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明晰废弃电器电子产品（Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, WEEE）回收处理的环境效益及其空间分布特征,可以促进回收处理体系的合理规划和布局。本文基于保有量系数法估算了充分规范回收处理和省际流动情景下2020年中国31个省份（不包括港澳台地区）WEEE回收处理量,测算了所产生的环境效益,并结合空间自相关方法分析了环境效益的空间分布特征。结果表明：①2020年WEEE回收处理实现节约原材料和能源7621.5万t、减少污染物排放18978.9万t、减少温室气体排放232.7万t;②WEEE回收处理的环境效益在空间上呈现“东强西弱”的总体格局;③WEEE回收处理的环境效益存在全局空间正相关,局部空间关联特征表现为“东部沿海高-高集聚”、“北部省份低-低集聚”、福建省和江西省低-高异常、四川省高-低异常的特征。④WEEE回收处理环境效益前5位中的广东、浙江和河南并未形成高-高集聚的空间特征。据此,提出完善正规高效的WEEE回收处理体系、从区域空间尺度对WEEE回收处理设施及能力进行布局、提高具有明显集聚优势省份的WEEE回收处理设施利用率、充分发挥环境效益较高省份带动辐射作用的政策建议。 相似文献
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研究政府补贴对废旧电子产品正规和非正规回收渠道价格竞争的引导问题,即政府给予正规回收商补贴鼓励其回收废旧产品,建立了正规和非正规回收商并存的双回收渠道竞争模型。研究表明：随着补贴的增加,正规回收商的回收量增加,非正规回收商的回收量减少,但两者回收量之和增加;随着补贴的增加,两者的回收价都有不同程度的提高,且回收品在不同质量区间内,当非正规回收商与正规回收商处理废旧产品获得的单位利润之差小于政府补贴时,正规回收商的回收价较高,否则相反;补贴越高,正规回收商的利润越多,非正规回收商的利润越少;补贴能引导正规回收渠道并抑制非正规回收渠道,且非正规回收渠道的存在使政府补贴发挥更大的作用。 相似文献
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钴作为最重要的汽车电池材料之一,其供需平衡和物质流对全球主要国家交通绿色转型和应对气候变化至关重要。为揭示区域钴物质流的变化趋势,刻画其供应格局,本文以典型发达国家美国为例,构建了基于全生命周期贸易关联的钴物质流分析框架,开展了1995—2015年美国钴物质流量、存量和供应格局分析。研究显示：①从流量分析来看,美国采矿及精炼阶段由国内供应为主导向进口为主导转变,一次资源开采量呈递减趋势,二次资源利用规模逐渐扩大;制造阶段以高温合金和其他为主导;表观消费实现了从高温合金驱动向电池驱动的转变;含钴废弃物从其他与高温合金占主导向电子产品电池占主导转变。②从存量分析来看,终端消费品在用存量实现了从高温合金和其他驱动向高温合金和电池驱动的转换。③无论从流量还是存量来看,电动汽车电池表观消费及在用存量的总量占比在2011—2015年均增长了15%,需引起特别关注。④从供应格局来看,过去20年,美国净进口规模前3的含钴产品依次为材料、电子产品电池和电动汽车电池;材料进口80%依赖欧洲的供应格局转变为亚洲占主导（35%）,美洲（27%）和欧洲（22%）为辅,供应来源日趋多元化;电池供应则进一步向亚洲集中,源自亚洲的电动汽车电池和电子产品电池进口占比分别从1995年的82%和57%提升至2015年的96%和91%。截至2015年,中国已经成为了美国最大的材料和电子产品电池供应国,第二大电动汽车电池供应国;中国供应了美国31%的材料,74%的电子产品电池和36%的电动汽车电池。在中美贸易摩擦加剧背景下,“美中”脱钩对全球、中国以及美国钴物质流的作用和影响值得深入研究和高度重视。厘清近20年来美国钴物质流变化趋势,有助于研判美国钴产业链演变态势,为进一步完善中国战略性关键矿产管理体制机制,制定适应性政策提供支撑。 相似文献
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闭环供应链视角下废旧电器电子产品回收再利用的激励机制与对策 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在我国废旧电器电子产品(WEEE)的回收再利用现状分析和文献回顾的基础上,讨论了国内外WEEE的立法及我国生产企业对回收基金的反应,指出我国法律实施效果不佳的根本原因是未能考虑闭环供应链CLSC上除生产商外其他成员企业的利益,实行生产商负主要责任的CLSC责任制是WEEE回收再利用的合理可行策略;讨论了CLSC视角下WEEE回收再利用的结构,得到三种可行的CLSC流程;探讨了WEEE回收再利用的三种激励机制,特别是奖惩机制,并以此为基础分别给出了WEEE回收和再利用的管理对策。 相似文献
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This paper analyses urban waste systems to explore how local authorities can resolve challenges related to climate change, urbanization and resource depletion. The paper investigates how different public governance regimes affect local authorities’ ability to move upwards in the waste hierarchy. It identifies three different governance regimes – traditional bureaucracy, new public management and networked governance – and uses the insights from innovation in urban waste in three Norwegian city regions – Oslo, Drammen and Bergen – to illuminate how these regimes possess both strengths and weaknesses in how they affect system optimization and system change. The observed working practices signal that the issue of urban waste systems is perceived as a challenge of system optimization rather than system change. Viewing this as a challenge requiring system change would probably have ensured a stronger directionality and a broader anchoring of actors. Such an approach is likely to have arrived at a waste prevention mode earlier than the step-by-step-solutions implemented so far. The paper concludes that there is not one best governance regime, but a need to acknowledge their co-existence and carefully consider the characteristics of the respective regimes in order to arrange urban waste systems for long-term dynamic and sustainable city regions. 相似文献
