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1.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):338-359
AbstractThe relief and contour lines on a group of ancient Greek red-figure vases and vase fragments in the collection of the Harvard Art Museums and the Worcester Art Museum were examined using two surface examination methods – reflectance transformation imaging and three-dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy. These methods helped characterize the lines and answer questions regarding tools, techniques, and production sequence used by Greek vase painters. This research also incorporated fabricated mock-ups to gain a better understanding of the ancient technology and in so doing confirmed that the relief lines were not produced by an extruded method, but with a brush made with only a few hairs, termed linierhaar as first proposed by Gérard Seiterle in 1976. Furthermore, it was discovered that not one but two distinct types of relief lines exist on these ancient vases: the laid line (proposed by Seiterle) which has a characteristic ridged profile, and the pulled line (proposed in a previous publication by the authors) which has a furrowed profile. It was also determined that the relief line used to outline figures was applied prior to the contour line in Attic vase decoration, although variations in this sequence occur in vases from South Italy. Based on observations made during this research, the authors propose a likely evolution for the techniques used to produce decorative features throughout the period of red-figure vase production. 相似文献
2.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):127-129
AbstractThe restoration of the seventeenth-century adobe church at Carabuco, Bolivia, offers a model of how to conduct the preservation of the Latin American cultural heritage at remote sites. This paper details the conservation of the church's polychromed wooden choirloft, which had previously been restored in 1765-66 after this and other portions of the church collapsed. The choirloft is made oflocally grown eucalyptus wood painted all over with a tempera-based medium. It was executed by a local artist whose style draws on local folk-art traditions while reinterpreting European Renaissance decorative schemes. The choirloft conservation project had two goals: to guarantee its structural integrity and to stabilize the decorative paint layers. These goals were accomplished in a four-month conservation project which formed part of a larger effort to restore the church. 相似文献
3.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):116-118
AbstractColored glazes derived from vegetable and animal sources and applied over silver leaf have been used in many eras and regions of the world to adorn sculpture and decorative art objects. Examples from Latin America during the Viceregal period are examined and compared, with reference to literature sources and to FTIR analysis. Attention is drawn to the use of native American materials in some instances, such as the varnish of Pasto, Colombia, and the lacquer of Pátzcuaro, Mexico. 相似文献
4.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):119-121
AbstractThe Palacio del Almirante in Cuzco, Peru, was badly damaged by an earthquake in 1950. Restoration work was interrupted due to lack of funds and various decorative elements, including the coffered wooden ceilings which had been dismantled, were dispersed. When conservation work resumed in 1975, the pieces had to be located and reassembled, with the help of photographs taken before the earthquake. The separate pieces were cleaned, disinfected and consolidated, missing pieces were replaced and the polychromy was reintegrated. Since the original beams could no longer support the weight of the ceilings, a system was devised whereby the ceilings were suspended from above by iron bars. 相似文献
5.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):215-223
AbstractTwo iron swords from Luristan were examined by X-rays and using metallographic sections. The first sword was shown to have a hilt made of five pieces of metal joined by four rivets, while the pommel was secured by a dowel on the end of the tang. Hilt and blade were sectioned for metallographic study. This showed that while the core of each part was pearlite, decarburization had taken place at the surfaces to give ferritic structures. The second sword was shown to have been made of seven pieces. The pommel was secured as in the first sword, but all other pieces were joined by fitting into prepared slots, the edges of which were burred. A section was cut from the hilt at a point where a decorative band had been applied. This showed large-grained ferrite at the surface and fine-grained ferrite with cementite at the boundaries in the core. It is argued that work previously carried out by other metallographers was inconsistent due to inadequate sampling, and that swords of this type were essentially of wrought iron, the presence of pearlite being accidental rather than intentional. 相似文献
6.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):156-159
AbstractA blue pigment frequently found in Cuban colonial decorative wall paintings from about 1750 to 1860 has been identified with the aid of thin-layer chromatography, IR spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis as ‘Maya blue’. This is the first reported occurrence of Maya blue from a period after the conquest and in a non-Mayan cultural area. 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACT‘Disability’; the ‘D’ word generally speaks its own meaning, as anyone who is different from others in terms of physical and mental impairment. There are various types of disabilities; broad categories such as physical and communication disability, mental illness and mental retardation, learning disabilities and so forth. In this article, an attempt has been made to describe the term ‘visual impairment’ which falls under the category of physical and communication disability. The next section of the article presents activities of the National Institute for the Visually Handicapped, Dehradun, India to make the visually impaired self-sufficient and to recognize the role played by the Institute in disseminating information to them. 相似文献
8.
