as adopted in Australia, within a principal agent framework. It examines the conditions necessary for success in achieving government objectives as well as preserving university autonomy. 相似文献
5.
László Dinya 《Tertiary Education and Management》2013,19(2):113-118
Competitively allocated research funds, from both public and private sources, constitute an increasing share of university revenues. The article investigates empirically, using data on the Italian university system, whether structural and strategic features of universities—such as size, age and especially the importance that they assign to their teaching and research missions—affect their success in securing research funds. The analysis shows that universities that strategically prioritize their research mission also obtain higher funds per researcher, from different sources. These results are compared with those obtained by similar studies of other European higher education systems, and some general implications of the introduction of competitive funding mechanisms for university behaviour are derived. 相似文献
6.
Vuokko Kohtamäki 《Higher Education Quarterly》2011,65(2):164-185
Numerous studies have addressed how state authorities and public funding bodies control, regulate, steer, supervise or oversee higher education institutions. There are fewer studies on how higher education institutions respond to the actions of the mentioned authorities. States have aimed at increasing the autonomy of higher education institutions. At the same time institutions are expected to generate social benefits and economic growth. There is an endless tension between a policy that will strengthen the autonomy and simultaneously retain a space for state steering. The Finnish polytechnic and university sectors have very different origins from which their financial autonomy takes its shape. This article sheds light on how six Finnish polytechnics aspire to enhance their financial autonomy. The polytechnics operate under two separate steering systems, the state and local owners, and both of these actors exercise their own steering. This article shows that polytechnics are willing and able to enhance their financial autonomy. They calculate their advantages and habitually engage with the Ministry of Education or their owners depending on the case in question. The financial autonomy of polytechnics does not culminate in a form of diversified funding sources, but as balancing between the two masters on whose resources they are heavily dependent. 相似文献
7.
关于专业评估和知识遵从的批判研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文借用加拿大安大略省的案例描述一种特定的专业评估方法是如何窒息学术多样性和创新的。这个案例将阐释我们已经注意到的存在于当今北美大学里的几种因素———对有限资助的担忧、随之而来的对问责制和质量的关注以及自然科学的主导作用———是如何汇聚于一个专业评估模式的框架之内 ,既限制了学术发展 ,也妨碍了对学生和社会的服务。作者强调 ,无论如何 ,学科之间的差异是任何评估体系也改变不了的现实 ;一个不合理的评估体系会把某些学科置于只适合于其他学科的框架之内 ,从而阻碍了它们的发展。最终使大学里性质各异的部分结合在一起的是它们之间相互的独立性和共同的对真理的执著追求。一个分权化的评估过程承认多中心专家的自主性 ,并且会大大加强上述这两点。 相似文献
8.
Li-Chuan Chiang 《Higher Education》2004,48(2):189-212
This paper aims to re-examine the effects offunding on university autonomy since therelationship between university autonomy andfunding is likely to be interpreted as a lineareffect; namely, the more funding the greaterautonomy. Such a simplistic vision is less than complete since it ignores the complicated nature of university autonomy. The nature of the latter should be defined contextually and politically. Itsinterpretation should also be placed in thechanging government-university relationships.This paper argues that the effect of funding on university autonomy is conditioned by the nature of university autonomy in a given country. While universityautonomy involves more than a financial tie,greater efforts on the part of universities todiversify their funding bases may well notenhance, at least directly, their autonomy.Through an extensive literature review, andempirical studies conducted in England and Taiwan, the argument of this paper is supported. 相似文献
9.
