A guide to graduate study and research in the history of science and medicine     

D J De Solla Price 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》1967,58(3):385-395

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The educational approach within Colombia's nutrition plan (PAN)     

Julia Mejia De Pizano 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1980,26(1):17-29

With the knowledge that malnutrition affects the quality of life of an individual, the Colombian Government set up in 1976 a unique multi-sectorial plan (PAN), to combat the country's serious malnutrition. Government agencies and private industries in the sectors of production, distribution, health, sanitation, and education have coordinated their previously independent efforts. Among the interesting aspects are the coordination of sectors through work at various levels and through control of the budget, the limitation of bureaucracy, and the decentralization of decision-making. The ongoing attempts to overcome the difficulties encountered include making decisions in the face of inconclusive knowledge on what constitutes a well-balanced diet; combating the lack of knowledge of professionals about the environment of the poorest percentage of the population; and revising the traditional teaching method to make it more successful through a multi-media approach to assure wider coverage and more impact for the least cost, using materials such as games, puppets, posters and radio.

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Zusammenfassung In der Erkenntnis, dass Untererernährung die Lebensqualität des Menschen beeinträchtigt, erstellte die kolumbianische Regierung im Jahre 1976 einen einzigartigen, mehrere Sektoren umfassenden Plan (Pan), um die schwerwiegende Unterernährung im Lande zu bekämpfen. Gemäss diesem Plan werden jetzt die früher zerstreuten Bemühungen von Behörden und privaten Industrieunternehmen auf den Sektoren Produktion, Verteilung, Gesundheit, Kanalisation und Erziehung koordiniert. Zu den interessantesten Aspekten gehören die Koordinierung von Sektoren durch Arbeit auf verschiedenen Ebenen sowie durch Kontrolle der Etats, die Beschränkung der Bürokratie und die Dezentralisierung von Entscheidungsbefugnissen. Unter den Versuchen, die bestehenden Schwierigkeiten zu überwinden, werden hervorgehoben: Entscheidungen angesichts unzureichenden Verständnisses von ausgewogener Ernährung; Bekämpfung des Mangels an Kenntnissen von Umweltspezialisten über den ärmsten Teil der Bevölkerung; und Revision der traditionellen Lehrmethoden mit dem Ziel, sie durch Einführung eines Multi-Medienansatzes, d.h. durch den Gebrauch von Spielen, Marionetten, Plakaten und Radio erfolgreicher zu gestalten.

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Résumé Conscient du fait que la sous-alimentation affecte la qualité de vie d'un individu, le Gouvernement colombien a appliqué en 1976 un plan unique à secteurs multiples (PAN) dont le but est de combattre la sérieuse sousalimentation du pays. Les agences gouvernementales et les industries privées appartenant aux secteurs de la production, de la distribution, de la santé, de l'hygiène et de l'éducation coordonnent désormais leurs efforts précédemment dispersés. Parmi les aspects intéressants de ce plan, on relève la coordination des secteurs tant au moyen du travail à différents niveaux que du contrôle du budget, la limitation de la bureaucratie et la décentralisation de la prise de décision. Les efforts qui se poursuivent dans l'intention de venir à bout des difficultés rencontrées visent à prendre des décisions malgré les connaissances nonconcluantes de ce qui constitue un régime bien équilibré; à combattre le manque de connaissance des professionnels sur l'environnement du pourcentage le plus pauvre de la population; à réviser la méthode d'enseignement traditionnel en utilisant des moyens d'approche par multimedia, ceci afin d'assurer une plus grande couverture de la population, avec un impact supérieur, et ce au moindre prix, en utilisant comme matériel des jeux, des marionnettes, des affiches illustrées ainsi que la radio.

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Sur l'Acquisition des structures numériques en fin de 3ème     

Une Équipe De L'Irem De Strasbourg 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1974,5(4):441-459

Sans résuméRésultats d'une enquête effectuée en mai-juin 1973 par une équipe de l'IREM de Strasbourg dans les classes de 3ème du Bas-Rhin.L'équipe comprenait quatre membres de l'IREM:Mathématiciens:—Mademoiselle Anne Scherpereel—Monsieur François PluvinagePsychologues:—Mademoiselle Catherine Bloch—Monsieur Raymond Duval.  相似文献   

Differential contribution of personality to the explanation of variance in achievement in the first language and mathematics at high school level     

Mechala Scott  Jan L. De K. Monteit 《Psychology in the schools》1987,24(1):78-83

This study assessed the differential contribution of personality to the explanation of variance in achievement in the mother tongue and mathematics at the high school level. The results indicated that personality, as measured by the HSPQ, aided the explication of variance in achievement in the mother tongue significantly, but had little influence on mathematics. Personality contributed as much to the explanation of variance in the mother tongue as did the composite cognitive variable. The influence of personality on achievement in mathematics was shown to be negligible. Some practical implications for the teaching of the first language are drawn.  相似文献   

CUE SYSTEM UTILIZATIONS AMONG OLDER READERS     

R. J. De Santi 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(3):271-277

The effects of writing style upon mature older readers’ reading comprehension are considered. Two narrative historical selections, the first emotive and abstract and the second nonemotive and concrete, were employed. Miscue analysis was used to evaluate the efficiency with which each reader used reading strategies across the five systems that cue meaningful comprehension. Miscues were analyzed at the word, clause, sentence, and intersentence levels. In addition, interview schedules were employed to identify readers’ perceptions of preferred reading strategies and to permit a comparison with actual performance. The findings indicate that mature older readers are consistent in cue system utilization. A preference for the word cue system influenced both the use of cues from other systems and comprehension. Use of the word‐level cue system is inversely related to the use of the other available cue systems. Preference for cues within words also appears to be inversely related to comprehending effectiveness. The subjects’ perceptions of the reading process and their actual reading performance appeared to determine patterns of cue system use more clearly than did the differences in materials. As a result, those developing materials intended for use in programs with older persons should not only be concerned with the content and quality of those materials but also the skills and perceptions of those who will use the materials.  相似文献   