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The structuration of socio-technical regimes—Conceptual foundations from institutional theory 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In recent years, socio-technical transitions literature has gained importance in addressing long-term, transformative change in various industries. In order to account for the inertia and path-dependency experienced in these sectors, the concept of the socio-technical regime has been formulated. Socio-technical regimes denote the paradigmatic core of a sector, which results from the co-evolution of institutions and technologies over time. Despite its widespread acceptance, the regime concept has repeatedly been criticized for lacking a clear operationalization. As a consequence, empirical applications tend to depict regimes as too ‘monolithic’ and ‘homogenous’, not adequately considering persistent institutional tensions and contradictions. These are however crucial for assessing transition dynamics. In this paper, we revisit two concepts from institutional theory that enable an explicit identification of socio-technical regimes and more generally a specification of the ‘semi-coherence’ of socio-technical systems. First, we will show that ‘levels of structuration’ can be conceptualized as degrees of institutionalization, thereby treating institutionalization as a variable with different effects on actors, the stability of the system and thus the potential for change. Secondly, we draw on the institutional logics approach to characterize the content of various structural elements present in a system and to trace conflicts and contradictions between them. We illustrate this approach with an empirical in-depth analysis of the transformation of the Australian urban water sector since the 1970ies. 相似文献
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垃圾资源化的理论探讨 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
垃圾资源化是变废为宝、节约资源、防治环境污染的重要途径。本文运用物质循环理论、资源再生理论和系统理论 ,分析了垃圾资源化的本质及其客观条件。作者认为无论是资源还是垃圾都具有物质或能量的属性 ,在一定的经济技术条件下 ,资源可以转变为垃圾 ,但垃圾又可以回收利用成为资源。变垃圾为资源的关键在于建立再生资源回收利用系统 ,实现分类收集 ,工厂化处理 ,并使再生资源生产出的产品进入社会良性循环。 相似文献
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技术生态位与技术范式变迁 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
生态学中最基本的生态位概念及其思想,也适用于技术创新和技术范式研究。生态位理论在企业管理和产业发展中得到广泛运用,在技术分析研究领域,基于技术生态位概念建立的战略生态位管理理论,是结合案例归纳出的独特的思想方法,作为技术范式演化的分析模型,在生态学、演化经济学和技术研究之间架构了现实的桥梁,为技术变迁研究提供了综合分析的新思路。 相似文献
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基于共生网络的废旧电子产品逆向物流运营模式构建 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对废旧电子产品中可利用资源的不同并结合共生网络的思想,构建了基于实体共生网络的废旧电子产品逆向物流运营模式和基于虚拟共生网络的废旧电子产品逆向物流运营模式,分析了其构建思路、运营机理和特点.以期为我国废旧电子产品的回收利用提供理论参考. 相似文献
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信息生态系统理论是在借鉴生态学理论和系统论的基础上,基于人的信息活动而发展起来的新理论,但现有理论多偏重于强调信息生态系统的自然性属性而忽视其社会性属性,这不利于指导信息生态系统的构建与运行。本文认为信息生态系统是一个社会系统,并对其社会性特质进行了多方面阐述,最后论述了社会性对信息生态系统构建与运行的指导意义。 相似文献
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北京市生活垃圾定价及计量收费研究 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
资源安全是指一个国家或地区无论是当代还是后几代人都可以稳定、及时和经济地获取自然资源，同时又使人类发展赖以生存的自然资源基础和生态环境处于良好或不遭受毁灭的状态。资源安全研究是一项多学科相互交叉的资源科学研究新领域。文中扼要地论述了国内外资源安全研究的特征及热点问题。 相似文献
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本研究通过分析知识在技术创新中的核心作用,确定知识-信息-知识相互转化在技术创新中的微观机制地位,以信息作为技术创新中行为主体的相互作用的载体,并以此展开技术创新研究范式的构建。本研究从技术创新的研究对象与研究范围、理论分析框架和概念组织三个方面来阐释基于知识时空的技术创新研究范式的认识功能与纲领功能。首先确定基于分形的不同层次相统一的技术创新网络是技术创新的研究对象与研究范围;其次以知识时空作为视角,建立技术创新的知识时空特征与信息流特征相联系的参考坐标系统,并进一步探讨以张量分析作为基本分析工具在技术创新中的应用,综合三者构建了完整的理论分析框架;最后研究相关概念的层次组织与展开,形成一个逻辑自洽的概念体系。本研究为融合技术创新相关领域的研究提供一个较为统一的平台。 相似文献
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本文介绍了仿真软件MATLAB/SIMULINK的强大功能,详细地阐述了它在电力电子实践教学中的作用,并以三相桥式全控整流电路建模与仿真为例来说明。对学生掌握和理解电路的电能变换和控制原理相当有用。 相似文献
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A. Kuokkanen A. Nurmi M. Mikkilä M. Kuisma H. Kahiluoto L. Linnanen 《Research Policy》2018,47(8):1513-1522
