Self-efficacy for coping with barriers helps students stay physically active during transition to their first year at a university     

Bray SR 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2007,78(2):61-70

The present study examined undergraduate students' physical activity during transition from high school to first-year university. Students' (N = 127) self-efficacy for coping with barriers to physical activity was investigated both as a predictor of physical activity and mediator of the relationship between pretransition and first-year physical activity. Physical activity was found to track moderately from pretransition to first year (rs = .58). Self-efficacy for coping with barriers predicted physical activity (R2adjusted = .18, p < .05) and partially mediated the relationship between pretransition and first-year physical activity. Results support an interpretation that future intervention efforts could target first-year students' self-efficacy for coping with barriers to help curb the decline in physical activity that occurs during the transition to university life.  相似文献   

Relaxation and guided imagery: A school‐based intervention for children with asthma     

Heather L. Peck  Melissa A. Bray  Thomas J. Kehle 《Psychology in the schools》2003,40(6):657-675

Asthma, a disease of the respiratory system, is the most common chronic medical condition among children. School‐aged children with asthma evidence increased absenteeism, decreased school performance, restriction of various activities, poor peer relationships, and emotional and behavioral difficulties. Asthma can be triggered and exacerbated by emotions and stress, and therefore, it has been treated with psychological interventions. Relaxation and guided imagery (RGI), an intervention based on the theoretical position that the mind and body interact in determining health, has been shown to be effective in improving mental and physical health outcomes with a myriad of medical conditions, yet it has not been adequately studied with childhood asthma. This investigation analyzed the effect of RGI on lung function [forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) and forced expiratory flow 25–75 (FEF_25–75)] and anxiety by employing a multiple baseline design across four middle school students with asthma. With the introduction of the intervention, it was found that FEV₁ improved and anxiety decreased in all students. FEF_25–75 improved in three of the four participants. The effect sizes for the four participants ranged from ?0.98 to ?1.88 for FEV₁, 0.20 to ?1.93 for FEF_25–75, and 2.19 to 4.06 for anxiety. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 657–675, 2003.  相似文献   

The WCCES and Intercultural Dialogue: Historical Perspectives and Continuing Challenges     

Mark Bray 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2008,54(3-4):299-317

The World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES) has been strongly concerned with intercultural dialogue since the Council was created in 1970. Indeed advancement of education “for international understanding in the interests of peace, intercultural cooperation, mutual respect among peoples and observance of human rights” is one of the goals built into the WCCES Statutes. This paper begins with a focus on the origins and goals of the WCCES, noting in particular links with the mission of UNESCO. The paper then considers dimensions of evolution in the work of the WCCES in the domain of intercultural dialogue. It underlines the growth of the WCCES and the continuing challenges for securing balanced representation of voices and perspectives.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Prem Udagama  Dietrich Goldschmidt  Harold Blakemore  Mark Bray  Michael Crossley  Eva-Maria Reckert  Cole S. Bermbeck  Robin Usher  T. Neville Postlethwaite 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1988,34(3):397-407

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Enhancing subjective well‐being in individuals with asthma     

Melissa A. Bray  Thomas J. Kehle  Heather L. Peck  Lea A. Theodore  Zheng Zhou 《Psychology in the schools》2004,41(1):95-100

Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease, is caused by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental variables. The intent of this article is to propose a theory that provides an explanation for the reduction of emotionally triggered asthma through treatments derived from positive psychology. The basic tenet of the theory is that physical health issues, such as asthma, can be promoted through systematic interventions that are designed to enhance the individual's sense of independence, intimacies or friendships, and/or feelings of competence. This theoretical approach is based largely on Bertrand Russell's definition of happiness and is consistent with positive psychology in that it focuses on variables that promote subjective well‐being, or a satisfying daily life. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 95–100, 2004.  相似文献   

Lack of statistical significance     

Thomas J. Kehle  Melissa A. Bray  Sandra M. Chafouleas  Takuji Kawano 《Psychology in the schools》2007,44(5):417-422

