Science, risk and governance: Radical rhetorics and the realities of reform in food safety governance     

Erik Millstone 《Research Policy》2009,38(4):624-636

An historical framework for the analysis of the role of science in public policy is outlined and then applied to analyse a series of institutional reforms that have emerged in 8 separate institutional settings, using as examples the ways in which risks to public health and environmental conditions from food and agriculture are assessed and managed. The discussion explores the extent to which patterns of reform that have been consequent on food safety scares in the late 1990s and early years of this decade have matched the rhetorics in terms of which they were justified, and solved the problems of legitimation that they had highlighted.  相似文献   

Sustainable transition of electronic products through waste policy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Erik Hagelskjær Lauridsen  Ulrik Jørgensen 《Research Policy》2010,39(4):486-494

The European Union's Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive makes a challenging case for transition theory and its different aspects, as it represents an ongoing and still open-ended case. At present the objectives of the directive are not met: the amount of electronic waste is increasing, and the resulting waste is poorly managed. With its starting point in the multi-level perspective of transition theory, this case study analyzes how the outcome of the WEEE directive is constituted in the interplay between the somewhat detached regimes of electronics and waste management. The two regimes are described and analyzed together with the underlying regulatory principle of extended producer responsibility, which has guided the design of the directive. Conflicting interpretations of sustainability, in combination with a simplistic understanding and agency introduced from the top-down, has eliminated waste minimization as the main outcome of the directive. The concluding discussions raise the issues of the role of sustainable niche initiatives in electronics compared to multi-regime interaction. Guiding visions may need to be supplemented with other alignment devices in order to support co-evolution of regimes and coherent actions within transition processes.  相似文献   

Assessment Practices and Students Knowledge Profiles in a Problem-based Curriculum     

Segers  Mien  Dochy  Filip  De Corte  Erik 《Learning Environments Research》1999,2(2):191-213

Learning Environments Research - Since the mid-1980s, many new terms have enriched the assessment literature, such as performance assessment, authentic assessment, direct assessment and...  相似文献   

The acquisition and use of an adaptive strategy for estimating numerosity     

Lieven Verschaffel  Erik De Corte  Christian Lamote  Nele Dherdt 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1998,13(3):347-370

This study investigates the development of an adaptive strategy for the estimation of numerosity from the theoretical perspective of “strategic change” (Lemaire & Siegler, 1995; Siegler & Shipley, 1995). A simple estimation task was used in which participants of three different age groups (20 university students, 20 sixth-graders and 10 second-graders) had to estimate 100 numerosities of (colored) blocks presented in a 10x10 rectangular grid. Generally speaking, this task allows for two distinct estimation procedures: either repeatedly adding estimations of groups of blocks (=addition procedure) or subtracting the estimated number of empty squares from the (estimated) total number of squares in the grid (=subtraction procedure). A rational task analysis indicates that the most efficient overall estimation strategy consists of the adaptive use of both procedures, depending on the ratio of the blocks to the empty squares. The first hypothesis was that there will be a developmental difference in the adaptive use of the two procedures, and according to the second hypothesis this adaptive use will result in better estimation accuracy. Converging evidence from different kinds of data (i.e., response times, error rates, and retrospective reports) supported both hypotheses. From a methodological point of view, the study shows the potential of Beem’s (1995a, 1995b) “segmentation analysis” for unravelling subjects’ adaptive choices between different procedures in cognitive tasks, and for examining the relationship between these adaptive choices and performance.  相似文献   

Running speed increases plantar load more than per cent body weight on an AlterG® treadmill     

Athol Thomson  Einar Einarsson  Erik Witvrouw  Rod Whiteley 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(3):277-282