AbstractA feature card system is described which enables the storing of information resulting from the scientific examination of works of art.The feature card system is necessary in order to ascertain quickly certain information for reference purposes. It also enables technical findings to be related to artists, epochs and art regions, and statistical reports to be made on the use of certain materials and art techniques in different centuries and epochs.The punch cards used cover a maximum number of 6000 objects. The number of features which can be introduced is unlimited because it corresponds to the number of punch cards. The system works on the following lines: the art objects are numbered in the order in which they are examined. Each art object is given a serial number. The serial number is punched on the feature cards, which are subdivided into feature sections, and alphabetically arranged. The feature (general, art-historical and technical data) is given as a heading in ‘clear-text’ at the top of each punch card.The feature card system described has some advantages: for setting up such a system only a rough scheme need be worked out. It is always possible to introduce further features at a later date. The system described is one of the simplest and cheapest punch card systems; it can be operated similarly to a normal filing system. 相似文献
9.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):62-67
AbstractJuan and Jerónimo del Corral, the former an architect and the latter a sculptor, developed their artistic activities in Castile during the second third of the sixteenth century. The originality of their work lies not only in their technique but also in their iconography: they combine the Spanish tradition of plaster work with the influence of the Italian Renaissance. This paper is a documentary and stylistic study of their work and discusses the problems of technique and conservation of the cupolas and walls of polychromed and gilded plaster relief. Due to its characteristics and its sensitivity to moisture, gypsum is a material which poses specific problems of behaviour and treatment. The various deteriorations it undergoes are shown as well as their causes and possible treatment. Scientific examination has been mainly directed towards the investigation of the support by IR and EDX spectrometry, the analysis of the polychromy by microscopy and the identification of the media by gas chromatography. The results show that the Corral brothers used a homogeneous technique for the plaster support, following the Hispano-Moresque tradition, whereas the polychromy shows various influences. As regards biological deterioration, two different groups of microorganisms were surveyed: bacteria and fungi. The results obtained in areas with and without polychromy and with various levels of moisture have been compared by different sampling techniques. Nitrifying and sulphate-reducing bacteria have been identified, which are responsible for the deterioration of stone monuments. 相似文献
10.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):327-369
AbstractThe restoration of the Hedin altar in Rothenburg o.d.T., dated 1466, is described. The polychromed sculptures were cleaned and loose paint was fixed. Methods and materials used in the restoration of the paintings, the areas polychromed in various techniques and the brocade reliefs are mentioned. The altar was protected from direct sunlight. The construction of the shrine and the technique of carving are extensively discussed. Sculptures made from one piece of lime wood were hollowed out and closed with a plank. Traces of rough finishing are visible. Shrine and predella were polychromed after a preliminary assembly of the sculptures. The various techniques used in the undisfigured polychromy are described as they are observed with the unaided eye. It can be shown that the working methods were rational. The fabrication of relief brocades and the various patterns used are discussed in detail. The treatment of the various paintings on the wings, the predella and the reverse of the shrine is reported. The question is raised to what extent the painter Herlin can also have been responsible for the polychromy. 相似文献
11.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):122-126
AbstractThree Hispano-Moresque woven textiles dating from the first half of the twelfth century were restored for an exhibition. The first two are from the reliquary of St Librada in Sigüenza cathedral and the third is from the tomb of St Bernard Calvó in Vich. The first piece depicts addorsed griffins, the second, eagles with extended wings and the third, facing sphinxes. Contained within circles, they belong to a class of textile known in mediaeval documents as pallia-rotata. The spaces between the circles are decorated with typically Islamic designs, and with representations of plants and animals. A similar material was used for all three pieces: silk for both warp and weft, with gold thread for certain decorative motifs. All three textiles were found in a fragmentary condition; they had been glued and sewn onto thin card. The fibres were in a fairly weak state and had lost much oftheir flexibility and resistance. Apart from the work of restoration, the dyestuffs and the metal thread were analyzed and the decorative motifs were reconstructed using scale drawings. 相似文献
12.
