Working life as pedagogical discourse: empirical studies of vocational and career education based on theories of Bourdieu and Bernstein   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Clas‐Uno Frykholm  Ragnhild Nitzler 《课程研究杂志》2013,45(5):433-444

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Role of public research institutes in national innovation systems in industrialized countries: The cases of Fraunhofer,NIST, CSIRO,AIST, and ITRI     

Patarapong Intarakumnerd  Akira Goto 《Research Policy》2018,47(7):1309-1320

Public Research Institutes (PRIs) were established for many reasons, such as to promote defence related research and health related research. Helping domestic industries remains one of the important missions for public research institutes even when the countries have industrialized and firms’ technological capabilities are high. PRIs aim to upgrade existing industries, especially SMEs, as well as spearheading new ones. They can conduct research to solve today’s problems of existing industries and those of next generation technologies which might lead to creation of new industries. Moreover, relationship between PRIs and firms and non-firm actors like universities became more intense, open, horizontal, international, and longer term. To reduce risk and uncertainty inherent in research mentioned above, intermediary roles of PRIs are increasingly important. The emphasis and the ways PRIs help industry change over time and vary across countries as they are integral part of national innovation systems. This makes generalization difficult, but the experiences of five leading PRIs in Germany, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, and the US shows that, the balances between contract research vs. longer term research with own initiative, mobility of researchers vs. retaining core researchers, and competitive grants and funds from industry vs. block grants from government are important to keep PRIs relevant to industry needs and maintain research standards. The governance of PRIs is of particular importance to maintain proper balances.  相似文献   

Analysis of the overlearning-extinction effect in honeybees     

Akira Shinoda  M. E. Bitterman 《Learning & behavior》1987,15(1):93-96

In previous experiments with individual honeybees that visited the laboratory regularly to take sucrose solution from a target set on the shelf of an open window, the overlearning-extinction effect was found for high concentrations of sucrose but not for low. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the possibility that declining resistance to extinction in the course of prolonged training with a high concentration of sucrose could be explained in terms of increasing nutritive level. Three groups of animals were extinguished on a distinctive target, one group after 6 visits to the target, a second after 18 visits to the target, and a third after 6 visits to the target that were interspersed among 12 visits to a different target. More rapid extinction in the second group than in the third, which had fewer training visits to the extinction target than the second but the same total number of training visits, rules out an explanation in terms of nutritive level and points instead to a frustration-like process evidenced also in earlier work on incentive contrast.  相似文献   

R&D policy and social contribution in Japanese higher education     

Akira Arimoto 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2016,17(3):427-438

The Japanese academics have high recognition of themselves as the researchers rather than the teachers. This kind of climate developed in the national research universities including Teikoku Daigaku in the prewar time and even in the postwar time; it has extended to almost all academics not only in the research universities but also in the non-research universities. This fact was testified clearly in the CAP survey conducted in 2007, in which the Japanese academics’ research orientation belonged to the German type. A climate of academics in Japan is different from the counterparts in the USA as shown in the CAP survey, in which the American academics are oriented to research and teaching with a weight of half and half. Given the Japanese academic climate involved in research orientation, the national government offers in recent years the research grants to academics as the category of researcher on the basis of “selection and concentration principle” to the extent that only distinguished researchers in research productivity can be selected. Accordingly, Kakusa Shakai, or the social difference between the institutions with high productivity and those with low productivity, seems to be increasingly extending recently. The question that how the Japanese government disseminates research outputs to make these outputs be more socially utilized is likely to be not answered adequately for many years because there are few meta-evaluations to assess policy’s usefulness. However, such meta-evaluation of policy is expected to be done strictly since 2002 when it was introduced in the context that government policy’s contribution to society was functioned substantially.  相似文献   

社会学视角中的高等教育质量理论     

Akira Arimoto 《高等教育研究》2008,(9)

为了理解高等教育质量,我们需要关注作为其前提的知识的作用。因为知识是大学学术工作的基础,它直接或间接地关系到高等教育文化的多样性。换句话说,知识形成了认知、诊断和处理高等教育质量问题的基础。本论文从知识的作用及知识重建的视角,分别就以下五个方面以日本为案例来研究质量保障的方法:知识的作用;知识社会和高等教育的关系;打造学习中心:日本文化和西方文化的冲突;多样化的知识:分裂、分化和冲突;探索新的大学模式。  相似文献   

Book review     

Wilbert Pronovost  Akira Sanbonmatsu 《Communication quarterly》2013,61(3):57-60

ESSAYS IN HONOR OF CLAUDE M. WISE, edited by Arthur Bronstein, Claude Shaver and Cj Stevens, New York: Speech Association of America 1970; pp. 235, $7.50.

SOW THE WIND, REAP THE WHIRLWIND: HEADS OF STATE ADDRESS THE UNITED NATIONS. 2 Vols. Edited by Michael H. Prosser. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1970; pp. 1467. $100.00.  相似文献   

Civil Society, State, and Institutions for Young Children in Modern Japan: The Initial Years     

Kathleen Uno 《History of education quarterly》2009,49(2):170-181

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Net efficiency of roller skiing with a diagonal stride   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nakai A  Ito A 《Journal of sports sciences》2011,29(4):423-429

The aims of this study were: (a) to determine net efficiency during roller skiing with a diagonal stride at various speeds; (b) to assess the development of net efficiency across speeds; and (c) to examine the characteristics of efficiency in diagonal roller skiing. Two-dimensional kinematics and oxygen uptake were determined in eight male collegiate cross-country ski athletes who roller skied with the diagonal stride at various speeds on a level track. Net efficiency was calculated from rates of internal and external work and net energy expenditure. Individual net efficiency ranged from 17.7% to 52.1%. Net efficiency in the entire group of athletes increased with increasing speed, reached a maximum value of 37.3% at 3.68?m?·?s(-1), before slowly decreasing. These findings indicate that roller skiing with the diagonal stride at high speed is a highly efficient movement and that an optimal speed exists at which net efficiency can be maximally enhanced in diagonal roller skiing.  相似文献   

Contributions of processes using semantic information and character-to-sound correspondences to kanji word-reading performance in Japanese primary school children     

Ami Sambai  Mayu Tsukada  Ayaka Miki  Akira Uno 《Journal of Research in Reading》2023,46(2):163-186

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Declining symptom of academic productivity in the Japanese research university sector     

Akira Arimoto 《Higher Education》2015,70(2):155-172

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