What Happens Next? Follow-Up From the Children's Toddler School Program     

Akshoomoff N  Stahmer AC  Corsello C  Mahrer NE 《Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions》2010,12(4):245-253

This study was a follow-up of a group of 29 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders at age 2 who attended an inclusive toddler program until age 3. Children ranged in age from 4 to 12 years at the time of the parent survey and follow-up testing. The majority of children were placed in a special education (noninclusive) preschool class, but among the children who were in elementary school at the time of follow-up, 63% were in general education classroom placement. Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders remained stable, socialization skills remained a weakness, and child-related parental stress remained high despite average cognitive and language skills in the majority of children. Social skill development and support remained a service need.  相似文献   

Automatic Activation of Sounds by Letters Occurs Early in Development but is not Impaired in Children With Dyslexia     

Francina J. Clayton 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2018,22(2):137-151

The automatic letter-sound integration hypothesis proposes that the decoding difficulties seen in dyslexia arise from a specific deficit in establishing automatic letter-sound associations. We report the findings of 2 studies in which we used a priming task to assess automatic letter-sound integration. In Study 1, children between 5 and 7 years of age were faster to respond to a speech-sound when primed by a congruent letter, indicating that automatic activation of sounds by letters emerges relatively early in reading development. However, there was no evidence of a relationship between variations in the speed of activating sounds by letters and reading skill in this large unselected sample. In Study 2, children with dyslexia demonstrated automatic activation of sounds by letters, though they performed slowly overall. Our findings do not support the theory that a deficit in automatic letter-sound integration is an important cause of reading difficulties but do provide further evidence for the importance of phonological skills for learning to read.  相似文献   

Programming Time as a Function of Movement Constraint     

Andrew M. Gordon  Robert W. Christina 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):92-97

Abstract

Although the benefits of exercise are well documented, an international problem of physical inactivity exists. More research, especially theory based, has been recommended. One promising approach for studying exercise behavior is that proposed in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. This model, however, has received minimal cross-cultural attention and, relative to the current study, measurement instruments have only recently been translated into the Finnish language. The purpose of this study was to assess American and Finnish college students' exercise behaviors on the basis of TTM. Participants were American (n = 169) and Finnish (n = 168) college students who completed language-specific measures of exercise behavior, stage of change, processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation. The only cultural difference observed was that the American participants rated themselves higher on barrier self-efficacy relative to the Finnish participants. Regardless of nationality or gender, participants classified by their stage of change differed on all the core constructs assessed. These results generally support the utility of TTM for understanding American and Finnish college students' exercise behavior.  相似文献   

Attention Demands of Precision Pistol-Shooting as a Function of Skill Level     

Debra J. Rose  Robert W. Christina 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):111-113

This study provided initial validity evidence for multidimensional measures of coaching competency derived from the Coaching Competency Scale (CCS). Data were collected from intercollegiate men's (n = 8) and women's (n = 13) soccer and women's ice hockey teams (n = 11). The total number of athletes was 585. Within teams, a multidimensional internal model was retained in which motivation, game strategy, technique, and character building comprised the dimensions of coaching competency. Some redundancy among the dimensions was observed. Internal reliabilities ranged from very good to excellent. Practical recommendations for the CCS are given in the Discussion section.  相似文献   

Relationship of Reaction Time to the Speed of a Softball     

Clayton T. Shay 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):433-437

Abstract

Reaction time of the batter in Softball is important because of short pitching distance and the speed of the pitcher. Nine pitchers were tested for speed and had an average velocity of 59.95 mph and a mean reaction time of .215 sec. was found for 258 students tested. With these averages, the ball would be 29.33 ft. from home plate before 116 of these students began their swing and in 41 cases the ball would be less than 20 ft from the plate. Pitchers with greater velocity would decrease the success of the batter if the reaction time remains the same.  相似文献   

Defining an Organizational Role in a Contested Field: The Evolution of UNESCO’s Approach to Physical Education     

Christina Uhlenbrock  Henk Erik Meier 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(11):1130-1148

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A Test of Schmidt's Schema Theory of Discrete Motor Skill Learning     

Julie F. Margolis  Robert W. Christina 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):474-483

Abstract

Schmidt's (1975) schema theory was tested with subjects who had to emit a rapid aiming response while wearing prism glasses. The glasses enabled them to view the target, but not their responding limb or the outcome of the movement. The problem was to determine the effect of (a) training with variable target practice, and (b) experiencing visual displacement information of the target, prior to training, on performance in transfer to a novel target distance. A 2 × 2 (type of practice × displacement information) factorial design was used, in which four groups of 15 male college subjects performed 60 training trials with verbal knowledge of results. The groups with variable target practice had less error on initial transfer to the novel target and throughout transfer than the groups with nonvariable target practice. No evidence was found to indicate that rate of learning for a novel target distance during transfer in the absence of KR is a positive function of the variability of target practice in training. Nor was any effect found for experiencing visual displacement information on performance in transfer.  相似文献   

Premotor and Motor Reaction Time As a Function of Response Complexity     

Robert W. Christina  Debra J. Rose 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):306-315

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to identify the response elements responsible for the complexity effect found by Henry and Rogers (1960). An attempt was made to determine if these elements were affecting the premotor time component of simple reaction time (SRT). If they were, a strong case could be made for the argument that neuromotor programming time was affected because premotor time is a more exact estimate of it than SRT. The results revealed that premotor time was unaffected by a forward change in movement direction, but increased as the number of movement parts increased from one to two and as the demand for movement accuracy increased. Thus, increasing the (1) number of parts and (2) accuracy demands were identified as elements of response complexity which increase programming time and support Henry and Rogers (1960) hypothesis that the time to initiate a response becomes longer as the programming process become more complex.  相似文献   

Memory Drum Theory's C Movement     

Mark G. Fischman  Robert W. Christina  Greg J. Anson 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):312-318

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Exploring Instructional Practices in a Spanish/English Bilingual Classroom Through Sitios y Lenguas and Testimonio     

Gabriela Romero  Christina Passos DeNicolo  Claudia Fradkin 《The Urban Review》2016,48(3):440-462

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