AlterG® treadmills allow for running at different speeds as well as at reduced bodyweight (BW), and are used during rehabilitation to reduce the impact load. The aim of this study was to quantify plantar loads borne by the athlete during rehabilitation. Twenty trained male participants ran on the AlterG® treadmill in 36 conditions: all combinations of indicated BW (50–100%) paired with different walking and running speeds (range 6–16 km · hr^–1) in a random order. In-shoe maximum plantar force (Fmax) was recorded using the Pedar-X system. Fmax was lowest at the 6 km · hr^–1 at 50% indicated BW condition at 1.02 ± 0.21BW and peaked at 2.31 ± 0.22BW for the 16 km · hr^–1 at 100% BW condition. Greater increases in Fmax were seen when increasing running speed while holding per cent BW constant than the reverse (0.74BW–0.91BW increase compared to 0.19–0.31BW). A table is presented with each of the 36 combinations of BW and running speed to allow a more objective progression of plantar loading during rehabilitation. Increasing running speed rather than increasing indicated per cent BW was shown to have the strongest effect on the magnitude of Fmax across the ranges of speeds and indicated per cent BWs examined.  相似文献   

Effect of stroke rate on the distribution of net mechanical power in rowing   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Hofmijster MJ  Landman EH  Smith RM  Van Soest AJ 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(4):403-411

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of manipulating stroke rate on the distribution of mechanical power in rowing. Two causes of inefficient mechanical energy expenditure were identified in rowing. The ratio between power not lost at the blades and generated mechanical power (P(rower)) and the ratio between power not lost to velocity fluctuations and P(rower) were used to quantify efficiency (e(propelling) and e(velocity) respectively). Subsequently, the fraction of P(rower) that contributes to the average velocity (chi(boat)) was calculated (e(net)). For nine participants, stroke rate was manipulated between 20 and 36 strokes per minute to examine the effect on the power flow. The data were analysed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results indicated that at higher stroke rates, P(rower), chi(boat), e(propelling), and e(net) increase, whereas e(velocity) decreases (P < 0.0001). The decrease in e(velocity) can be explained by a larger impulse exchange between rower and boat. The increase in e(propelling) can be explained because the work at the blades decreases, which in turn can be explained by a change in blade kinematics. The increase in e(net) results because the increase in e(propelling) is higher than the decrease in e(velocity). Our results show that the power equation is an adequate conceptual model with which to analyse rowing performance.  相似文献   

Can self-reported preference for exercise intensity predict physiologically defined self-selected exercise intensity?     

Ekkekakis P  Lind E  Joens-Matre RR 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2006,77(1):81-90

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The boss is not always right: Norwegian preschoolers do not selectively endorse the testimony of a novel dominant agent     

Erik Kjos Fonn  Joakim Haugane Zahl  Lotte Thomsen 《Child development》2022,93(3):831-844

Theories of cultural evolution posit that cues of competence-based prestige, rather than formidability-based dominance, should guide culturally transmitted learning, but recent work suggested that French and Kaqchikel Guatamalan preschoolers place their epistemic trust in dominant others. In contrast, this study shows that 249 three- to six-year-olds (116 girls, tested between 2016 and 2018 across metropolitan locations with varying ethnic composition and socioeconomic status) randomly endorsed the word-labels of dominant and subordinate agents in the egalitarian culture of Norway, using stimuli which solicit dominance inferences among infants and manipulating anonymity across studies to control for egalitarian desirability bias. A meta-analysis estimated that 48% endorsed the dominant's testimony. This demonstrates that the tendency to endorse the epistemic claims of dominant individuals does not emerge reliably in early childhood.  相似文献   

Seeing what's next: Using the theories of innovation to predict industry change     

Clayton M. Christensen  Scott D. Anthony  Erik A. Roth  Roger Kaufman 《Performance Improvement》2005,44(4):50-51

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National Devolution in Swedish Higher Education -- A Quest for New Local Leadership. The Case of Leadership Development at Göteborg University     

Norbäck  Lars Erik  Nordberg  Christina  Olsson  Lars Erik 《Tertiary Education and Management》1999,5(3):227-243

In 1993 a new national form for governance was introduced in Swedish higher education. The new regime, best described in terms of deregulation and decentralisation, among other things, required a new individually based leadership at universities.The paper describes the development of one particular 10-day interfaculty leadership training course for heads of departments, directors of study and other local managers, its content and methods and some implications for strategic management in higher education institutions.Four such implications are covered: constructing a new social identity as leaders, getting leadership acceptance in an individualistic academic-freedom culture, training academic leaders in accordance with professional values, and dealing with accountability in a collegial decision-making environment.  相似文献