The growing urgency of environmental threats combined with the slow pace of sustainability transitions has turned attention towards a better understanding of regime destabilization. Focusing excessively on niche innovations could be incumbent regimes’ diversion and resistance strategy and could reinforce the ‘business as usual’ mindset instead of contributing to system-wide changes. Historical cases of system transition have most often been used to understand the dynamics of regime destabilization. However, these insights have limitations when the focus is on ongoing transitions. Moreover, it is argued that more attention should be paid to agency and actors. Herein, regime destabilization is understood through an internally structured selection environment, implying that agency is assumed not only in variation at the niche level but also in the selection processes: (1) the selection environment is shaped by active and strategic actors and actor networks; (2) the selection environment is shaped by diverse discursive framings; and (3) the selection environment is shaped by various actors beyond the regime and even beyond the system in question. The argument is empirically tested in the case of the Finnish food system by constructing prevailing storylines in the sustainability transition. Four contrasting but partially overlapping storylines and their associated actor networks are identified. The empirical case supports the view that actors across all levels aim to influence the selection environment’s formulation with their framing of the problem and the strategic response. Thus, more attention must be paid to the content and diversity of different discursive framings in sustainability transitions. 相似文献
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John Zysman 《Research Policy》1975,3(4):312-336
This case study of the French electronics industry suggests the limits on a government's ability to shape the growth of a domestic industry that forms an integral part of an international market-place. The French state has been unable to alter the structure of the international industry or isolate French firms from its pressure. As a result its efforts to force firms to conform to the political goals of the state has slowly weakened them in the market-place and endangered the long-term basis of French strategy in the industry. 相似文献
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跨国公司向其在华合资企业技术转移决策系统分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对于国外跨国公司(TNC)来说，向其在华合资企业转移技术的结果是效益和风险并存，系统研究跨国公司的技术转移决策依据，对中方合作伙伴获取先进技术有着现实的指导意义。本文结合实际案例，构建出跨国公司在技术转移方面决策依据的指标体系，包括跨国公司对其在华合资企业的稳定性预期、技术转移与其全球战略一致性、技术转移的获利性、合资企业对新技术的吸收和适应能力、合资企业所处供应链的上下游企业对新技术配套支持能力和技术保密安全度6个一级指标以及与之有关的15个二级指标和43个三级指标，并相应构建了技术转移可行性等级的多层次FCE模型，并用实例加以应用，利用定性和定量结合的FCE模型，可以较好地对技术转移可行性进行综合评价。 相似文献
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Geoff Simmons Jorge Esteban Diez Giraldo Yann Truong Mark Palmer 《Research Policy》2018,47(1):241-251
A major proportion of the world’s population will be located in cities by 2030. With cities globally facing challenges due to the social exclusion of significant proportions of their populace, new thinking is needed on ways to correlate the competing socio-economic goals of various actors. This study sought to uncover the link between governance in cities as an innovation process and socio-economic regime transition towards a more equitable urban society. To do so, we draw on transition management thinking to consider urban regime transitions evolving in a temporal and incremental manner and in a multi-level context. We sought expansion from a delimited focus on socio-technical regimes in transition management literature to incorporate the notion of urban socio-economic regimes. This involved integrating aspects of reflexive governance and politics in a city context with a basic ontology of complex social systems and their evolutionary dynamics that underlies transition management approaches. Our focus is on learning by doing and experimentation as well as participation of citizens with other key city actors in a radically new process of mutual learning that creates social inclusion. The juxtaposition of national, city and community level interactions and their impact on socio-economic regime transition brings into sharp relief the issue of spatial scale and a lack of consideration in transition approaches generally. The study findings reveal a spatial orientation for creating new urban forms of reflexive governance as an innovation process taking place in transition arenas that can trigger new pathways to socio-economic change. 相似文献