Jonny Scaramanga 《课程研究杂志》2018,50(3):333-351
President Donald Trump has promised an expansion of voucher programs for private schools in the United States. Private Christian schools are likely beneficiaries of such an expansion, but little research has been conducted about the curricula they use or their suitability for public funds. This article describes and critiques the depiction of race in Accelerated Christian Education, a curriculum used in some voucher-funded schools in the United States, as well as in private schools in 140 countries. It employs content analysis and qualitative documentary analysis of the curriculum workbooks, and builds on Christian Smith and Michael Emerson’s theoretical framework of white evangelicals’ ‘cultural toolkit’ to explain the ideas about race in the curriculum. The paper finds that in addition to some overt racism, the system promulgates a worldview which does not have the capacity to recognize or oppose systemic injustice. It is argued that such a curriculum is not a suitable recipient of federal funding. 相似文献
10.
张安毅 《安阳师范学院学报》2009,(3):31-35
我国存在着对私募基金进行立法的制度基础和现实需要。私募基金立法要以效率为首要价值目标,以发挥私募基金的优势。因为私募基金投资者具有自我保护能力,规范私募基金要尊重当事人的自治。我国缺乏私募基金发展的信用环境,对私募基金的发展要进行以不损害其发展优势为前提的适度监管。 相似文献
11.
The relationships between federal research funding and institutional commitments and characteristics are assumed to be at certain levels, but such assumptions appear to be founded mainly upon subjective observations. This study examined the relationships between federal research funding and the following institutional characteristics: institutional research funds; doctors, masters, first professional, and bachelor's degrees awarded; and graduate, first professional, and undergraduate student headcount. Data was gathered from 60 research performing universities for fiscal year 1975. Multiple regression, simple correlation and partial correlation analyses were used to ascertain the strength of the relationships. Results showed that doctor's degrees awarded and institutional research funds possessed the strongest correlations to federal research funding, with doctorates being the strongest relationship at private institutions and institutional research funds the strongest relationship at public institutions. 相似文献
12.
Leslie Wagner 《Higher Education Quarterly》1998,52(1):64-76
The Dearing Report's most substantial and rigorous piece of work on funding has been rendered irrelevant by the government's decision to adopt a different approach which Dearing had not considered. Much time, effort and money could have been saved if the government had made its objectives clear before the Report was finalised rather than on the day it was published.
Yet the Dearing chapters on funding are not wasted because they provide the case for a student contribution to tuition costs on the grounds of equity. These arguments are examined and supported in the paper. The Report is criticised for missing the opportunity to argue for credit-based funding in relation to both the public and student contributions.
The reasons for the government preferring its particular mix of means-tested fee and loan instead of means-tested maintenance grant are explained in terms of its political objectives. The effect of the government's proposals is that no student or parent pays more now for higher education than under existing arrangements. The extra private costs are incurred by graduates in repaying their additional loans out of their future income.
Finally, the misplaced emphasis on dealing with the full-time student funding problem led the Committee to give insufficient attention to other students. The adoption of a genuine lifelong learning model of higher education might have generated more relevant proposals not only on funding but elsewhere. 相似文献
Yet the Dearing chapters on funding are not wasted because they provide the case for a student contribution to tuition costs on the grounds of equity. These arguments are examined and supported in the paper. The Report is criticised for missing the opportunity to argue for credit-based funding in relation to both the public and student contributions.
The reasons for the government preferring its particular mix of means-tested fee and loan instead of means-tested maintenance grant are explained in terms of its political objectives. The effect of the government's proposals is that no student or parent pays more now for higher education than under existing arrangements. The extra private costs are incurred by graduates in repaying their additional loans out of their future income.
Finally, the misplaced emphasis on dealing with the full-time student funding problem led the Committee to give insufficient attention to other students. The adoption of a genuine lifelong learning model of higher education might have generated more relevant proposals not only on funding but elsewhere. 相似文献
13.
