Effective self-regulation of goal attainment     

Gabriele  Gaby  Peter M.   《International Journal of Educational Research》2000,33(7-8):705-732

Self-regulatory strategies of goal setting and goal striving are analyzed in three experiments. Experiment 1 uses fantasy realization theory (Oettingen, in: J. Brandstätter, R.M. Lerner (Eds.), Action and Self Development: Theory and Research through the Life Span, Sage Publications Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1999, pp. 315–342) to analyze the self-regulatory processes of turning free fantasies about a desired future into binding goals. School children 8–12 years of age who had to mentally elaborate a desired academic future as well as present reality standing in its way, formed stronger goal commitments than participants solely indulging in the desired future or merely dwelling on present reality (Experiment 1). Effective implementation of set goals is addressed in the second and third experiments (Gollwitzer, Am. Psychol. 54 (1999) 493–503). Adolescents who had to furnish a set educational goal with relevant implementation intentions (specifying where, when, and how they would start goal pursuit) were comparatively more successful in meeting the goal (Experiment 2). Linking anticipated situations with goal-directed behaviors (i.e., if–then plans) rather than the mere thinking about good opportunities to act makes implementation intentions facilitate action initiation (Experiment 3).  相似文献   

Elektronische Vertr?ge und ihre verbindliche Aushandlung
Ein formales Modell für verbindliche Telekooperation     

Rüdiger Grimm  Peter Ochsenschl?ger 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2000,37(2):182-192

Dieser Artikel erarbeitet eine formale Bestimmung der Begriffe “elektronischer Vertrag”, seine “Ziele”, “Verpflichtungen” und seine “verbindliche Aushandlungsphase”. Die hier erarbeiteten Begriffe dienen erstens der Spezifikation elektronischer Vertr?ge und zweitens der Verifikation lokaler Implementationen von elektronischen Vertragskooperationen. Besonders behandelt werden die lokale Darstellungen von Vertr?gen und ihre vermittelnde Kommunikation, mehrfache sowie sich überlappende Durchl?ufe durch eine verbindliche Phase und die Rolle von Beweismitteln. Die Begriffe beruhen auf der Theorie der formalen Sprachen bzw. der Automaten. Sie werden an einem einfachen Beispiel einer bilateralen Auftragskooperation demonstriert.  相似文献   

Entwurf und Implementierung eines SQL-normkonformen Datenbankkatalogs für ein relationales Datenbankmanagementsystem     

Steffen Skatulla  Ralf Schaarschmidt  Peter Pistor  Klaus Küspert 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2000,22(2):161-170

Bei relationalen Datenbanksystemen haben sich de-jure-Normen für SQL stetig weiterentwickelt; mit diesen Normen wird es einfacher, portable Datenbankanwendungen zu entwickeln. Die SQL-Norm ruht auf zwei S?ulen, zum einen auf der Datenbanksprache SQL, zum anderen auf einer Vorgabe eines Datenbankkatalogs, welcher die gespeicherten Daten beschreiben soll. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird derjenige Teilbereich des Datenbankkatalogs der aktuellen SQL99-Norm dargestellt, der bereits in der SQL92-Norm (ISO/IEC 9075:1992 bzw. DIN 66315) definiert ist und die klassischen (nicht objektrelationalen) Elemente einer relationalen Datenbank beschreibt. In dieser Darstellung nimmt der zweischichtige Spezifikationsansatz (Informationsschema, Definitionsschema) einigen Raum ein; mit seiner Hilfe weist SQL einen eleganten Weg, auf dem existierende Datenbanksysteme normkonforme Datenbankkataloge bereitstellen k?nnen. Anhand des Datenbankmanagementsystems DB2 wird anschlie?end untersucht, wie ein normkonformer Datenbankkatalog (das sogenannte Informationsschema) „oberhalb” des verfügbaren DB2-Katalogs realisiert werden kann, d. h. wie die vom Informationsschema geforderten Sichten auf DB2-Katalogtabellen abgebildet werden k?nnen. Auf generelle Schwierigkeiten und M?glichkeiten einer solchen Abbildung (ein- oder zweistufig) wird ebenso eingegangen wie auf Probleme, die sich speziell bei DB2 ergeben. In einer prototypischen Realisierung konnte das Informationsschema bis auf wenige Einschr?nkungen komplett umgesetzt werden. Damit wurde die Machbarkeit normkonformer Kataloge nachgewiesen. In heute verfügbaren DBMS-Produkten sind Datenbankkataloge in dieser konsequent normkonformen Gestalt leider immer noch nicht anzutreffen.  相似文献   

Success in elite cycling: A prospective and retrospective analysis of race results     

Schumacher YO  Mroz R  Mueller P  Schmid A  Ruecker G 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(11):1149-1156