Criticism has been leveled against the use of statistical significance testing (SST) in many disciplines. However, the field of school psychology has been largely devoid of critiques of SST. Inspection of the primary journals in school psychology indicated numerous examples of SST with nonrandom samples and/or samples of convenience. In this article we present an argument against SST and its consequent p values in favor of the use of confidence intervals and effect sizes. Further, we present instances of common errors that impede cumulative knowledge in the literature related to school psychology. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 417–422, 2007.  相似文献   

The implications of size for educational development in small territories: The case of Macau     

Mark Bray  Philip Hui 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1989,35(2):129-143

The educational issues associated with the small size of countries have long been neglected by administrators and academics. Recent work by the Commonwealth Secretariat has done much to remedy this neglect, but the topic is still in its infancy. This paper contributes to the body of literature by providing a specific case-study. By focusing on Macau, it also helps balance the bias of existing work, most of which concentrates on Commonwealth countries.

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Zusammenfassung Erziehungswissenschaftliche Fragen, die mit einer kleinen Ländergröße verbunden sind, sind lange von Verwaltungsbeamten und Wissenschaftlern vernachlässigt worden. Jüngere Arbeiten des Commonwealth-Sekretariats haben viel dazu beigetragen, diesem Versäumnis abzuhelfen, aber die Behandlung dieses Themas steht noch im Anfangsstadium. Dieser Artikel stellt einen Beitrag zur Gesamtheit der Literatur dar, indem er eine spezielle Fallstudie liefert, und dadurch, daß das Augenmerk auf Makao gerichtet ist, hilft er darüberhinaus, die Einseitigkeit bereits vorliegender Arbeiten, die sich überwiegend auf Commonwealthländer konzentrieren, auszugleichen.

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Résumé Administrateurs et universitaires ont longtemps négligé les problèmes éducatifs liés aux petits pays. Le travail qui a été entrepris récemment par le secrétariat du Commonwealth a contribué pour une grande part à pallier cette négligence, mais ce thème en est encore à ses débuts. Cette étude de cas spécifique apporte sa contribution à l'ensemble de la littérature qui existe sur ce sujet. En mettant l'accent sur Macao, elle permet également de rétablir l'équilibre dans les travaux existants qui se focalisent essentiellement sur les pays du Commonwealth.

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Behavior psychology in the schools: Innovations in evaluation,support, and consultation     

Jolie M. Alric  Lea A. Theodore  Melissa A. Bray 《Psychology in the schools》2004,41(3):404-405

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Prolonged duration of the “novelty effect” following prolonged exposure to a single discriminandum     

R. E. Franken  G. P. Bray 《Learning & behavior》1973,1(3):233-236

Rats were exposed for approximately 1 month to a single stimulus mounted on the home cage wall. During discrimination training, half of the Ss had the exposed figure as the positive stimulus and half the exposed figure as the negative stimulus. Control Ss had no pattern mounted on the wall. The results indicate that when the exposed figure was the positive stimulus, the Ss made significantly more errors than the control Ss. but when the exposed figure was the negative stimulus, the Ss made significantly fewer errors. These results are consistent with the exploratory literature, which suggests that exposure to a stimulus will reduce the invitational properties of that stimulus relative to a more novel stimulus and thereby will affect the probability of selecting one stimulus over another, at least for a period of time, in a discrimination task.  相似文献   

School factors underlying demand for private supplementary tutoring in English: urban and rural variations in Bangladesh     

Rafsan Mahmud  Mark Bray 《Asia Pacific Journal of Education》2017,37(3):299-309

Private supplementary tutoring has long existed in Bangladesh, as elsewhere in the world, but in recent decades has become much more visible. Much tutoring “shadows” or reproduces formal schooling as fee-based academic teaching outside school hours. This paper focuses on school factors that shape demand for private supplementary tutoring in English at the secondary level, drawing on data gained from both quantitative and qualitative methods. The paper is especially concerned with urban and rural variations, noting that rates of tutoring are greater in urban areas but that many factors converge to create similarities. Private tutoring in English is highly demanded because English is a compulsory course; and in addition to being a subject in its own right, it assists in the learning of other subjects. While private tutoring may support the academic learning of some pupils, it also has problematic dimensions. As such, the spread of tutoring across urban and rural areas is not necessarily to be welcomed.  相似文献