Infants' Reliance on a Social Criterion for Establishing Word-Object Relations   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Dare A. Baldwin  Ellen M. Markman  Brigitte Bill  Renee N. Desjardins  Jane M. Irwin  Glynnis Tidball 《Child development》1996,67(6):3135-3153

The language children hear presents them with a multitude of co-occurrences between words and things in the world, and they must repeatedly determine which among these manifold co-occurrences is relevant. Social factors—such as cues regarding the speaker's referential intent—might serve as one guide to whether word-object covariation should be registered. In 2 studies, infants (15–20 months and 18–20 months in Studies 1 and 2, respectively) heard novel labels at a time when they were investigating a single novel object; in one case the label was uttered by a speaker seated within the infant's view and displaying concurrent attention to the novel toy (coupled condition), whereas in the other case the label emanated from a speaker seated out of the infant's view (decoupled condition). In both studies, subsequent comprehension questions indicated that infants of 18–20 months registered a stable link between label and object in the coupled condition, but not in the decoupled condition, despite the fact that covariation between label and object was equivalent in the 2 conditions. Thus, by 18–20 months children are inclined to establish a mapping between word and object only when a speaker displays signs of referring to that object.  相似文献   

The impact of learner characteristics on information utilization strategies, cognitive load experienced, and performance in hypermedia learning   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

Katharina Scheiter  Peter Gerjets  Brigitte Vollmann  Richard Catrambone 《Learning and Instruction》2009,19(5):387-401

Against the background of an adaptation of Cognitive Load Theory to learner-controlled settings we investigated the impact of learner characteristics on information utilization strategies, cognitive load, and learning outcomes in a hypermedia environment. Based on the data of 79 students, five clusters of students were identified according to their learner characteristics by means of a cluster analysis. Further analyses showed that learners with more favorable characteristics (i.e., higher prior knowledge, more complex epistemological beliefs, more positive attitudes towards mathematics, better cognitive and metacognitive strategy use) tended to show a more adaptive example utilization behavior, reported less cognitive load, and solved more problems correctly than learners with less favorable characteristics.  相似文献   

静静的夕阳     

竹茱 《英语沙龙》2010,(2)

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Value-based argumentation for designing and auditing security measures     

Brigitte Burgemeestre  Joris Hulstijn  Yao-Hua Tan 《Ethics and Information Technology》2013,15(3):153-171

Designing security measures often involves trade-offs between various types of objectives. Multiple stakeholders may have conflicting demands and may have different ideas on how to resolve the resulting design conflicts. This paper reports on an application of value-sensitive design. Based on argumentation theory and social values, the paper develops a structured approach for discussing design conflicts, called value-based argumentation. The application domain examined in the paper is concerned with physical safety and security issues that arise in cross-border shipments. We first identify the kinds of dialogues that take place in this domain, in particular, audit dialogues to determine whether security measures comply with regulations. Based on argumentation theory we develop a formal language and a diagramming approach intended to facilitate parties in identifying, discussing and reaching agreement about security risks and corresponding mitigation measures. Trade-offs can be dealt with by making underlying values explicit. Using a stylized example, the approach was successfully taught to practitioners working with EU customs regulations. Practitioners generally found the approach helpful, in particular to bring out implicit underlying motivations. We conclude by discussing how our approach can be generalized to other kinds of dialogues involving design conflicts.  相似文献   

Academic feminism and the “Left”     

Brigitte Berger 《Academic Questions》1988,1(2):6-15

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A Review of “Reign of Error: The Hoax of the Privatization Movement and the Danger to America's Public Schools”     

Brigitte C. Scott 《Educational Studies A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association》2014,50(1):91-95

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Institutional abuse of children in the Austrian Catholic Church: Types of abuse and impact on adult survivors’ current mental health     

Brigitte Lueger-Schuster  Viktoria KantorDina Weindl  Matthias KnefelYvonne Moy  Asisa ButolloReinhold Jagsch  Tobias Glück 《Child abuse & neglect》2014

The aim of this study was to explore the nature and dimensions of institutional child abuse (IA) by the Austrian Catholic Church and to investigate the current mental health of adult survivors. Data were collected in two steps. First, documents of 448 adult survivors of IA (M = 55.1 years, 75.7% men) who had disclosed their abuse history to a victim protection commission were collected. Different types of abuse, perpetrator characteristics, and family related risk factors were investigated. Second, a sample of 185 adult survivors completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Participants reported an enormous diversity of acts of violent physical, sexual, and emotional abuse that had occurred in their childhood. The majority of adult survivors (83.3%) experienced emotional abuse. Rates of sexual (68.8%) and physical abuse (68.3%) were almost equally high. The prevalence of PTSD was 48.6% and 84.9% showed clinically relevant symptoms in at least one 1 of 10 symptom dimensions (9 BSI subscales and PTSD). No specific pre-IA influence was found to influence the development of PTSD in later life (e.g. poverty, domestic violence). However, survivors with PTSD reported a significantly higher total number of family related risk factors (d = 0.33). We conclude that childhood IA includes a wide spectrum of violent acts, and has a massive negative impact on the current mental health of adult survivors. We address the long-term effects of these traumatic experiences in addition to trauma re-activation in adulthood as both bear great challenges for professionals working with survivors.  相似文献   

The socialization of German university teachers: Some observations on role acquisition in an academic context and the consequent institutional effects     

Brigitte Eckstein 《Higher Education》1977,6(2):135-138

Recent trends in universities in the German Federal Republic are reviewed with special reference to the norms, values and attitudes of university teachers. Despite democratising influences the head of department is still a powerful figure. Recruits to the university teaching profession tend to conform to traditional values and ideas about the university. This has implications for the importance given to teaching. It is suggested that change may be brought about by helping academic staff to understand more fully the practical implications of the maintenance of traditional positions and also by exploiting opportunities which appear in the course of organising workshops devoted to the improvement of teaching in higher education.This is an abbreviated version prepared by the Coordinating Editor, of a longer article, available from the author, dealing with the topic at greater length. We are grateful for permission to include this study in the special issue on academics - Coordinating Editor.  相似文献   

When to say when: Using big data to support mobile communications     

Terry Cottrell  Brigitte Bell 《College & Undergraduate Libraries》2016,23(3):315-322

As a result of the current mobile phenomenon, many libraries have rushed to provide mobile-compatible services in order to remain relevant in today's quickly evolving information services market. Beginning in 2010, the Laverne and Dorothy Brown Library at the University of St. Francis (USF) launched a data tracking initiative via Google Analytics to determine the extent that mobile-specific library resources were being utilized by students for access to library materials and services. Data analysis has shown that weighing an emphasis toward future development of mobile library resources should be balanced against development costs under a pragmatic anticipation of the longevity and sustainability of any mobile resource.  相似文献   

Know*ledge constellations and re*constellating: narratives to inform Indigenous-and-environmental education     

Brigitte Evering 《Environmental Education Research》2019,25(1):151-152

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