Configuration and position encoding in children.     

M S Farkas  D W Smothergill 《Child development》1979,50(2):519-523

2 experiments were carried out to clarify the process by which children encode briefly presented spatial positions. The task in both experiments was judging whether a test dot occupied the same position on a card as any 1 of a number of dots which had been presented tachistoscopically. Subjects were first, third, and fifth graders. In the first experiment, performance improved with grade level for stimulus arrays composed of more than 1 dot. The finding contrasts with an earlier report of only minimal developmental change in position encoding, but the procedures of the earlier study appear to have permitted a confounding of position and configural encoding. In the second experiment, position encoding was found to improve with increasing pattern goodness at all age levels. The finding attests to a powerful influence of pattern information on the perceptual system and further suggests that position information is encoded within configural information.  相似文献   

高校组织理论和研究的新进展:分化还是整合?   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

马文·W·彼得森  郭娇  阎凤桥 《北京大学教育评论》2003,1(4):23-31

高校组织理论和研究沿着不同的方向发展 ,因而出现了关键研究领域四分五裂的趋势。本文考察了理论、研究方法、组织行为情境、理论与实践结合以及识别专业人员等方面的发展状况 ,明确指出了该领域所面临的一些困境。作者认为 ,只有了解并关注上述问题 ,才能够保证高校组织理论和研究持续协调地发展下去  相似文献   

Effects of conflict resolution training integrated into a kindergarten curriculum   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Stevahn L  Johnson DW  Johnson RT  Oberle K  Wahl L 《Child development》2000,71(3):772-784

The effectiveness of a conflict resolution training program was examined in an American midwestern suburban elementary school. Participants were 80 kindergartners randomly assigned to an experimental or control condition in morning or afternoon time blocks. Children in the experimental condition received 9 hr of conflict resolution training integrated into a curriculum unit on friendship taught daily for 4 consecutive weeks. Children in the control condition were taught the identical friendship unit for the same period of time without conflict resolution training. Teachers rotated equally across conditions. Significant differences between trained and untrained children occurred in their knowledge and retention of the conflict resolution procedure, willingness and ability to use the procedure in conflict situations, and conceptual understanding of friendship.  相似文献   

Predicting college grades: the value of achievement goals in supplementing ability measures     

John W. Young 《Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice》2007,14(2):233-249

Achievement goal theory is an important theoretical framework for understanding achievement motivation. In previous studies, a mastery orientation has been shown to be related to students’ interest, while a performance orientation has been found to be predictive of academic performance outcomes such as course grades. In this study, the two mastery sub‐scores from the Multiple Goals Theory Measure (MGTM) of academic motivation, which was developed specifically from achievement goal theory, was found to be predictive of college grades for a sample of 257 undergraduates at a public university in the north‐eastern United States. Additionally, the results support a trichotomous model of achievement orientations comprising mastery approach, performance approach, and avoidance. The MGTM appears to hold promise as a diagnostic tool, but additional research is required on its resistance to faking and other threats to validity.  相似文献   

Gender comparisons of preschoolers' behavior and resource utilization in group problem solving     

W R Charlesworth  C Dzur 《Child development》1987,58(1):191-200

We tested the hypothesis that 4 - 5-year-old girls and boys in same-sex problem-solving groups would perform equally well when the group task required various cooperative and self-serving behaviors to obtain a resource. The hypothesis that girls and boys would employ different behaviors to obtain the resource was also tested. 20 same-sex, same-age groups of 4 children each (10 groups of girls and 10 groups of boys) were videotaped while solving a problem involving a cartoon movie as a resource. 1 child could view the movie provided 2 other children helped, 1 to turn a crank and 1 to push a light button; the fourth child was relegated to a bystander position. Results revealed that girls and boys were equally effective in achieving viewing time; gender variance in viewing time was significantly greater for girls than for boys; girls and boys did not differ in total behavioral output, but girls tended to use more verbal behavior than boys and boys engaged in significantly more physical behavior than girls; affect in boy groups was more positive than in girl groups; girls who achieved the most viewing time within their group differed behaviorally from girls who achieved the least viewing time, but did not differ behaviorally from boys; boys who achieved the most viewing time did not differ behaviorally from boys who achieved the least viewing time.  相似文献   

Enhancing parental competencies for high risk mothers: An evaluation of prevention effects     