《Journalism Practice》2013,7(7):759-780
ABSTRACTIn October 2016 the New York Times announced new content personalisation features for its websites and mobile apps, with the promise of “much more to come”. This article examines such developments via a quantitative content analysis of personalisation features at 15 major news outlets in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany and via interviews with senior editorial staff at some of those outlets. Both websites and mobile apps were studied, allowing comparisons to be made across platforms as well as geographically. Longitudinal comparisons were also made against an equivalent survey conducted in 2010. The results reveal significant changes over the last six years with, for example, rises in personalisation on mobile platforms, falls in the use of recommendations by friends, and convergence and commodification in content recommendation platforms. This study provides evidence to support continued debates on classical concerns such as selective exposure, but also raises new concerns about the effects of personalisation, including data protection and security issues. 相似文献
13.
Robert C. Currie Jr. 《广播与电子媒介杂志》2013,57(1):17-22
The current advances in FM radio broadcasting's financial status are to a great extent due to the “additional” income brought in by various multiplexed services: storecasting, transitcasting, even special programming that is designed to inform medical practitioners of new techniques. At present, the allocation structure and transmission standards of television do not permit the use of subsidiary service multiplexing. However, if such a development were possible, its effect upon the structure of television broadcasting would be tremendous. 相似文献
14.
AbstractUsing written accounts of observed methods and materials of Tibetan paintings as well as examination of numerous examples, the techniques of Tibetan paintings, especially paintings on cloth, are discussed. Brief mention is made of the regional styles of Tibetan painting, since the techniques used in the production of these paintings apparently vary throughout Tibet and China. Various types of supports are mentioned and analyses of the types of cloths are given. The preparation and materials used in the ground, pigments and preliminary drawings and prints are discussed. The iconometrics of Tibetan painting are mentioned, since the total conception of the object is dependent upon them. 相似文献
15.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):55-64
AbstractPlaster of Paris field jackets are commonly employed for lifting fragile archeological and paleontological material during excavation. When the plaster has been applied directly to the object surface its removal poses a severe risk of damage and loss. This study documents the development of an experimental method to test the suitability of various techniques for removing plaster of Paris from sub-fossil bone. The use of digital microscopic elevation models, already in use in other disciplines, was tested as a method for quantifying surface loss resulting from conservation treatments. The study concludes that citric acid is not suitable for use in close proximity to sub-fossil bone. Air abrasion and laser ablation proved extremely damaging, but ultrasonic cleaning caused no detectable damage. This study has relevance to the removal of plaster of Paris from other materials, such as carbonaceous statuary. The analytical technique itself has a far wider application and is recommended for evaluation of all surface treatments that have the potential to cause loss on a microscopic scale. 相似文献
16.
《Journal Of Archival Organization》2013,11(1-2):117-145
ABSTRACT This article explores the uses, practicality, and problems involved in creating online finding aids by state-funded university archivists across the nation. It examines various aspects of online finding aids such as financial considerations, its importance as a research tool, timelines, demographics, and use. The more technical side is also explored by inquiring how finding aids are created (e.g., EAD/XML, HTML), whether they have been reformatted before appearing on the web, and what archivists believe are the best methods for their creation. Finally, problems that the participants have encountered along the way are reviewed as well as how archivists dealt with them. The study involved 16 university archivists from state-supported institutions and one from a private university. The research for this article is based on the responses to a 20-question survey that was administered by the author by telephone or e-mail. The research was further supported by an examination of the recent literature that has appeared in archival journals as well as contacting archivists who are working on large online projects. The goal of this article is to assist archivists in identifying potential problems in the development of online finding aids while promoting their presence on the Internet as an important research tool. 相似文献
17.