Michael L. Skolnik 《Higher Education》1987,16(2):155-171
The paper examines the recent experience of the Ontario university system with financial retrenchment. It is noted that the policy of the Government which was in power until May 1985, was to distribute cutbacks proportionately among all universities through an enrolment based funding formula, and to resist calls from various agencies for more selective intervention in the system. It is suggested that more selective interventions may hold a certain political appeal, and the new Government's first attempt at what it calls rationalizing the university system is described.The paper argues that rationalization is a very ambiguous, and often misleading, term which conceals either changes in university spending patterns or reductions in particular activities, and that such changes or reductions should be the subject of public debate. Most likely, change in the structure of the university system, by itself, will not save money, and the attempts of any government to be seen as making efficiency gains through merely rearranging relationships among universities is characterized as a shell game. Only reducing the number of institutions or programs, with corresponding reductions in numbers of staff and students, will produce significant financial savings, and that is a road down which Ontario politicians have been reluctant to travel, at least until recently. The paper concludes by suggesting that, insofar as it deems that retrenchment in the universities is fiscally necessary, Government should restrict its intervention to the realm of determining publicly affordable and appropriate levels of operating grants. Individual universities themselves should determine the most efficient ways to allocate whatever level of public funding is provided. The policy of making modest annual reductions in total real operating grants, with occasional increases when deemed possible, is probably the most prudent, if least glamorous, of available strategies for retrenchment. 相似文献
14.
Glen A. Jones 《Higher Education》1991,21(4):573-587
Policy change in Ontario higher education in the 1960s resulted in a series of structures designed to co-ordinate each of the two sectors in this binary system. Recent government initiatives may be characterized as attempts to initiate or stimulate change within the boundaries and constraints associated with a structure which has been relatively stable for twenty years. There has been some increase in regulation in the university sector through the establishment of targeted funding mechanisms, programme appraisal and approval mechanisms, and the government's legislated monopoly over degree-granting, but these changes have had little impact on the basic operations of the universities. Government initiatives in the community college sector have had some impact in terms of greater institutional differentiation, but little impact on institution stratification. The stability of the Ontario system can be attributed to the relative homogeneity of each of two clearly differentiated sectors, the limited role of the federal government in the policy arena, a structure which has deflected or rejected calls for structural change, and the failure of those who seek change to stimulate a public or political debate on higher education policy. 相似文献
15.
Switzerland spends about 6% of its GDP on education. In the past few years, there have been carrying out important reforms in the educational field, for example introducing a vocational high school diploma and creating specialized higher vocational institution (hautes écoles). What is the extent of educational research in this context? There are very little data on this subject. To meet the need of information, we carried out a study examining expenditure on Swiss educational research from 1998 to 2000 and the link between sources of funding and research centres. The results of the above-mentioned study show that expenditure on educational research is modest compared with the overall cost of the educational system. It also reveals a distinct distribution of tasks amongst the institutions directly dependent on state educational administrations and universities. Although there are also other sources of funds, educational research relies mainly on public funding. This is disconcerting, as public budgets have been facing cuts in recent years, and new requirements for research needs will arise (future research is likely to involve such activities as evaluating reforms and participating in international survey). We conclude new funding strategies have to be found and researchers need to communicate their results more effectively. 相似文献
16.
法人化改革后日本国立大学财政管理体系的重构——从"行政隶属型"向"契约型"的转化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
上个世纪,日本国立大学的发展主要依赖于政府公共财政的大力支持.然而,2004年国立大学法人化改革不仅改变了国立大学与政府之间的关系,同时也重新构筑了国立大学财政管理体系.本文将聚焦法人化改革后日本国立大学财政管理体系,对其中高等教育经费的投入、政府支出的配置方式以及学费缴纳标准的设定展开分析,并在此基础上思考这种契约型财政管理体系的特征及其背后隐含的危机与问题. 相似文献
17.