Gary Resnick M.S.W.   《Child abuse & neglect》1985,9(4):479-489

A three-year study examined the effects of two prevention programs for sole-support mothers with preschool-aged children. A life-skills, esteem-building group program was compared with a group program teaching life skills combined with parent training. A non-randomized, repeated-measures design was employed with measures occurring before, after, and one year after each program for participants in the two intervention groups and for a group of matched comparison subjects. The lack of competency enhancement effects appeared to be a function of reduced exposure of subjects to the interventions. In addition, there was no support for the connection between short-term competency enhancement and long-term prevention of disorder. The negative results serve, in this report, as a cautionary tale highlighting the difficulties in conducting evaluations of primary prevention. It would appear that program planners are placed in a Catch-22 situation by trying to justify the effectiveness of primary prevention through short-term, low-intensity approaches.  相似文献   

History and civics education in Israel: reflections from Israeli teachers     

Stephen W. Sheps 《Critical Studies in Education》2019,60(3):358-374

In recent years, a number of studies have explored the link between Zionism and the latent racism prevalent in Israeli society. As a result of these studies, it has become clear that successive generations of Israeli citizens (and non-citizens) are exposed to a single historical and cultural narrative. Such a narrative is intentionally designed to strengthen the emergent ethno-national character of Israeli democracy. This study examines a selection of Jewish–Israeli teachers’ reflections on teaching in Israeli high school history and civics classrooms, and the institutionalized racism that they encounter both within the textbooks and from their students. I will demonstrate that these reflections are examples of negotiating dilemmatic spaces, resulting from the unique ‘structural conditions and relations to everyday practices’ that Israeli educators must face. Israeli teachers must mediate the curricular materials vis-à-vis the degrees of freedom they are provided to teach counter-historical narratives and their own emotional responses to both the content of the textbooks and their students’ reactions to the dominant national narrative presented therein.  相似文献   

Inhibition of delay of the two-way avoidance response and warning-signal salience     

Kazimierz ZieliŃski  Tomasz Werka  W. Jeffrey Wilson  Eugeniusz Nikolaev 《Learning & behavior》1995,23(4):438-446

Effects of extended training (nine sessions, 50 trials each) on two-way avoidance response latencies were studied. For each rat, auditory and visual warning signals (CS) were presented on separate trials, either according to a Gellermann series or in 25-trial blocks. Intermittent presentation of the two kinds of trials yielded shorter latencies and higher levels of avoidance performance in response to the noise CS than in response to the darkness CS. Presentation of trials in blocks revealed stronger response-eliciting properties of stimuli presented during the second half of the session than of those presented during the first half. A significant decrease of avoidance performance in the early portions of the delay period, an index of inhibition of delay, was obtained on auditory trials presented in the second half of the sessions. Results indicate that strong fear of the warning signal is required for inhibition of delay of avoidance responses.  相似文献   

Retaining faculty: A tale of two campuses     

Michael W. Matier 《Research in higher education》1990,31(1):39-60

The results of a study examining factors influencing the decisions of faculty with firm offers to leave two universities are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the relative weight and importance faculty placed on the tangible, intangible, and nonwork-related benefits of the incumbent and offering employment situations. Comparisons are drawn to previous studies of this genre, as well as between the urban and rural universities represented in the study. The methods and findings of this research should be of special interest to those from institutions concerned both with attracting and retaining a quality faculty.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 29th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Baltimore, April 30–May 3, 1989.  相似文献   

Developmental trends in eating rates of normal and overweight preschool children.     

R S Drabman  G D Cordua  D Hammer  G J Jarvie  W Horton 《Child development》1979,50(1):211-216

Eating rates (bites per interval) and other meal behaviors (number of chews, sips, talks with a neighbor, and chews per bite) were observed for 30 normal and 30 overweight white preschool children in their school cafeterias. Children were classified according to weight (overweight or normal), age (1 1/2--2 years, 3--4 years, or 5--6 years) and sex. Analysis of variance revealed that overweight preschool children demonstrated a somewhat higher rate of distinctly fewer chews per bite. Boys showed increasing chew rates with increasing age. Talk rates also increased with age but were unrelated to sex or weight status. Sip rates were not significantly associated with age, sex, or weight status. These results support the hypothesis that overweight persons are characterized by an increased eating rate and show that it is apparent even around the time of first self-feeding.  相似文献