An orthopedagogical method for children with a depression     

Frank De Fever 《欧洲特需教育杂志》2013,28(3):262-274

ABSTRACT

An orthopedagogical method for teaching children with a depression is presented here. Relatively unknown in the English‐speaking world, orthopedagogy is a pedagogical discipline that is aimed at an entire action field. It does not target the child with handicap, but the entire problematic educational situation (PES). Orthopedagogy is the scientific study of assistance given to those concerned with a PES ‐ namely, the child, parents, brothers and sisters, grandparents, and so on. To break through a PES or to get rid of it, the orthopedagogician has to listen to the orthopedagogical request for help of the child and give an appropriate answer to it. On the basis of a theoretical model of Paul Gilbert, an orthopedagogic request for helping children with a depression was formulated. Gilbert's model offers a perspective derived from evolution theory and argues for the adoption of a bio‐psychological approach. Children with a depression request a warm and loving climate, an attractive and simple education situation and close involvement on the part of the educator. To answer that request, we set orthopedagogical action on two tracks. On track 1 (dialogical action) we try to break through the PES by asking the educator to over‐accentuate the pedagogical climate, the education situation and his/her own presentation. On track 2 (technical action) we designed an approach aimed at children aged between 6 and 12 years with a depression.  相似文献   

RIM: A Random Item Mixture Model to Detect Differential Item Functioning     

Sofie Frederickx  Francis Tuerlinckx  Paul De Boeck  David Magis 《Journal of Educational Measurement》2010,47(4):432-457

In this paper we present a new methodology for detecting differential item functioning (DIF). We introduce a DIF model, called the random item mixture (RIM), that is based on a Rasch model with random item difficulties (besides the common random person abilities). In addition, a mixture model is assumed for the item difficulties such that the items may belong to one of two classes: a DIF or a non-DIF class. The crucial difference between the DIF class and the non-DIF class is that the item difficulties in the DIF class may differ according to the observed person groups while they are equal across the person groups for the items from the non-DIF class. Statistical inference for the RIM is carried out in a Bayesian framework. The performance of the RIM is evaluated using a simulation study in which it is compared with traditional procedures, like the likelihood ratio test, the Mantel-Haenszel procedure and the standardized p -DIF procedure. In this comparison, the RIM performs better than the other methods. Finally, the usefulness of the model is also demonstrated on a real life data set.  相似文献   

Patterns of journal publications by staff of the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 1961-1980     

P H Shoyinka  F D De Cola 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》1984,72(2):168-176

This study analyzes publishing patterns of the staff of the University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Nigeria, based on a bibliography prepared by the authors. Data-gathering for the bibliography is described. An analysis is made of journals staff published in for the period 1961-1980, focusing on changes in journal order rank, publishing locations, and subject spread. A ranked list of the leading journals for the period 1976-1980 is given, showing the importance of local publishing and pointing to the need for local indexing.  相似文献   

关于广东省普通高校体育专业招生考试足球项目考试内容、方法及评分标准的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

臧连明  王君  郭惠先  刘飞振  钟利卿  温建德  肖子亮 《广州体育学院学报》2004,24(6):62-65

采用调查访问、实验法对广东省普通高校体育专业招生考试足球项目考试内容、方法及评分标准进行研究,通过研究．足球非专项考试难度偏低的问题、足球专项考试方法中颠球、绕杆射门项目考试难度偏低以及踢准项目偏难等问题得到解决,从而确立了广东省新的足球专项、非专项考试的各项内容、方法及评分标准,为广东省考试中心组织实施2005年广东省普通高校体育专业招生考试提供了具有实效性和科学性的保证。  相似文献   

Quality of grey literature in the open access era: Privilege and responsibility     

Paola?De?CastroEmail author  Sandra?Salinetti 《Publishing Research Quarterly》2004,20(1):4-12

Conclusions We are living a deep change in the information transfer process involving the different actors of the editorial scene (from authors to editors, web-editors, e-publishers and readers), who occasionally play different roles at the same time (e.g., authors sometimes bypass the editor thus assuming direct responsibilities in the diffusion of documents in the Internet). Furthermore, information producers, managers or seekers often show twofold personalities like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. They would like to find all documents free on the Internet and be able to read original, reliable, and high quality information, but they are sometimes reluctant to spread their papers through online nonofficial channels as they care for the impact factor, prestige, and career advancement. It is a revolutionary period in which new and alternative forms of scholarly communication live together with more traditional ones and the future is difficult to define. Recent initiatives of open access—such as Pubmed Central, Public Library of Science, Budapest Open Access Initiative—are contributing to define new trends in the editorial market, challenging the traditional distribution channels, mainly managed by commercial editors, and placing the authors’ role and publication copyrights under severe discussion. In this landscape, GL now has new dignity and becomes closer and closer to innovative scientific publications supported by researchers in view of a generalised movement towards open access. The nuances of grey are becoming lighter and lighter. The questions are many, the answers few, but, in any case, the ethical responsibility of producing and issuing quality documents can never be disregarded.  相似文献