José Joaquín Brunner 《Higher Education》1993,25(1):35-43
Presently, most Higher Education policy issues that are debated in Chilean society revolve around the question of the type of relations that should connect the Higher Education system with the state and society.During the 1980–1990 period, Chilean Higher Education underwent drastic changes under a Military Government, directed to the achieving of three main goals: to open-up the Higher Education system, to differentiate its institutional structures, and to partially transfer the cost of state-financed institutions to the students and/or their families (cost recovery) thus forcing these institutions to diversify their funding sources.As a result of the 1980 reforms, both the institutional composition and the financing of Higher Education experienced dramatic changes. New establishments mushroomed. In turn, the rapid increase in the number of institutions resulted in three major effects:first, Higher Education became private-dominant in the non-university levels and has now a dual public/private nature at the university level;second, establishments grew more regionally dispersed but overall enrolment distribution changed in the direction of a still higher concentration in the capital city;third, creation of new entrance opportunities shows an increasing over-extension with respect to enrolment demand. Also funding of Higher Education was drastically altered by the 1980 reforms. Incremental funding was replaced by a diversified funding system which contemplates the employment of four different mechanisms: public institutional core funding, competitive public allocations rewarding institutions that enrol the best students, a Government financed student-loan scheme, and competitive financing of research projects.A new, democratically elected Government was established in 1990. Its Higher Education policies include three major objectives: to fully restore institutional autonomy cancelling all measures of governmental intervention and reinstating the right of faculty members to freely choose their authorities and provide for the self-government of public universities; to increase public spending without changing the diversified-funding approach adopted by the former Government, and to change the legal framework of Higher Education with the aim of introducing more stringent accreditation and evaluation procedures and institutional accountability. 相似文献
18.
Ingo Liefner 《Higher Education》2003,46(4):469-489
This article analyzes forms of resourceallocation in university systems and theireffects on performance in institutions ofhigher education. Internationally, highereducation systems differ substantially withregard to research and education fundingsources and to ways that resources areallocated. European universities receive themajority of their funding from public sources,but private funding plays a more important rolein Anglo-American systems of higher education.Many governments use competitive elements inthe process of allocating public funds toinstitutions of higher education. Examplesinclude the implementation of performancemeasures through formula funding, or resourceallocation on the basis of evaluated projectproposals. Corresponding forms ofperformance-based resource allocation can befound within most higher educationinstitutions. This article analyzes how variousforms of funding and resource allocation affectuniversities at the macro-level and individualbehavior at the micro-level. A theoreticalapproach to this problem suggests thatperformance-based funding tends to bring aboutpositive changes but is also a factor inunintended side effects. Forms of resourceallocation influence the behavior of academicsand managers in higher education, particularlytheir levels of activity as well as the kindsof activities they engage in and their ways ofdealing with risks. Empirical analyses partlyconfirm these hypotheses. It can be shown thatchanges in resource allocation have an impacton the level and type of activity academicsconcentrate on but not on the long-term successof universities. 相似文献
19.
Richard Pring 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(4):289-299
The private/public divide in education has been with us for a long time, but only recently have we been alerted to the privatization of education. This means two things: first, making public education increasingly dependent on private funds, and, second, encouraging the development of private education by supporting it with public funds. The consequences of this are explored, but above all the paper challenges the ways in which we have traditionally drawn the distinction between public and private responsibilities. There is a need to re‐conceptualize the problem. In doing so, the paper raises underlying ethical and social issues which otherwise get ignored or dismissed. Above all, however, the need to tackle the issues is demonstrated, but as a consequence of privatization, the public sector of education becomes an impoverished substitute for what cannot be bought. 相似文献
20.
LINKING PERFORMANCE TO FUNDING OUTCOMES AT THE STATE LEVEL FOR PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION: Past,Present, and Future 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
This article discusses the use of performanceindicators and performance-based funding by states fortheir systems of higher education drawing on theexisting literature on the topic. The different types of mechanisms currently used by states formeasuring institutional performance are described as arerecent state experiences with performance indicators,including their pitfalls and limitations. Additionally, a summary of the current status ofperformance-based funding applications is discussedincluding some of the reported difficulties inimplementing such funding models. Finally, the authorexplores the future implications of performance indicators andperformance-based funding mechanisms for public highereducation. 相似文献