The development of peak performances is a main research focus in sports science. It is unclear how many former top junior athletes achieve success in the elite class later. The aim of the present study was to examine the careers of athletes who participated in major junior or adult/elite cycling events using prospective and retrospective analysis of competition results. The official results of major junior (age < or = 18 years) and elite (age > 18 years) cycling races from 1980 to 2004 were analysed. Age-related aspects, career lengths, and success were compared between riders who presented results in both junior and elite races (JUNIOR ELITE) and riders who had no junior race results (ELITE ONLY). Altogether, 27,454 results of 8004 athletes from 108 countries were collected. We found that 29.4% of the elite athletes had participated in junior World Championships, and that 34% of the participants in junior World Championships later participated in major elite competitions. JUNIOR ELITE athletes are significantly more successful in several cycling disciplines and have their first and last elite result at a younger age than ELITE ONLY athletes. No difference was found in career lengths. The data presented here emphasize the importance of long-term training programmes in the development of peak performance in cycling.  相似文献   

The role of effort in moderating the anxiety-performance relationship: Testing the prediction of processing efficiency theory in simulated rally driving     

Wilson M  Smith NC  Chattington M  Ford M  Marple-Horvat DE 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(11):1223-1233

We tested some of the key predictions of processing efficiency theory using a simulated rally driving task. Two groups of participants were classified as either dispositionally high or low anxious based on trait anxiety scores and trained on a simulated driving task. Participants then raced individually on two similar courses under counterbalanced experimental conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on the driving tasks was assessed though self-report (RSME), psychophysiological measures (pupil dilation) and visual gaze data. Efficiency was measured in terms of efficiency of visual processing (search rate) and driving control (variability of wheel and accelerator pedal) indices. Driving performance was measured as the time taken to complete the course. As predicted, increased anxiety had a negative effect on processing efficiency as indexed by the self-report, pupillary response and variability of gaze data. Predicted differences due to dispositional levels of anxiety were also found in the driving control and effort data. Although both groups of drivers performed worse under the threatening condition, the performance of the high trait anxious individuals was affected to a greater extent by the anxiety manipulation than the performance of the low trait anxious drivers. The findings suggest that processing efficiency theory holds promise as a theoretical framework for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.  相似文献   

Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Bangsbo J  Mohr M  Krustrup P 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(7):665-674

In soccer, the players perform intermittent work. Despite the players performing low-intensity activities for more than 70% of the game, heart rate and body temperature measurements suggest that the average oxygen uptake for elite soccer players is around 70% of maximum (VO(2max). This may be partly explained by the 150 - 250 brief intense actions a top-class player performs during a game, which also indicates that the rates of creatine phosphate (CP) utilization and glycolysis are frequently high during a game. Muscle glycogen is probably the most important substrate for energy production, and fatigue towards the end of a game may be related to depletion of glycogen in some muscle fibres. Blood free-fatty acids (FFAs) increase progressively during a game, partly compensating for the progressive lowering of muscle glycogen. Fatigue also occurs temporarily during matches, but it is still unclear what causes the reduced ability to perform maximally. There are major individual differences in the physical demands of players during a game related to physical capacity and tactical role in the team. These differences should be taken into account when planning the training and nutritional strategies of top-class players, who require a significant energy intake during a week.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

J. Bruce Francis  Michalina Vaughan  Colin Flood Page  Sally Tomlinson  R. A. Becher  Margaret C. Ives  John Urry  K. G. Collier  Meir Zadok  Charles Carter  Jürgen Schramm  Jean Barry  Graeme C. Moodie  Donald Bligh  R. A. King  D. G. Mulcahy  Peter Scott  F. R. Charmer  T. R. Bone  John A. Hughes  Roger Greenhough  Alec M. Ross  John Wakeford  Joyce Skinner  Duncan B. Nimmo  Cedric Cullingford  L. R. B. Elton 《Higher Education》1979,8(6):709-744

  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Walter Hahn  Guy Cellerier  Wolfgang Wilhelm  Jindra Kulich  Robert J. Havighurst  Bryan T. Peck  Annegret Körner  Rodney Skager  Renate Nestvogel  J. H. Sislian  John J. Bergen  Peter W. Kahl  Tony Bates 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1978,24(4):523-544

  相似文献   

‘Soft technology’ and criticism of the Western model of development     

Peter Harper 《Prospects》1973,3(2):183-192

  相似文献   

Conservation in the United Kingdom     

Peter Winsor 《Cultural Trends》1999,9(33):1-34

British conservation is respected around the world for its excellence, based on a tradition of caring for heritage material, backed up by high‐quality training and research. This paper charts the origins and development of the conservation profession in the United Kingdom and provides a comprehensive overview of the number, location and variety of conservation specialists currently working in the UK. It looks at those working in both the public and private sectors. The findings are based on a number of surveys conducted by the professional bodies and by government agencies such as the Museums & Galleries Commission (MGC). Most of the information relates only to museums, but the most recent survey of conservators by the MGC also looked at provision in libraries and archives.  相似文献