Giovanna Fioretti Pasquale Acquafredda Silvia Calò Mariagrazia Cinelli Germano Germanò Alessandro Laera 《文物保护研究》2020,65(3):160-171
ABSTRACTThis present work focuses on the mapping of marbles, decorative patterns and area of the mosaics of the St. Nicola’s Basilica in Bari (Italy) by their photogrammetric survey. The extraordinary importance of these mosaics is due to the stylistic uniqueness and the undisputed workmanship and to the employed materials for tesserae. These mosaics include the white and polychrome marbles, used in the Roman age and reused in medieval artistic production, and imitation stones used as substitutes during the past restorations. The digital survey was realised by the photogrammetric reconstruction of mosaics collecting a photo dataset, after the mosaics redrawing by an image processing software and finally implemented it with lithological identification marbles. It allowed to obtain a punctual mapping of materials, through which to identify original areas and restoration areas, decorative patterns, recurring geometries. The research carried out, supported by the photogrammetric reconstruction as established method for high resolution digital reproduction and mapping, not only ensures the conservation and improvement of the enjoyment of the mosaic floors of the St. Nicola’s Basilica, but allows to conduct studies on materials, decorative patterns and restoration areas directly on the digitized product. 相似文献
18.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):34-40
AbstractIn preparation for a major exhibition at the National Gallery of Scotland in 2005, a thorough technical examination of VISION OF THE SERMON by Paul Gauguin was undertaken for the first time since the painting's acquisition in 1925. An inter-disciplinary approach to the research was adopted in an attempt to assess how innovative were the materials and techniques employed by Gauguin in this iconic work. The importance of the unique customs and religious piety of Brittany in 1888 to the iconography of Vision is discussed, as well as the various ways in which the original appearance of the painting has altered over time. Changes have occurred through both the natural ageing of materials and as a result of human intervention, particularly an aqueous lining and reframing. Analysis suggests that the paint medium consists of several different drying oils, confounding years of speculation that it may contain wax. The discovery that the original surface coating contains beeswax and tallow has grave implications for the feasibility of future conservation treatments. Following Gauguin's accusation of plagiarism by Emile Bernard, a tentative comparison is made between Vision and the latter's Breton Women in the Meadow. This reveals that while compositional similarities exist, Vision is far more complex, both in conception and execution. 相似文献
19.
《Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian》2013,32(2):69-72
Abstract Historical research and scholarship form a matrix of specialties depending on the object studied and the period under examination. The history of science is examined for its particular characteristics as evidenced in the cumulative bibliographies published in Isis, a premier journal devoted to the history of science for 1986–2003. A bibliometric examination of publication trends and specializations are explored through the historical periodizations inherent in historical studies. The history of science conforms to a unique evolution and professional orientation among the various fields in professional and academic history. 相似文献
20.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):225-241
AbstractThis paper describes the application of pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (PyGCMS) to the characterization of an extensive range of synthetic paint types. Household and industrial paints, both of which have been formulated with polymers such as alkyd, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and nitrocellulose, are included in this study, in addition to the acrylic solution and acrylic emulsion paints that were made specifically for the artists' market. The pyrograms obtained by PyGCMS were characteristic to each paint type and their principal diagnostic features are discussed. Apart from using the mass spectra produced by electron impact (EI) to confirm the identity of every peak, two additional analytical features of the mass spectrometer were shown to be particularly useful in this study. Chemical ionization (CI) was used to assist with the identification of unknown peaks through molecular weight determination. Selected ion current (SIC) monitoring, where the mass spectrometer only scans for specific masses, was successfully used for the detection of peaks of low intensity or those hidden by a more abundant material with a similar retention time. 相似文献